CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/989,898 filed Oct. 27, 2010, currently pending, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/576,005 filed Mar. 26, 2007, currently pending, and a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. §371 of international application PCT/CA2009/000263 filed Mar. 9, 2009, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/071,760 filed May 15, 2008, the entire contents of all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to processes, vectors and engineered cell lines for large-scale transfection and protein production.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Large-scale transfection of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells with cost-effective reagents for the production of r-proteins suffers from low efficiency and low productivity. In addition, plasmid vectors used in CHO cells are not fully optimized for transient gene expression.

There are some very efficient and commercially available cationic lipids formulation that can be used to transfect CHO cells in serum-free medium, for example FreestyleMax™ from Invitrogen. However, these cationic lipids are very expensive. Also, to improve productivity, it is becoming current practice to lower the cultivation temperature following transfection to prolong the production phase and to enhance productivity. This temperature shift is not “user friendly” when working at large-scale or when using non-refrigerated culture devices (Wave bioreactors, etc). Also, the exact temperature at which the shifts are done may be critical for getting optimal enhancement (e.g. 29 vs. 30 vs. 31 vs. 32 degrees Celsius).

International patent publication WO 2007/048601 reports an expression system in CHO cells stably expressing EBNA1 for the production of r-proteins. However, this document specifically admonishes that the cell lines shall not contain a functional copy of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) oriP sequence. Further, the full length EBNA1 structural gene encoding a full length EBNA1 protein is transfected into the cell line, and the oriP sequence is never in the same vector as the EBNA1 gene construct.

International patent publication WO 2002/090533 describes enhanced production of recombinant proteins by transient transfection of suspension-growing mammalian cells. However, only full length EBNA1 structural genes are used encoding full length EBNA1 proteins and only transient expression of a gene of interest is achieved.

International patent publication 2006/096989 describes expression vectors for enhanced transient gene expression and mammalian cells expressing them. However, only HEK293 cell lines are exemplified and the expression system used does not contain both the EBNA1 gene construct and the oriP sequence in the same vector. Further, only transient expression of a gene of interest is achieved.

There is a need in the art for processes, vectors and engineered cell lines for more efficient and productive transfection of cells at a large scale.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an expression system for stable expression of a gene of interest, the expression system comprising one vector having an Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) nucleotide sequence encoding a truncated EBNA1 protein, a promoter and a polyadenylation signal for the EBNA1 nucleotide sequence, an oriP nucleotide sequence, the gene of interest and a promoter and a polyadenylation signal for the gene of interest.

In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of stably expressing a gene of interest in mammalian cells, the method comprising: transfecting a mammalian cell with a vector having an Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) nucleotide sequence encoding a truncated EBNA1 protein, a promoter and a polyadenylation signal for the EBNA1 nucleotide sequence, an oriP nucleotide sequence, the gene of interest and a promoter and a polyadenylation signal for the gene of interest; and, replicating the cell to provide mammalian cells that stably express the gene of interest.

In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided an expression system for stable expression of a gene of interest, the expression system comprising: a first vector having an Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) nucleotide sequence encoding a truncated EBNA1 protein, a promoter and a polyadenylation signal for the EBNA1 nucleotide sequence and an oriP nucleotide sequence; and, a second vector having a gene of interest, a promoter and a polyadenylation signal for the gene of interest and an oriP nucleotide sequence.

In accordance with a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of stably expressing a gene of interest in mammalian cells, the method comprising transfecting a mammalian cell with: a first vector having an Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) nucleotide sequence encoding a truncated EBNA1 protein, a promoter and a polyadenylation signal for the EBNA1 nucleotide sequence and an oriP nucleotide sequence; and, a second vector having the gene of interest, a promoter and a polyadenylation signal for the gene of interest and an oriP nucleotide sequence to provide mammalian cells that stably express the gene of interest.

In the fourth aspect, transfecting the cell with the first and second vectors may be accomplished simultaneously, or the cell may be transfected by one of the vectors first to produce a stable clone followed by transfection with the other vector to produce a clone that stably expresses the gene of interest.

