ANDROGEN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS |
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| 申请号 | EP98903769.2 | 申请日 | 1998-02-05 | 公开(公告)号 | EP1019060B1 | 公开(公告)日 | 2007-08-01 |
| 申请人 | University of Maryland, Baltimore; | 发明人 | BRODIE, Angela; LING, Yangzhi; | ||||
| 摘要 | This invention relates to novel inhibitors of androgen synthesis that are useful in the treatment of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy. The present invention also provides methods of synthesizing these novel compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing these novel compounds, and methods of treating prostate cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy using the androgen synthesis inhibitors of the present invention. | ||||||
| 权利要求 | |||||||
| 说明书全文 | This invention relates to novel inhibitors of androgen synthesis that are useful in the treatment of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy. The present invention also provides methods of synthesizing these novel compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing these novel compounds, and methods of treating prostate cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy using the androgen synthesis inhibitors of the present invention. Prostate cancer now ranks as the most prevalent cancer in men. Approximately 160,000 new cases are diagnosed each year; of these, 35,000 will die of metastatic disease. In women, breast cancer kills 45,000 women per year. The present inventors have previously proposed that selective aromatase (estrogen synthetase) inhibitors to control estrogen production would be potentially useful agents for breast cancer. In men, aromatase inhibitors may be useful for conditions associated with estrogen excess, such as gynecomastia and oligospermia (Coen et al., 1991; Hsiang et al., 1987). It has been suggested that aromatase inhibitors might also be of value in prostatic cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) (Henderson et al., 1991). In 1973, the present inventors reported the first of a number of compounds which are potent and selective inhibitors of aromatase (Schwarzel et al., 1973). The most active of those inhibitors, 4-hydroxyandrostene-3,17-dione (4-OHA) (Brodie et al., 1976), was found to act by rapid competitive inhibition followed by inactivation of the enzyme in vitro which appeared to be long-lasting or irreversible (Brodie et al. 1981). Enzyme inhibitors with these properties are thought to bind to the active site of the enzyme, are likely to be quite specific and should have long-lasting effects in vivo due to inactivation of the enzyme (Sjoerdsma, 1981). The present inventors further demonstrated that 4-OHA reduces peripheral plasma estrogen levels and causes significant regression of breast cancers in postmenopausal patients with advanced metastatic disease who have relapsed from other hormonal treatment, such as ovariectomy and tamoxifen. The compound has both oral and parenteral activity and is without significant side effects in these patients (Goss et al., 1986; Coombes et al. 1987). 4-OH-A (formastane) is now approved for treatment of breast cancer in many countries worldwide, including most European countries and Canada since 1995. It is the first new treatment for breast cancer in 10 years. In men, estrogens are produced by the testes and by peripheral aromatization of adrenal androgens. Testosterone is the major product of the testis and is converted by 5α-reductase to the more potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), in the prostate (Bruchovsky et al., 1968). While androgens are of primary importance in the growth of normal prostate, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and prostatic cancer, several lines of evidence suggest that estrogens also may have a role (Mawhinney et al, 1976). 4-OHA also inhibits 5α-reductase in vitro, although with less potency than it inhibits aromatase (Brodie et al. 1989b). Because of these two activities, the possibility that 4-OHA might be effective in prostatic cancer was explored in a small group of men with advanced disease. Subjective responses were observed in 80% of these patients, although there was no clear evidence of objective remissions (Shearer et al., 1991). Estrogen levels were reduced as expected but DHT concentrations were unchanged in the patients. The latter finding in addition to the weak androgenic activity of the compound may have determined the lack of objective responses. Chemotherapy is usually not highly effective and is not a practical option for most patients with prostatic cancer because of the adverse side-effects which are particularly detrimental in older patients. However, the majority of patients initially respond to hormone ablative therapy although they eventually relapse, as is typical with all cancer treatments. Current treatment by orchidectomy or administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists result in reduced androgen production by the testis but does not interfere with androgen synthesis by the adrenals. Following 3 months of treatment with a GnRH agonist, testosterone and DHT concentrations in the prostate remained at 25 % and 10%, respectively, of pretreatment levels (Foti et al., 