BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to the production of antistatic carpets and compositions effective for this purpose, including active agents capable of migrating into carpet fibers. The invention also concerns the acceleration of the rate at which antistatic properties are imparted to the carpet fibers.

2. Description of the Prior Art

The uncomfortable, and sometimes painful and/or dangerous discharge of static electricity from a person's body to a grounded object which occurs after the person has walked on common carpet materials is an all too familiar and unpleasant phenomenon. Carpets manufactured from both natural fibers, such as, wool, and synthetic fibers, such as, fibers of acrylics, nylons, polyesters and lower polyolefins, such as, polyethylene and polypropylene, all exhibit this undesirable characteristic, especially under low humidity conditions.

Many attempts have been made to overcome or at least mitigate the problem. Investigation has shown that the level of human sensitivity to static discharge occurs at about 3,000 volts and above. Accordingly, a guideline in the search for solutions to the problem has been the reduction of static build-up to below the human sensitivity threshold of 3,000 volts.

We are aware that according to a process developed by Herculite Protective Fabrics Corporation, assignee of this invention, it has been discovered that a variety of active properties can be imparted to solid, non-porous polymeric substrate materials by a technique which comprises applying to the substrate a solid, non-porous layer of a polymeric composition containing active agents capable of migrating from the layer into and throughout the substrate. The migrating agent is incorporated in the layer in an amount sufficient to produce an effective level of activity on the surface of the substrate which is not in direct contact with the layer. The application of the Herculite technology, known generally in the industry as the HERCON process to the production of antistatic and electrically conductive polymeric materials is broadly described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,705,938 issued Dec. 12, 1972 and in pending application Ser. No. 255,144 which is a divisional application related to the just mentioned issued patent.

We are also aware that U.S. Pat. No. 3,510,386 Goins et al. discloses an antistatic carpet structure in which antistatic agents are added to a layer applied to the primary carpet backing. According to the disclosure of this patent an antistatic composition consisting essentially of a mixture of an organic textile antistatic agent and a humectant is applied to a porous carpet backing so that the antistatic coating composition penetrates the backing of the carpet and wets the base of the pile fabric, but does not penetrate to the outer tips of the pile. Charges of static electricity built up in the pile are said to be dispersed throughout the entire carpet area by the antistatic layer and subsequently bled off into the ground or atmosphere.

Some other attempts to overcome the static problem in carpets have included the weaving of conductive filaments into the carpet, spraying conductive agents on to the carpet fibers and loading the carpet backing material with antistatic agents, such as, carbon black or other conductive fillers. All such attempts have suffered from one or more basic defects, including damage to the carpet structure or appearance, lack of durability of the antistatic effect, or greatly increased cost.

Accordingly, it is an objective of the present invention to provide a new approach to rendering carpets antistatic in accordance with which durable antistatic properties are imparted to the carpet fibers themselves.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for rendering carpets antistatic so that the antistatic effect is accomplished, economically, rapidly and without damage to the appearance or structure of the carpet.

Another object of the invention is to provide carpets with durable antistatic properties.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention carpets of wool, nylon, acrylic, polyester, and lower polyolefin fibers are rendered antistatic by the application to the primary carpet backing, or a layer in contact with the primary carpet backing, of a solid layer of solid, non-porous, polymer composition containing at least one antistatic agent capable of migrating into and throughout the carpet fibers to render the fibers electrically conductive and antistatic. In certain instances, especially in the treatment of nylon and polyester carpets, a carrier or accelerator for the antistatic agent is incorporated in the composition in order to achieve the desired level of antistatic activity more rapidly.

As a result of our research it has been found that certain carpet fibers, notably nylon and polyester, do not reach a level of antistatic properties upon treatment in accordance with this invention at the same rate as certain other fibers, such as, acrylic fibers, which react rather rapidly to the application of migrating antistatic agents, and therefore, do not require acceleration of the effect. Nylon and polyester carpet fibers, such as those incorporated in the commercial carpet fiber products of duPont, Bigelow, Lees and other fiber manufacturers, however, do not respond too rapidly to treatment in accordance with the previously described HERCON technology, and the requirement for extended periods of aging to allow the effects to be fully realized can seriously interfere with the manufacture, storage, distribution and sales of carpet products on a commercial basis. In accordance with the present invention, however, satisfactory reduction in resistivity of carpets treated with the antistatic compositions of this invention is fully effective in about 1 to 2 weeks and certainly in less than 3 weeks, even with carpets made from nylon and polyester fibers. This allows the carpets to reach the required level of antistatic properties before they reach the point of installation.

