A method for manufacturing dyed woven or knitted fabric includes preparing woven or knitted fabric using metallic yarn and normal-pressure dyeing polyester yarn having an elasticity modulus of 400 to 600 kg/mm² and an elongation of 30 to 40%, fabricating a dye bath by putting a dye solution obtained by dispersing a dye in water, dyeing the woven or knitted fabric by putting the prepared woven or knitted fabric into the fabricated dye bath, raising a temperature of the dye bath starting from 35 to 45°C for 30 to 50 minutes at a rate of 1.2 to 1.5 °C/min, and maintaining the heated dye bath at 90 to 100°C for 15 to 25 minutes, and washing the dyed woven or knitted fabric. The dyed woven or knitted fabric has a light reflection reduction rate of 20% to 30%.

Various methods for forming dyed microspheres are provided. One method includes activating a chemical structure coupled to a dye using heat or light to form a reaction intermediate in the presence of a microsphere. The reaction intermediate covalently attaches to a polymer of the microsphere thereby coupling the dye to the polymer and forming the dyed microsphere. Additional methods are provided for forming a dyed microsphere coupled to a molecule. These methods include dyeing the microspheres as described above in addition to synthesizing the molecule on an outer surface of the dyed microspheres. A population of dyed microspheres is also provided. Each of the dyed microspheres of the population includes a dye attached to a polymer of each of the dyed microspheres by a chemical structure. A coefficient of variation in dye characteristics of the population of dyed microspheres attributable to the dye is less than about 10%.

A process for the colouration of a substrate comprises

• (1) applying thereto in an aqueous medium each of
  • (i) a water soluble dye having at least two electrophilic groups each capable of reaction with a respective amino group and
  • (ii) a nucleophilic agent having a molecular weight below 600 and at least two aliphatic amino groups so as to be thereby capable of reaction with the said water-soluble dye at a pH and temperature at which the electrophilic groups and amino groups are capable of reaction with one another but the dye does not react to a significant extent with the substrate before it reacts with the nucleophilic agent,
• (2) allowing the said dye and nucleophilic agent to react with one another and thereafter
• (3) increasing at least one of the pH and temperature to exhaust the dye onto the substrate,

• (a) a nucleophilic agent having two aliphatic primary amino groups and no secondary aliphatic amino groups;
• (b) a nucleophilic agent having three aliphatic primary amino groups and no secondary aliphatic amino groups;
• (C) a nucleophilic agent having one aliphatic primary amino group and one secondary aliphatic amino group;
• (d) a nucleophilic agent having two aliphatic primary amino groups and one aliphatic secondary amino group; and
• (e) a nucleophilic agent having at least two aliphatic secondary amino groups selected from HO(CH₂CH₂NH)₂CH₂CH₂OH, HO₂CCH₂NHCH₂CH₂NHCH₂CO₂H, PhCH₂NHCH₂CH₂NHCH₂Ph, (-NHCH₂CH₂-)_{3,4 or 5,} piperazine, 2-methylpiperazine, 2,5- and 2,6-dimethylpiperazine, H₂N(CH₂CH₂NH)_nH wherein n is 3,4 or 5, CH₃NHCH₂CH₂NHCH₃, (-NHCH₂CH₂CH₂-)₄, 1,4,7,10,13-(6-hexaazacyclooctadecane), (CH₃O)₃Si(CH₂CH₂NH)₂CH₂CH₂CO₂CH₃ and (CH₃O)₃Si(CH₂CH₂NH)₂CH₂CH₂NH₂.