1989). Similarly, about 20% of castrated patients in relapse had significant levels of DHT in their prostatic tissue (Geller et al., 1984). These finding suggest that the adrenals contribute precursor androgens to the prostate. This is supported by clinical studies of patients receiving combined treatment with either GnRH or orchidectomy and an antiandrogen, such as flutamide, to block the actions of androgens, including adrenal androgens. Such patients have increased progression-free survival time compared to patients treated with GnRH agonist or orchidectomy alone (Crawford et al., 1989; Labrie et al., 1993). Although patients initially respond to endocrine therapy, they frequently relapse. It was reported recently that in 30% of recurring tumors of patients treated with endocrine therapy, high-level androgen receptor (AR) amplification was found (Visakorpi et al., 1995). Also, flutamide tended to interact with those mutant AR and stimulate prostatic cell growth. This suggests that AR amplification may facilitate tumor cell growth in low androgen concentrations. Thus, total androgen blockade as first line therapy may be more effective than conventional androgen deprivation by achieving maximum suppression of androgen concentrations which may also prevent AR amplification (Kellens, 1993). It is presently unclear whether sequential treatment with different agents can prolong the benefits of the initial therapy. New agents which act by different mechanisms could produce second responses in a portion of relapsed patients. Although the percentage of patients who respond to second-line hormonal therapy may be relatively low, a substantial number of patients may benefit because of the high incidence of prostatic cancer. Furthermore, there is the potential for developing more potent agents than current therapies, none of which are completely effective in blocking androgen effects. The 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of androgens and converts the C21 steroids (pregnenolone and progesterone) to the C19 androgens, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 5-androstenediol (A-diol), testosterone, and androstenedione in the testis and adrenals. Some inhibitors of 17α-hydroxylase/ C17,20-lyase have been described (Barrie et al. , 1989; McCague et al., 1990; Jarman et al., 1990; Ayub et al., 1987; Nakajin et al., 1988, 1989; Angelastro et al., 1989; Potter et al., 1995). Ketoconazole, an active imidazole fungicide, is the only inhibitor used currently to reduce testosterone biosynthesis in the treatment of patients with advanced prostatic cancer (Trachtenberg et al., 1984; Willimas et al., 1986). However, ketoconazole is not very potent. Moreover, it has a number of significant side-effects, including inhibition of several other cytochrome P450 steroidogenic enzymes, and reduction of cortisol production. Another drug used for prostate cancer, aminoglutethimide (AG), has similar drawbacks. This suggest that more potent and selective inhibitors of this enzyme could provide useful agents in treating this disease. In addition such compounds may be effective in treating breast cancer patients. AG was used for this purpose, but was associated with adverse side-effects. In the prostate, 5α-reductase is the enzyme that converts testosterone to the more potent androgen, DHT, which stimulates prostatic growth. This enzyme occurs in two important isoforms, the Type I isoform expressed in human non-genital skin, and the Type II isoform present in the human prostate (see, Russell et al., 1994). The 5α-reductase inhibitor, N-[1,1-dimethyl-3-oxo-4-aza-5αandrost-1-ene-17β-carboxamide (finasteride; Merck) recently approved for treatment of BPH (Stoner, 1990) is a more potent inhibitor of the Type II than of the Type I isoform. However, finasteride is effective mainly in BPH patients with minimal disease, possibly because serum DHT levels have been found to be incompletely reduced (65-80%). As the Type I isoenzyme is probably the source of much of the residual plasma DHT, compounds that inhibit Type I as well as Type II may be more effective in patients. More recently, another azasteroid MK-434 has been described which reduces prostatic DHT levels in dogs more effectively than finasteride (Cohen et al., 1995). The main advantage of this compound, which has similar activity to finasteride in vitro, appears to be its more favorable pharmacokinetics. However, its efficacy in humans remains to be seen. Although these compounds reduce DHT levels, they also increase serum testosterone levels. Preservation of testosterone levels may be an advantage in patients with BPH. However, inhibitors of 5α-reductase which increase testosterone levels may not be sufficiently effective in treating prostatic cancer. While DHT binds to the androgen receptor with higher affinity than testosterone and dissociates more slowly, testosterone can bind to the receptor when DHT levels are reduced (Gormley, 1991). As indicated above, despite significant reductions in prostatic DHT levels during treatment (Cohen et al, 1995), these compounds are not as effective as castration. More importantly, it appears that they are less effective in eliciting prostatic cell death. The androgen-responsive gene, TRPM-2 associated with apoptosis is