The antistatic compositions may be applied in various polymeric layers, but it is ordinarily desirable to utilize rubbery synthetic latex compositions which will also serve to provide a cushioning effect beneath the carpet backing. The polymer layer is preferably applied directly to the carpet backing into contact with the fibers which are woven into the backing, although it is also possible to apply the polymer layer over an intermediate layer or film through which the active antistatic agent and carrier are also capable of migrating into contact with the fibers and thence throughout the fibers themselves.

While other carrier materials may be identified by those skilled in the art, it has been found that the following materials are suitable carriers or accelerators for antistatic active agents when used in accordance with this invention: phenol, o-chlorophenol and Dowanol EPh, an ethylene glycol phenyl ether composition of Dow Chemical Co.

As the antistatic agent, those skilled in the art will also be able to identify other suitable materials, but we have found that the following agents are effective:

a. steroamino propyl dimethyl-β-hydroxyethyl ammonium nitrate-available commercially under the trade name Aerotex Antistatic CSN Concentrate.

b. methylbis(2-hydroxyethyl) cocoammonium chloride -- available commercially under the trade name Ethoquad C/12.

c. free acids of complex organic phosphate esters - available commercially under the trade names Gafstat AS-610 and AS-710.

d. Advastat 50, a proprietary formulation.

It has also been noted that the addition of a small amount of surfactant improves the results of the invention.

The antistatic agent should be present in the layer in an amount of at least 4 ounces per square yard of carpet in order to reduce the static charge build up level below 3,000 volts.

As the polymeric material for use in the coating composition containing the antistatic agent, and in some cases also the carrier or accelerator a number of polymers will function acceptably and those skilled in the art will no doubt be able to identify others in addition to the ones specifically described herein. However, we have found the following to be satisfactory:

a. carboxylated styrene-butadiene rubber latexes -- available commercially under the trade names Lotol L-9960 and Vulcanol 5023.

b. synthetic rubber/resin lacquer base in a volatile solvent (adhesive) -- available commercially under the trade name CVV.

c. polyvinyl chloride plastisol -- available commercially under the trade name AD-254, and

d. polyvinyl chloride resin plasticized with dioctyl phthalate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

More specific aspects of the present invention will be appreciated in view of the following specific examples.

EXAMPLE 1

A level loop nylon carpet made from duPont nylon fibers was obtained in a semi-finished form, that is, the fibers were locked in a primary backing but no additional latex or other backing materials had been applied to the underside of the carpet.

A rubber latex available under the trade name Vulcanol 5023 was obtained. To 65 parts of the rubber latex there was added 15 parts of Advastat 50, 15 parts of Dowanol EPh and 5 parts of a surfactant, Aerosol O.T. 75. The underside of a 28 inch × 30 inch sample of the nylon carpet weighing 491.2 grams was coated with 594.5 grams of the foregoing composition. The sample was dried in an oven at 275° F for 25 minutes. The total dried weight of the carpet plus the backing layer was 840.5 grams. The weight of the antistatic agent was 10.6% of the total weight of the finished product.

The volume resistivity of the treated carpet was measured at 2.4 × 10⁹ as compared with 2.8 × 10¹¹ for the untreated carpet.

The carpet was then subjected to a "stroll test" (AATCC Test Method 134-1969) to determine the static level in volts for the untreated and treated samples. The threshold volume of 3,000 volts was used as the guideline to determine whether the carpet sample was antistatic, since, as described above, 3,000 volts is the point at which humans are sensitive to shock from the discharge of accumulated static electricity. The untreated sample showed a voltage of 13,200 whereas the voltage on the treated sample was 1600 volts, far below the threshold level. The treated carpet was shampooed under commercial conditions and re-tested. After drying to 20% relative humidity, the volume resistivity was found to be 100 volts.

The treated carpet was then placed in a hallway and subjected to normal use. The number of persons walking across the carpet was counted. After 16,000 cycles (1 cycle equals one person walking across the carpet) the carpet was re-tested and showed a static level of 5,200 volts, above the threshold level. Upon shampooing the carpet and re-testing it was found that the static level had returned to 1,200 volts, well within acceptable limits. Exposure to 16,000 cycles is roughly equivalent to two years of normal residential use.