In accordance with a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of transiently expressing a gene of interest in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, the method comprising: transfecting a CHO cell with a first vector having an Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) nucleotide sequence encoding a truncated EBNA1 protein, a promoter and a polyadenylation signal for the EBNA1 nucleotide sequence and an oriP nucleotide sequence, and a second vector having the gene of interest and a promoter and a polyadenylation signal for the gene of interest; and, replicating the cell to provide CHO cells that transiently express the gene of interest.

In the fifth aspect, transfecting the CHO cell with the first and second vectors may be accomplished simultaneously, or the CHO cell may be transfected by one of the vectors first to produce a clone followed by transfection with the other vector to produce a clone that transiently expresses the gene of interest.

In accordance with a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of a codon-optimized Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) nucleotide sequence in an expression system for expressing a gene of interest in mammalian cells.

In accordance with a seventh aspect of the present invention, there is provided a fusion protein comprising: a truncated Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1c (EBNA1c) protein; and, a herpes simplex virus protein VP16.

In accordance with an eighth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of a 40 kDa fully deacetylated poly(ethylenimine) as a transfection reagent for improving transfection efficiency in transfection of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells.

In accordance with a ninth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of co-expression of a fibroblast growth factor (FGF) to increase heterologous gene expression in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells.

In accordance with a tenth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of protein kinase B to potentiate valproic acid (VPA) to increase heterologous gene expression in mammalian cells.

Further features of the invention will be described or will become apparent in the course of the following detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order that the invention may be more clearly understood, embodiments thereof will now be described in detail by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 depicts schematic diagrams of EBNA1 constructs.

FIG. 2 depicts graphs of SEAP activity in CHO cells co-transfected with pTT vectors encoding various EBNA1 constructs.

FIG. 3A depicts genetic maps of pTT vectors encoding EBNA1c in cis under a strong (EF1α-HTLV; pTT31) or a weak (RSV; pTT34) promoter.

FIG. 3B depicts a graph of SEAP activity in CHO cells transfected with pTT vectors encoding EBNA1c in cis under a weak or strong promoter.

FIG. 4A depicts a Western blot of extracts from CHO cells transfected with a linearized pTT-EBNA1c vector containing a blasticidin resistance cassette.

FIG. 4B depicts a Western blot of aliquots of cultures of the CHO cells of FIG. 4A at various time intervals without selection pressure.

FIGS. 5A-C depict Western blots of codon optimized EBNA1 expression in HEK293 and CHO cells.

FIG. 5D depicts a graph of secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) activity in CHO cells co-expressing VP16-EBNA1c fusion protein compared to control cells or cells expression an EBNA1c protein.

FIG. 6 depicts graphs of SEAP activity in HEK293 and CHO cells transfected with pTT plasmids using LPEI or LPEI-Max.

FIG. 7 depicts a graph of SEAP activity in transiently transfected CHO-EBNA1c cells illustrating the transactivating activity of oriP.

FIG. 8 depicts a graph of SEAP activity in transfected CHO-EBNA1c cells illustrating the effect of the CMV5 promoter vs. the Elongation Factor 1 alpha-HTLV (EF1α-HTLV) hybrid promoter.

FIG. 9 depicts graphs of SEAP activity illustrating the effect of FGF2 (bFGF) co-expression on transient gene expression in HEK293-EBNA1t and CHO-EBNA1c cells.

FIG. 10 depicts a graph of SEAP expression in CHO-EBNA1c cells illustrating protein kinase B (AKT) potentiation of valproic acid (VPA) enhancement of transient gene expression.

FIG. 11 depicts genetic maps of SEAP-encoding pTT plasmids pTT22 (+oriP) and pTT30 (oriP) and graphs of SEAP activity in CHO-EBNA1c cells transfected with linearized pTT22 and pTT30 plasmids illustrating the effect of oriP on linearized vectors in CHO-EBNA1c cells.

