The present invention relates to unnatural amino acids comprising a cyclooctynyl or trans- cyclooctenyl analog group and having formula (I) or an acid or base addition salt thereof. The invention also relates to the use of said unnatural amino acids, kits and processes for preparation of polypeptides that comprise one or more than one cyclooctynyl or trans- cyclooctenyl analog group. These polypeptides can be covalently modified by in vitro or in vivo reaction with compounds comprising an azide, nitrile oxide, nitrone, diazocarbonyl or 1,2,4,5- tetrazine group.

This invention relates to a catalyst compound comprising a combination of a cyclic alkyl amino carbene ligand and a benzylidene both attached to a Group 8 metal, preferably ruthenium atom. This invention also relates to a process to make linear alpha-olefms comprising contacting a feed material and an optional alkene (such as ethylene) with the catalyst described above, wherein the feed material is a triacylglyceride, fatty acid, fatty acid alkyl ester, and/or fatty acid ester, typically derived from seed oil (e.g., biodiesel).

The invention relates to tungsten imido alkylidene compounds bearing a ligand derived from a 1,1'-binaphthyl-2-ol or a 5,5',6,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-1,1'-binaphthyl-2- ol which bind to tungsten in its olate-form via proton abstraction from the phenolic OH group. The complexes may be used in various olefinic metathesis reactions, preferably ethenolysis and cross-metathesis of unsaturated fatty acid esters, and ring-closing metathesis reactions.

A process for preparing C₂ to C₅ hydrocarbons includes introducing a feed stream into a reaction zone of a reactor, the feed stream including hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide. An additional stream is introduced into the reaction zone of the reactor, the additional stream comprising water, carbon dioxide, or mixtures thereof. A combined stream that includes the feed stream and the additional stream is converted into a product stream comprising C₂ to C₅ hydrocarbons in the reaction zone in the presence of a hybrid catalyst. The hybrid catalyst includes a metal oxide catalyst component, and a microporous catalyst component.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a solvent including a hydrocarbon oligomer with at least 20 carbon atoms, where the hydrocarbon oligomer has at least one of a low viscosity, a low vapor pressure, and a high flashpoint. In another embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a solution including a poly(α-olefin) and a reactive organometallic reagent. In a further embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a solution including an oligomeric hydrocarbon and a reactive organometallic reagent. In an additional embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a method for creating a solution, where the method includes adding a reactive organometallic reagent to an oligomeric hydrocarbon.

A process for endothermic dehydrogenation including contacting a catalyst material in a moving bed reactor having at least one reaction zone, the moving bed reactor comprising a heat exchanger containing a heating medium, wherein the catalyst material and the heating medium do not contact one another, and wherein at least 50% of the delta enthalpy of the at least one reaction zone is provided by the heat exchanger; and contacting a feedstock comprising hydrocarbons with the catalyst material in the at least one reaction zone of the moving bed reactor under reaction conditions to convert at least a portion of the hydrocarbons to a first effluent comprising a product comprising alkenes, alkynes, cyclic hydrocarbons, and/or aromatics.

One example method of the invention includes a process for producing an olefin comprising the steps of communicating a feed stream that comprises a paraffin to a distillation section, communicating a distillation section output stream to a reactor and reacting the distillation section output stream in the reactor to produce a reactor output stream comprising an olefin. A splitter feed stream that is in communication with and downstream from the reactor output stream is communicated to an olefin splitter, and a splitter output stream is communicated to a heat pump compressor. A heat pump compressor output stream is communicated to the distillation section and heat is used from the heat pump compressor output stream to reheat a distillation section stream that contains unreacted paraffin.

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Gewinnung von organischen Verbindungen aus Biomasse, wobei die Verfahrensschritte Gas-Stripping, Adsorption aus der Gasphase und katalytische Umsetzung aufeinander abgestimmt sind. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren besteht bevorzugt aus den Verfahrensschritten Fermentation, Gas-Stripping, Adsorption, Desorption, katalytische Umsetzung, Kondensation und Dekantation, welche parallel ablaufen können. Weiter betrifft die Erfindung die Kopplung von Adsorption, Desorption und katalytischer Umsetzung durch Verwendung des gleichen Zeolith-Materials für Adsorption und katalytischer Umsetzung.