The exact explanation for this result is not fully understood. Apparently the buildup of soil during normal usage impairs the effectiveness of the antistatic material in the fibers. Upon removal of the soil by shampooing and perhaps the removal of some of the antistatic agent in the same process, the antistatic characteristics are fully restored. The ability of the carpet to recover its high antistatic level is believed to be attributable to continued migration of material from the layer applied to the backing up through the fibers and to the accelerated migration attributable to the use of a carrier in the composition.

EXAMPLES 2 - 56

The process as generally described in Example 1 was repeated except for the changes indicated in Table 1. In those instances in which a carrier is employed, the presence of the carrier in the composition resulted in improvement in the antistatic properties of the carpet.

                                  TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Ex. No. Carpet Fiber             Antistat Coating Base                                Carrier__________________________________________________________________________2     Nylon(Bigelow)             Ethoquad C/12                      Letol L-9960                                none3     "           Ethoquad C/12                      Letol L-9960                                none4     "           none     Letol L-9960                                none5     Nylon(Bigelow)             Advastat 50                      PVC Resin & DOP                                none6     "           Ethoquad C/12                      PVC Resin & DOP                                none7     "           Aerotex Anti-             static CSN                      PVC Resin & DOP                                none8     "           none     PVC Resin & DOP                                none9     Nylon(Bigelow)             Ethoquad C/12                      PVC Resin & DOP                                none10    "           Ethoquad C/12                      PVC Resin & DOP                                none11    "           Ethoquad C/12                      AD 254    none12    "           none     AD 254    none13    Nylon(Bigelow)             Advastat 50                      AD 254    Phenol14    "           none     AD 254    none15    Polyester(duPont)             Advastat 50                      AD 254    o-chlorphenol16    "           none     AD 254    none17    Nylon(Bigelow)             Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                Phenol18    "           Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                Phenol19    "           none     Vulcanol 5023                                none20    Polyester(duPont)             Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                Dowanol EPh21    "           Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                Dowanol EPh22    "           none     Vulcanol 5023                                none23    Nylon hi-lo(duPont)             Ethoquad C/12                      Vulcanol 5023                                Phenol24    "           Ethoquad C/12                      Vulcanol 5023                                none25    "           none     Vulcanol 5023                                none26    "           Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                Phenol27    "           Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                none28    "           none     Vulcanol 5023                                none29    Nylon(Bigelow)             Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                Phenol30    "           Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                none31    "           none     Vulcanol 5023                                none32    POlyester(duPont)             Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                Dowanol EPh33    "           Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                none34    "           none     Vulcanol 5023                                none35    Nylon(Brookline)             Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                Dowanol EPh36    "           Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                Dowanol EPh37    "           Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                none38    "           none     Vulcanol 5023                                none39    Nylon hi-lo(duPont)             Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                Dowanol EPh40    "           Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                Dowanol EPh41    "           none     Vulcanol 5023                                none42    Nylon(Lees) Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                Dowanol EPh43    Nylon(Lees) none     Vulcanol 5023                                none44    Nylon(Bigelow)             Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                Dowanol EPh45    "           none     Vulcanol 5023                                none46    Nylon-level loop (duPont)    Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                Dowanol EPh47    "           Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                none48    "           none     Vulcanol 5023                                