FIG. 12 depicts a graph of SEAP activity in CHO-EBNA1c cells after integration of linearized pTT22 (+oriP) and pTT30 (−oriP) plasmids in their chromosomes.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Materials and Methods:

Cell culture: CHO cells are grown at 37° C. in FreestyleCHO medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 8 mM glutamine in Erlenmeyer flasks shaken at 120 rpm in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂. Cells are routinely maintained between 0.1×10⁶ and 3.0×10⁶ cells/ml. HEK293-EBNA1 cells (clone 6E) are grown at 37° C. in F17 medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 4 mM glutamine and 0.1% pluronic F68 in Erlenmeyer flasks shaken at 120 rpm in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂. Cells are routinely maintained between 0.1×10⁶ and 2.0×10⁶ cells/ml.

Cell transfection: For transfection, CHO or HEK293 cells are grown in maintenance medium until they reach a density of 1.5×10⁶ to 2.0×10⁶ cells/ml and then the transfection mixture is added to the cells. For every ml of HEK293 cells to be transfected, 1 μg of plasmid DNA is mixed with 2 μg of 25 kDa linear polyethylenimine as previously described (Durocher, Perret & Kamen, 2002) For every ml of CHO cells to be transfected, 1 μg of plasmid DNA is mixed with 8 μg of 25 kDa linear polyethylenimine or with 6 μg of 40 kDa linear and deacetylated PEI (PEIMAX™ from Polysciences. Inc, catalog #24765-2).

Secreted alkaline phosphatase activity determination: SEAP activity is measured as previously described using the colorimetric substrate paranitrophenyl phosphate (Durocher et al, 2000).

Single Vector EBV oriP-EBNA1 Stable Expression System:

Mammalian cells transfected with an expression system in which a single vector contains an Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) nucleotide sequence encoding a truncated EBNA1 protein, an Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) oriP nucleotide sequence and a gene of interest unexpectedly provide enhanced stable expression of the gene of interest.

Truncated EBNA1 proteins include, for example, EBNA1c, EBNA1t and EBNA1s. These truncated forms are shown in FIG. 1. EBNA1t is a 417 amino acid protein having DNA Linking Region 1 (LR1) containing Transcriptional Activation Domain (TAD) and DNA Linking Region 2 (LR2) without the Gly-Ala repeats of the 641 amino acid full length protein. EBNA1c is a 306 amino acid protein in which LR2 is present but LR1 is absent, and EBNA1s is a 337 amino acid protein in which LR1 is present but LR2 is absent. EBNA1 nucleotide sequences encoding EBNA1c are preferred in the vector. The amino acid sequences for the full length EBNA1 protein as well as the truncated forms EBNA1t, EBNA1c and EBNA1s are shown in SEQ ID NO: 1-4, respectively. The corresponding nucleotide sequences of the nucleic acid molecules encoding full length EBNA1 and the truncated forms are shown in SEQ ID NO: 5-8, respectively.

All or any functional part of the complete nucleotide sequence may be used in the vector. The EBV oriP complete nucleotide sequence (pTT3 vector) is shown in SEQ ID NO: 9, and a functional EBV oriP truncated nucleotide sequence (pTT5 vector) is shown in SEQ ID NO: 10. The oriP sequence comprises the Family of Repeats (FR) component and the dyad symmetry (DS) component. The oriP sequence, particularly the FR component, contributes to increased expression and stability of expression of the integrated truncated EBNA1 gene.

The gene of interest may be any gene that encodes a protein product of interest. Expression of the gene of interest in the transfected cells permits stable, large-scale production of the protein product for industrial purposes. Some particular genes of interest include, for example, genes that encode monoclonal antibodies, erythropoietins, interferons, vascular endothelial growth factors, stem cell growth factors, growth hormones, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins, etc.

The single vector also preferably comprises a selection gene to permit selection of the transfected cells for the propagation of stable cell lines. Any suitable selection gene may be used. One example of a class of such genes are genes that confer antibiotic resistance on the cell when the vector is transfected into the cell. Some examples within this class include genes that confer resistance to puromycin, blasticidin, geneticin, zeocin or hygromycin. The blasticidin resistance cassette as found in the pYD7 vector is particularly preferred. After transfection of a cell with the vector, the cell may be permitted to replicate. Clones possessing the expression system may be selected on the basis of the selection gene, for example, by treating the cells with an antibiotic and culturing the cells that survive. In this way, a cell line stably expressing the gene of interest may be created.