The present invention relates to a process for the production of propylene in which in a first step isobutanol is subjected to a simultaneous dehydration and skeletal isomerisation to make substantially corresponding olefins, having the same number of carbons and consisting essentially of a mixture of n-butenes and iso-butene and in a second step n-butenes are subjected to methathesis, said process comprising : a) introducing in a reactor a stream (A) comprising isobutanol, optionally water, optionally an inert component, b) contacting said stream with a catalyst in said reactor at conditions effective to dehydrate and skeletal isomerise at least a portion of the isobutanol to make a mixture of n-butenes and iso-butene, c) recovering from said reactor a stream (B), removing water, the inert component if any and unconverted isobutanol if any to get a mixture of n-butenes and iso-butene, d) fractionating said mixture to produce a n-butenes stream (N) and to remove the essential part of isobutene optionally recycled with stream (A) to the dehydration/isomerization reactor of step b), e) sending the stream (N) to a methathesis reactor and contacting stream (N) with a catalyst in said methathesis reactor, optionally in the presence of ethylene, at conditions effective to produce propylene, f) recovering from said methathesis reactor a stream (P) comprising essentialy propylene, unreacted n-butenes, heavies, optionally unreacted ethylene, g) fractionating stream (P) to recover propylene and optionally recycling unreacted n-butenes and unreacted ethylene to the methathesis reactor.

The present invention (in a first embodiment) relates to a process for the simu ltaneou s dehyd ration and skeletal isomerisation of isobuta nol to ma ke substantially corresponding olefins, having the same number of carbons and consisting essentially of a mixture of n-butenes and iso-butene, said process comprising: a) introducing in a reactor a stream (A) comprising isobutanol, optionally water, optionally an inert component, b) contacting said stream with a catalyst in said reactor at conditions effective to dehydrate and skeletal isomerise at least a portion of the isobutanol to make a mixture of n-butenes and iso-butene, c) recovering from said reactor a stream (B), removing water, the inert component if any and unconverted isobutanol if any to get a mixture of n-butenes and iso-butene, Wherein, the WHSV of the isobutanol is at least 1 h^-1 or the temperature is from 200°C to 600°C and the catalyst is capable to make simultaneously the dehydration and skeletal isomerization of butene. The catalyst is a crystalline silicate of the group FER, MWW, EUO, MFS, ZSM-48, MTT, MFI, MEL or TON having Si/AI higher than 10, or a dealuminated crystalline silicate of the group FER, MWW, EUO, MFS, ZSM- 48, MTT, MFI, MEL or TON having Si/AI higher than 10, or a phosphorus modified crystalline silicate of the group FER, MWW, EUO, MFS, ZSM-48, MTT, MFI, MEL or TON having Si/AI higher than 10, or a silicoaluminaphosphate molecular sieve of the group AEL, or a silicated, zirconated or titanated or fluorinated alumina. Advantageously the stream (B) is fractionated in a step d) to produce a n-butenes stream (N) and to remove the essential part of isobutene optionally recycled with stream (A) to the dehydration/isomerization reactor of step b).

This invention relates to a carbene complex of metal salt represented by the formula: [T-M(R)_c]_n wherein, R is a monoanionic group; c is 1 or 2; M is a Li or Mg; T is a cyclic carbene ligand; and n is selected from the group of integers comprising 1 to 24 wherein the complex has 50% or less decomposition when stored in 0.01 molar benzene at 23°C for a period of 1 hour. This invention also relates to transition-metal-carbene complexes prepared from such carbene complexes of metal salts, where the transition-metal-carbene complex is represented by the formula: [M*(T)(L⁰)_q(L^1-)_s(L^2-)_t]^g, where M* is a transition metal from Group 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12, T is a cyclic carbene ligand, L⁰ is a neutral ligand, L^1- is a monoanionic ligand, L^2- is a dianionic ligand, q is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, s is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, t is 0, 1, 2, 3,or 4, g is the overall charge of the molecule. The transition-metal-carbene complexes may be used for synthesis reactions, including metathesis of olefins.