none49    Polyester(duPont)             Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                Dowanol EPh50    "           none     Vulcanol 5023                                none51    Nylon-level loop (duPont)    Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                Dowanol EPh52    Nylon hi-lo (duPont)    Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                Dowanol EPh53    Nylon(Brookline)             Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                Dowanol EPh54    Nylon(Lees) Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                Dowanol EPh55    Nylon(Bigelow)             Advastat 50                      Fulcanol 5023                                Dowanol EPh56    Polyester(duPont)             Advastat 50                      Vulcanol 5023                                Dowanol EPh__________________________________________________________________________                  Surface Resistivity                              Volume Resistivity Surfactant           % Wt. AA                  ohms per square                              ohms__________________________________________________________________________2     none      19.7   1.3 × 1011                              6.2 × 1093     Triton X-200           21.5   1.1 × 1011                              4.0 × 1094     none      untreated                  2.2 × 1011                              4.2 × 1095     none       5.4   not tested  2.1 × 1096     none       5.3   "           3.5 × 109 none       5.9   "           3.2 × 1098     none      untreated                  "           1.2 × 10109     Aerosol O.T. 75            9.8   6.9 × 109                              1.5 × 10710    none       9.6   1.5 × 1010                              1.2 × 10911    none       9.9   3.6 × 109                              2.4 × 10812    none      untreated                  1.0 × 1011                              3.2 × 10913    none       4.3   2.6 × 109                              not tested14    none      untreated                  4.0 × 1010                              "15    none       3.6   6.0 × 1010                              not tested16    none      untreated                  1.5 × 1011                              "17    none      13.5   5.6 × 109                              5.6 × 10818    none      19.7   3.8 × 109                              2.8 × 10819    none      untreated                  1.2 × 1011                              1.3 × 101120    none      13.5   6.4 × 1010                              1.6 × 10921    none      19.1   1.8 × 1010                              9.7 × 10722    none      untreated                  2.7 × 1011                              1.2 × 101223    none      14.9   2.0 × 1011                              4.1 × 101024    none      15.2   1.7 × 1011                              1.0 × 101125    none      untreated                  3.9 × 1011                              2.7 × 101126    none      19.2   7.8 × 1010                              3.2 × 101027    none      16.8   1.1 × 1011                              5.0 × 101028    none      untreated                  9.4 × 1010                              1.1 × 101129    none      14.7   6.7 × 1010                              7.0 × 10830    none      14.8   1.4 × 1010                              2.2 × 10931    none      Untreated                  9.4 × 1010                              1.1 × 101132    none      17.6   6.7 × 1010                              7.0 × 10833    none      16.9   1.0 × 1011                              8.0 × 101034    none      Untreated                  1.1 × 1011                              1.1 × 101135    Aerosol O.T. 75           12.3   2.6 × 108                              8.6 × 10536    none      12.6   2.7 × 109                              5.5 × 10837    none      12.5   1.1 × 1010                              5.0 × 10638    none      Untreated                  7.9 × 1010                              1.6 × 101139    Aerosol O.T. 75           12.3   8.6 × 109                              5.2 × 10840    none      12.7   8.9 × 1010                              2.7 × 101041    none      Untreated                  1.2 × 1011                              1.5 × 101142    Aerosol O.T. 75           12.9   5.4 × 1010                              1.2 × 101043    none      Untreated                  1.2 × 1011                              1.5 × 101144    Aerosol O.T. 75           12.2   5.7 × 108                              7.7 × 10745    none      Untreated                  1.2 × 1011                              1.5 × 101146 none      16.1   2.9 × 1011                              1.5 × 101047    none      16.7   2.6 × 1011                              1.2 × 101148    none      Untreated                  2.6 × 1011                              2.8 × 101149    none      15.6   1.8 × 1011                              2.4 × 10950    none      Untreated                  2.2 × 1011                              2.2 × 101151 Aerosol O.T. 75           10.6   not tested  2.4 × 10952 Aerosol O.T. 75           11.0   "           7.6 × 10853    Aerosol O.T. 75           10.1   "           0.3 × 10254    Aerosol O.T. 75           10.7   "           5.8 × 10955    Aerosol O.T. 75           10.3   "           5.0 × 10856    Aerosol O.T. 75           12.0   "           3.4 × 109__________________________________________________________________________