Any or all of the nucleotide sequences and/or genes in the integrated vector may be under the control of a promoter also incorporated in the vector. Generally, each gene has its own promoter. Thus, there is preferably a promoter for the EBNA1, a promoter for the gene of interest and a promoter for the selection gene. Strong or weak promoters may be used. Some promoters include, for example, the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, Elongation Factor 1 alpha-HTLV (EF1α-HTLV) hybrid promoter, and Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter. Also, any or all genes may have a polyadenylation signal. Alternatively, two genes, separated by an Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES), can be expressed by using only one promoter and one polyadenylation signal.

Genetic maps of two embodiments (pTT31-SSH and pTT34-SSH) of the single vector are shown in FIG. 3A. pTT31-SSH is a 8014 bp vector in which the EBNA1c gene is under the control of a strong promoter (EF1α-HTLV) and the gene of interest (secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) gene) is under the control of a strong promoter (CMV). pTT34-SSH is a 8040 bp vector in which the EBNA1c gene is under the control of a weaker promoter (RSV) and the gene of interest (secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) gene) is under the control of a strong promoter (CMV).

FIG. 3B depicts a graph of SEAP activity in CHO cells transfected with pTT vectors (oriP-containing vectors) encoding EBNA1c in cis under a weak (RSV) or strong (EF1α-HTLV) promoter. Referring to FIG. 3B, CHO cells were transfected with increasing amounts of the SEAP gene-containing plasmids pTT-SSH (with oriP but without EBNA1c), pTT31-SSH (with oriP and with EBNA1c under the control of the strong EF1α-HTLV promoter) and pTT34-SSH (with oriP and with EBNA1c under the control of the weak RSV promoter). Both EBNA1c-containing pTT vectors (pTT31-SSH and pTT34-SSH) lead to an increase in SEAP activity in CHO cells over the non-EBNA1c-containing vector (pTT-SSH). Use of a strong promoter to control EBNA1 expression optimizes levels of transactivating activity thereby optimizing expression of the gene of interest.

The single vector EBV oriP-EBNA1 expression system is useful in different types of mammalian cells, for example, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells, Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, Vero cells and PER.C6™ cells, especially CHO cells.

Two Vector EBV oriP-EBNA1 Stable Expression System:

Mammalian cells transfected with an expression system comprising two separate vectors, a first vector containing an Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) nucleotide sequence encoding a truncated EBNA1 protein and an Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) oriP nucleotide sequence, and a second vector comprising a gene of interest and an Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) oriP nucleotide sequence unexpectedly provide enhanced stable expression of the gene of interest. The use of oriP in both vectors contributes to stability of expression and increased expression of the gene of interest. To facilitate production of stable cell lines that stably express the gene of interest, both vectors contain selection genes. Selection genes are described above. For example, a stable CHO cell clone expressing EBNA1c driven from an integrated oriP vector containing a blasticidin resistance cassette (pYD7) stably expressed the gene of interest for over 6 months in the absence of selection.

Stable mammalian cell lines can be produced either by simultaneously transfecting a cell with both vectors and then propagating the cell, or by transfecting a cell with one of the vectors (either the EBNA1-containing or the gene of interest-containing vector) to produce a stable clone and then transfecting a stable clone cell with the other of the vectors to produce a stable clone stably expressing the gene of interest.

Truncated EBNA1 proteins and corresponding genes, as well as the oriP and genes of interest are described above. As described previously, genes may be under the control of promoters. The two vector EBV oriP-EBNA1 stable expression system is also useful in different types of mammalian cells, for example, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells, Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells and PER.C6™ cells, especially CHO cells.

Referring to FIGS. 11 and 12, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing EBNA1c were produced by transfecting CHO cells with an EBNA1c oriP-containing plasmid (pYD7 vector) using generally known methods with a linear 25 kDa polyethylenimine (PEI), and stable clones were propagated. One CHO-EBNA1c clone (clone 3E7) so produced was transfected with secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP)-encoding and linearized pTT22 (+oriP) or pTT30 (−oriP) vectors. The pTT22 and pTT30 vectors both contain a puromycin resistance cassette. The pTT22 vector contains oriP (i.e. the DS and FR elements are present) while the pTT30 vector does not contain oriP (i.e. the DS and FR elements are removed). CHO-EBNA1c cells transfected with the pTT22 and pTT30 vectors were transferred in 96-well plates at a density of 100 cells/well. Puromycin was added 24 hours post-transfection and selection was maintained for two weeks.

Referring to FIG. 11, after selection, SEAP activity (mOD/min at 410 nm) was measured in the supernatant at day 14 post-transfection. The results clearly demonstrate the transactivating action of EBNA1c on linearized oriP-bearing expression plasmids integrated in CHO cells. Linearization of the vector abolishes the replication potential of the oriP-EBNA1c system thus eliminating the possibility that the increased SEAP expression is due to plasmid replication. The average SEAP activity for the 96 wells are 46.5 and 5.8 mOD/min for oriP-containing and non-oriP-containing SEAP-encoding vectors, respectively.

Referring to FIG. 12, after selection, the best positive clones (7 clones for pTT22-oriP vector and 6 clones for pTT30-non-oriP vector) were amplified and maintained in 6-well plates with or without puromycin. Twenty days later, clones were seeded in a 6-well plate at 0.25 million cells per ml and SEAP activity (OD/min at 410 nm) was measured 5 days later. Also shown in FIG. 12 is the SEAP activity found in the non-cloned (“pools” or “bulk”) transfected cells maintained in the presence of puromycin for 34 days. SEAP activity in the oriP bulk is 10 times higher than in the non-oriP bulk. These results clearly demonstrate the transactivating action of EBNA1c on integrated oriP-bearing expression plasmids in CHO cells. For clones 4B10 and 4F4, the increased SEAP activity in the presence of puromycin suggests that these two clones are non-clonal and probably contaminated by a cellular population expressing lower levels of SEAP. SEAP activity is expressed as increase in absorbance unit at 410 nm per min (OD/min).

Thus, the presence of oriP in the integrated expression plasmid confers higher expression levels of the gene of interest in EBNA1-expressing mammalian cells, particularly CHO cells, vs. non-oriP-containing plasmids.

Two Vector Transient Expression System in CHO Cells:

Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells transfected with an expression system comprising two separate vectors, a first vector containing an Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) nucleotide sequence encoding a truncated EBNA1 protein and an Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) oriP nucleotide sequence, and a second vector comprising a gene of interest and an Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) oriP nucleotide sequence also unexpectedly provide enhanced transient expression of the gene of interest in the CHO cells.

CHO cell lines can be produced either by simultaneously transfecting a cell with both vectors and then propagating the cell, or by transfecting a cell with one of the vectors (either the EBNA1-containing or the gene of interest-containing vector) to produce a clone and then transfecting a clone cell with the other of the vectors to produce a clone transiently expressing the gene of interest. Truncated EBNA1 proteins and corresponding genes, as well as the oriP and genes of interest are described above. As described previously, genes may be under the control of promoters.

FIG. 2 illustrates transient expression of secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) in CHO cells co-transfected with one vector containing oriP plus the SEAP gene and another vector containing oriP plus truncated EBNA1 constructs (EBNA1t, EBNA1c and EBNA1s). In FIG. 2, CHO cells were co-transfected with 50% of pTT-EBNA1 constructs or 50% salmon testis DNA (stDNA) and (45% pTT-SEAP+5% pTT-GFP) plasmids. SEAP activity was compared to activity in CHO cells transfected with 95% pTT-SEAP+5% pTT-GFP. SEAP activity (OD/min at 410 nm) was measured 5 days post-transfection. Transfection was accomplished using generally known methods with a linear 25 kDa polyethylenimine (PEI).