example 57

an acrylic carpet swatch was obtained from Bigelow-Sanford. This swatch comprises acrylic fiber tufted in a primary backing, rubber latex to lock the fiber, and a secondary backing (jute).

An antistatic backing adhesive was prepared by adding 30 parts Advastat 50 to 250 parts CVV. The secondary backing was removed from the carpet swatch. 6.7 grams of antistatic backing adhesive was applied on the rubber latex layer of a 2 inch × 3 inch carpet sample (7.1g) and dried in the oven at 125°F for 1 hour. The total weight of the carpet and the antistatic backing adhesive was 9.5 g and the % weight of Advastat 50 was 7.6% based on the total weight of the finished carpet.

After two weeks of aging at the testing conditions, the treated carpet showed a volume resistivity of 2.2 × 10⁹ ohms at 76°F/50%RH. The untreated carpet showed a volume resistivity of 6.0 × 10⁹ ohms.

EXAMPLES 58-62

The same procedure was followed as set forth in Example 57 but using different amounts of antistatic agent and different carpet materials. The results are shown in Table 2.

                                  Table 2__________________________________________________________________________Ex. No. Carpet Fiber         Antistat                 % Wt. AA                       Volume Resistivity,ohms__________________________________________________________________________57    Acrylic Advastat 50                 7.6   2.2 × 109 "       none          6.0 × 10958    Acrylic Advastat 50                 5.1   1.3 × 108 "       none          2.4 × 10959    Acrylic Advastat 50                 5.3   2.4 × 109 "       none          6.2 × 10960    Olefin  Advastat 50                 4.1   1.0 × 109 "       none           6.0 × 101061    Wool    Advastat 50                 3.6   6.0 × 109 "       none           8.0 × 101062    Polyester         Advastat 50                 4.7    5.0 × 1011 "       none           4.0 × 1011__________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLES 63-79

Additional carpet (swatches) samples were also obtained from Bigelow. The rubber latex and the secondary jute backing were removed prior to applying the antistatic backing adhesive which was prepared by adding an antistat to CVV. In this case, the antistatic backing adhesive was air-dried instead of being oven dried and the carpets were tested after 3 weeks of aging.

The results are reported in Table 3.

                                  Table 3__________________________________________________________________________                         VolumeEx. No. Carpet Fiber         Antistat in CVV                   % Wt. AA                         Resistivity ohms__________________________________________________________________________63    Acrylic Advastat 50                   15.8  1.7 × 10964    "       Gafstat AS-610                   12.9  3.0 × 101065    "       Gafstat AS-710                   12.3  7.4 × 10866    "       None            3.0 × 10967    Nylon   Advastat 50                   19.8  1.6 × 101168    "       Gafstat AS-610                   15.1  1.7 × 101169    "       Gafstat AS-710                   17.8  1.1 × 101170    "       None            1.6 × 101171    Polyester         Gafstat AS-610                   11.6  1.0 × 101172    "       Gafstat AS-710                   10.9  1.1 × 101173    "       None            2.6 × 101174    Olefin  Gafstat AS-610                   16.4  1.8 × 101075    "       Gafstat AS-710                   16.0  1.8 × 101076    "       None            1.6 × 101077    Wool    Gafstat AS-610                   12.2  1.0 × 101078    "       Gafstat AS-710                   14.3  1.1 ×  101079    "       None            1.3 × 1010__________________________________________________________________________

In the course of our experimentation, it was determined that the antistatic agent in the layer applied to the carpet backing should be present in an amount of at least about 4 ounces per square yard of the carpet fabric. The following tests indicated that contents of antistatic agents below about 4 ounces per square yard gave static level voltages well above the threshold level of 3,000 volts:

                   Amount of anti-                          Static levelCarpet Type    Company testing              static agent (oz/yd2)                          involved__________________________________________________________________________Tufted nylon    Bigelow-Sanford              .53         15,500Tufted nylon    Bigelow-Sanford              1.6         11,500Tufted nylon    Bigelow-Sanford              2.5         10,500Level loop nylon    Dupont    4.8          1,600Lees nylonpattern 4996    Lees      5            1,100Hi/Lo nylon    Dupont    6.5           200__________________________________________________________________________

The results of stroll tests on a representative section of carpet types is set forth in Table 4.

                                  Table 4__________________________________________________________________________                     Initial                     "Stroll Test"       As Tested in Laboratory       After 16.000 Cycles       Vol. Resistivity, ohms                     Static Level, Volts                                Treated                                After                                     Before                                          AfterCarpet      Untreated              Treated                     Untreated                           Treated                                Cleaning                                     Shampoo                                          Shampoo__________________________________________________________________________Hi-Lo Nylon (duPont)       2.2 × 1011              7.6 × 109                     13,200                            200 100  3,800                                           300Level Loop Nylon(duPont)    2.8 × 1011              2.4 × 109                     13,200                           1,600                                100  5,200                                          1,200Polyester (duPont)       2.2 × 1011              2.0 × 109                      9,200                            300 100  1,200                                           100Nylon (Lees)       1.3 × 1011              5.8 × 109                      N.T.*                           1,100                                N.T. N.T. N.T.Nylon (Bigelow)       1.0 × 1011              5.0 × 108                     N.T.  N.T. N.T. N.T. N.T.Nylon (Brookline)       3.6 × 1010              29     N.T.  N.T. N.T. N.T. N.T.__________________________________________________________________________ *N.T. = Not Tested

If an intermediate layer or layers is incorporated in the structure between the backing and the polymeric layer containing the antistatic agent, any polymeric material capable of forming a solid layer may be used provided that it allows migration of the antistatic agent and carrier through the layers and into the fibers. It is preferable to employ a rubber latex or foamed polyvinyl chloride as the polymer layer containing the antistatic agent in order to gain the benefit of the cushioning effect of such a layer.

It will be understood that those skilled in the art may well devise combinations of materials and techniques other than those expressly described above without departing from the spirit of this invention, or the scope of the following claims.