The results in FIG. 2 show an increase in transient SEAP activity of 2-fold or higher in CHO cells co-transfected with oriP/EBNA1 and oriP/SEAP plasmids over CHO cells that are not co-transfected with oriP/EBNA1 plasmids. Further, while it has been previously shown that the “Transcriptional Activation Domain” (aa 65-89) in the LR1 domain of EBNA1 is essential for transcriptional activation of integrated oriP vectors, FIG. 2 surprisingly shows that the truncated EBNA1c construct lacking the LR1 domain but containing the LR2 domain is capable of increasing gene expression from non-integrated oriP plasmids to the same level as EBNA1t (that contains both the LR1 and LR2 domains) or EBNA1s (that contains only the LR1 domain).

In FIG. 4, CHO cells were transfected with a linearized pTT-EBNA1c vector containing a blasticidin resistance cassette (pYD7 vector). Linearization of the vector was achieved following restriction enzyme digestion using Pvul enzyme. Following transfection, cells having stably integrated the pYD7 vector were selected by adding blasticidin to the culture medium. After a few days of blasticidin selection, blasticidin-resistant cells were seeded in 96-well plates without blasticidin selection. Emerging clones were tested for EBNA1c expression. An EBNA1c-positive clone, 3E7 (FIG. 4A), was then selected for further testing. A master cell bank (MCB) and Working cell bank (WCB) were made at this point. The CHO-EBNA1c (clone 3E7) cells were cultured for over 130 days in the absence of blasticidin selection. At various culture time points, an aliquot of the cells were taken for EBNA1c expression analysis by Western blot using an anti-EBNA1 antibody. FIG. 4B shows that the clone 3E7 is very stable over 130 days in culture without blasticidin selection pressure.

In FIG. 7, CHO cells containing integrated EBNA1-expressing plasmids were produced by transfecting CHO cells with a pTT-EBNA1c vector, and the clone propagated (clone 3E7). Resulting CHO-EBNA1c clone was transfected with SEAP-encoding pTT plasmids with complete oriP (pTT-SMH), with DS-deleted oriP (pTTi-SMH), with FR-deleted oriP (pTTj-SMH) or with oriP-deleted (pTTl-SMH) pTT vectors. SEAP activity (OD/min at 410 nm) was measured in the supernatant at 5 days post-transfection. Transfections were accomplished using generally known methods with a linear 25 kDa polyethylenimine (PEI).

The results in FIG. 7 illustrate that increased expression in transiently transfected CHO-EBNA1 cells is due to the transactivating activity of the oriP family of repeats (FR) element, and not to plasmid replication. Removal of the dyad symmetry (DS) element (EBNA1-dependent origin of replication) from the oriP does not inhibit expression while removing the FR element (responsible for EBNA1-dependent transcriptional activation) strongly reduces expression. The results also show that the DS element has a slight inhibitory effect on gene expression.

FIG. 8 compares the effect of the cytomegalovirus (CMV5) promoter and elongation factor 1 alpha-HTLV (EF1-αHTLV) promoter on transgene expression in CHO-EBNA1c cells (clone 3E7). CHO-EBNA1c-3E7 cells were transfected with increasing amount SEAP-encoding oriP-containing (pTT) plasmids containing either the CMV5 or EF1-αHTLV promoter to control the SEAP gene (the overall content of DNA was kept constant by compensating with non-coding stDNA). SEAP activity (OD/min at 410 nm) was measured in the supernatant at day 6 post-transfection. The results clearly demonstrate that the CMV5 promoter is at least 5 times more potent than the EF1-αHTLV promoter at low plasmid doses (e.g. 5%). Further, CMV5-based plasmid needs 2-4 times less coding plasmid DNA for maximum expression.

Codon-Optimized EBNA1 Constructs:

Codon-optimization of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) nucleotide sequence strongly enhances expression of EBNA1 in mammalian cells, especially Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) and human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. A codon-optimized EBNA1 cDNA instead of non-codon-optimized EBNA1 cDNA may be used in any of the aspects of the present invention. Full length or truncated EBNA1 cDNA may be codon-optimized. Advantageously, such codon-optimized EBNA1 nucleotide sequences permit the use of weaker promoters to express EBNA1, thereby reducing the likelihood of promoter competition between two strong promoters in a single expression system. Codon-optimized EBNA1c nucleotide sequence (EBNA1c-CO, SEQ ID NO: 13) codes for a 308 amino acid protein (SEQ ID NO: 11). Codon-optimized EBNA1s nucleotide sequence (EBNA1s-CO, SEQ ID NO: 14) codes for a 337 amino acid protein (SEQ ID NO: 12).

Referring to FIG. 5, EBNA1 constructs (EBNA1c and EBNA1s) were codon-optimized (human codon usage—CO). pTT vectors containing EBNA1c, EBNA1s or their codon-optimized versions (EBNA1c-CO (SEQ ID NO: 13) and EBNA1s-CO (SEQ ID NO: 14)), and empty pTT vector (CTRL) were transfected in separate HEK293 cells or CHO cells by generally known methods with a linear 25 kDa polyethylenimine (PEI). Three days post-transfection, cells were lyzed and cell extracts analyzed by Western blot using an anti-EBNA1 antibody. FIG. 5A is a Western blot for cell extracts from HEK293 cells and FIG. 5B is a Western blot for cell extracts from CHO cells. In both cell lines it is evident that codon optimization enhances transient expression of EBNA1 in the cells when compared to the control (CTRL) and the cells transfected with non-codon-optimized EBNA1.

For FIG. 5C, HEK293 cells were transfected with increasing amounts (1.25%, 5% and 20%) of pTT vectors containing EBNA1c, EBNA1c-CO, EBNA1s or EBNA1s-CO. Again it is evident from the Western blots in FIG. 5C that codon optimization enhances transient expression of EBNA1 in cells when compared to cells transfected with non-codon-optimized EBNA1.

For FIG. 5D, CHO cells were co-transfected with pTT-SEAP (50%) plus 5% pTT-GFP vectors (Control) with or without 10% of pTT-EBNA1c, pTT-EBNA1cCO or pTT-VP16/EBNA1cCO (EBNA1cCO fused at its N-terminus to VP16—see below). Non-coding DNA (stDNA) was used as stuffer DNA to complete the amounts of DNA to 100%. SEAP activity measured 5 days later. This clearly demonstrates that, by improving its expression, codon optimization of EBNA1c provides an increased transactivating activity. A VP16-EBNA1cCO chimera also further increases transient gene expression in CHO cells compared to EBNA1c and EBNA1cCO (see below).

EBNA1c-VP16 Fusion Protein:

A fusion protein comprising a truncated Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1c (EBNA1c) protein and a herpes simplex virus protein VP16 provides significantly enhanced transactivating activity in mammalian cells, particularly Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells.

A fusion protein is constructed by fusing VP16 to the N-terminus of codon-optimized EBNA1c. The VP16 cDNA encoding for the following protein sequence was used: APPTDVSLGDELHLDGEDVAMAHADALDDFDLDMLGDGDSPGPGFTPHDSAPY GALDMADFEFEQMFTDALGIDEYGG (SEQ ID NO: 15). The VP16 cDNA sequence was cloned in-frame to the 5′ region of codon-optimized EBNA1c using generally known methods.

The VP16-EBNA1cCO fusion protein in a pTT plasmid (10%) was co-transfected in CHO cells with pTT-SEAP plasmid (50%) and pTT-GFP plasmid (5%) with a linear 40 kDa deacetylated polyethylenimine (see below). The CHO cells were transfected with 10% pTT/VP16-EBNA1cCO, 50% SEAP, 35% stDNA and 5% GFP. Non-coding DNA (stDNA) was used as stuffer DNA to complete the amounts of DNA to 100%. Five days post-transfection, SEAP activity (OD/min) was measured and compared to activities in cells transfected with stuffer DNA in place of pTT/EBNA1 vectors (CTRL), or a pTT/EBNA1c vector or a pTT/EBNA1cCO vector in place of pTT/VP16-EBNA1c (FIG. 5D). The results in FIG. 5D clearly demonstrate that a VP16-EBNA1cCO chimera further increases transient gene expression in CHO cells compared to EBNA1c or EBNA1cCO.

Transfection with Fully Deacylated PEI:

Use of a 40 kDa fully deacetylated poly(ethylenimine) (LPEI-MAX) as a transfection reagent unexpectedly improves transfection efficiency and/or productivity in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells in comparison to the use of the usual linear 25 kDa poly(ethylenimine) (LPEI). Such an improvement is not realized in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells.

Referring to FIG. 6, HEK293-EBNA1t (clone 6E) and CHO-EBNA1c (clone 3E7) cells were used. For the upper panel of FIG. 6, HEK293-EBNA1t cells were transfected with pTT-SEAP plasmids using LPEI-MAX at various DNA:PEI ratios (R) and polyplexes amounts (%). SEAP activity (OD/min at 410 nm) was measured in the supernatant 6 days post transfection and compared to the best condition found for LPEI (75% polyplexes; R=1:2). The results in the upper panel show that LPEI-Max is not better than LPEI in HEK293 cells. For the lower panel, CHO-EBNA1 cells were transfected with pTT-SEAP plasmids using LPEI-MAX at various DNA:PEI ratios. SEAP activity (OD/min at 410 nm) was measured in the supernatant 6 days post transfection and compared to the best condition found for LPEI (1:8). The results in the lower panel clearly demonstrate that LPEI-MAX is significantly more potent than LPEI in CHO cells for transient gene expression.

Co-Expression of FGF:

Co-expression of a fibroblast growth factor (FGF) increases heterologous gene expression in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells.

Referring to FIG. 9, graphs are shown illustrating the effect of FGF2 (bFGF) co-expression on transient gene expression in HEK293-EBNA1t (clone 6E) cells (upper panel) and CHO-EBNA1c (clone 3E7) cells (lower panel). The HEK293-EBNA1t and CHO-EBNA1c cells were transfected with 25% pTT-SEAP vector and increasing amounts (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 70%) of FGF2-encoding pTT plasmid (the overall content of DNA was kept constant with non-coding stDNA). SEAP activity (OD/min at 410 nm) was measured in the supernatant 7 days post-transfection. From the upper panel it is evident that SEAP activity in HEK293-EBNA1t cells is decreased by co-expression of FGF2. From the lower panel it is evident that SEAP activity in CHO-EBNA1c cells is increased by co-expression of FGF2. This clearly demonstrates that the co-expression of FGF2 enhances transgene expression in CHO cells but not in HEK293 cells. Increased productivity in CHO cells may be due to a FGF-induced rRNA synthesis.

PKB Potentiation of VPA:

Use of protein kinase B (PKB) to potentiate valproic acid (VPA) increases heterologous gene expression in mammalian cells, especially Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells.

Valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, enhances transient gene expression in cells. However, VPA also induces apoptosis thereby killing cells and reducing overall gains in productivity. It has now been found that co-expressing PKB (also known as AKT) or a constitutively active PKB mutant in the cells potentiates the action of valproic acid in gene expression by inhibiting apoptosis.

Referring to FIG. 10, the effect of PKB (AKT) and valproic acid (VPA) on transient gene expression in CHO-EBNA1c (clone 3E7) cells is illustrated. The CHO-EBNA1c cells were transfected with a mixture of SEAP-encoding oriP plasmids (pTT-SEAP) and stuffer DNA or pTT-AKTdd vector (AKTdd is a dominant-positive mutant of AKT). In some cases, 0.25 mM VPA was added 24 hours post-transfection. SEAP activity (ΔA410/min) was measured at days 5 to 8 post-transfection. FIG. 10 clearly demonstrates that valproic acid increases transient gene expression in CHO cells and that transient co-expression of AKTdd greatly potentiates this effect.

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Other advantages that are inherent to the structure are obvious to one skilled in the art. The embodiments are described herein illustratively and are not meant to limit the scope of the invention as claimed. Variations of the foregoing embodiments will be evident to a person of ordinary skill and are intended by the inventor to be encompassed by the following claims.