significantly enhanced by castration but not by finasteride treatment (Rittermaster et al., 1991; Shao et al, 1993). This has been attributed to the lower androgen levels after castration (Shao et al., 1993), which is mainly a consequence of the reduction in testosterone production. Recent studies of patients receiving long-term treatment with finasteride found some patients developed gynecomastia which led to breast cancer in a few cases (NEJM, Sept., 1996, letter to the editor). This raises concers about the use of 5α-reductase inhibitors since blockade of this step increases the conversion of androgen substrates to estrogens. Compounds which reduce production of testosterone and DHT as well as other androgens by inhibiting 17-hydroxylase/lyase would not be associated with this problem and may be more effective in treatment of prostatic cancer. References The following references are representative of the state of the art with respect to steroid compounds and their use in the treatment of BPH and prostate cancer.
Therefore, in view of the aforementioned deficiencies attendant with prior art androgen synthesis inhibitors, including their relative ineffectiveness and their accompanying side effects, it should be apparent that there still exists a need in the art for new types of enzyme inhibitors which potently inhibit 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase as well as 5α-reductase, to block all androgen synthesis could be of benefit in the treatment of prostatic cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy. Accordingly, a major object of the present invention is to provide novel inhibitors of androgen biosynthesis to provide more adequate treatment for patients with prostatic cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy. Briefly, the present invention provides novel compounds which reduce testosterone and DHT levels by inhibiting both 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase and 5α-reductase. These compounds provide blockade of all androgen synthesis (androstenedione, testosterone, DHEA and its estrogenic metabolites, as well as DHT) and thus provide more effective treatment of prostate cancer. A number of these compounds are potent inhibitors of 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase and 5α-reductase, and also have antiandrogen activity. Several are much more potent than ketoconazole and almost as potent as finasteride in vitro. Because of their dual activities, these compound could be more effective than current agents in the treatment of prostate cancer. Other compounds that are moderate inhibitors of 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase but are more potent for 5α-reductase may be useful in maintaining a "normal" balance of testosterone and estrogen levels in BPH patients. These compounds are the subject of A further object of the present invention is to provide pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more of the 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase and 5α-reductase inhibitors of the present invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor. These pharmaceutical compositions may be used in the treatment of conditions that require the reduction of testosterone and DHT levels, such as prostate cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy. A still further object of the present invention is to provide a method of reducing testosterone and/or DHT levels in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment comprising administering one or more of the 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase and 5α-reductase inhibitors of the present invention in an amount sufficient to reduce testosterone and/or DHT levels by a desired amount. With the foregoing and other objects, advantages and features of the invention that will become hereinafter apparent, the nature of the invention may be more clearly understood by reference to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention and to the appended claims.
This invention arose from a desire of the inventors to improve on previously available compounds used in inhibiting the synthesis of testosterone and DHT. The inventors also sought to provide a safe, effective treatment for BPH and prostate cancer. The inventors have found that administration of the compounds of the present invention effectively blocks synthesis of testosterone and DHT in mammals. The steroid compounds according to the present invention are 16-dehydroprogesterone-20-oxime, and acetate thereof. Pharmaceutical salts of the steroid compounds of the present invention suitable for administration by a variety of routes are known in the art and need not be described herein in detail. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds and derivatives thereof according to the invention, include base salts, e.g., derived from an appropriate base, such as alkali metal (e.g., sodium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium), ammonium, and NWnHm bases and salts wherein each of n and m are 0 to 4 and n+m is 4, and wherein W is a (C1-C18)alkyl. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of an acid group or an amino group include, but are not limited to, salts of organic carboxylic acids such as acetic, lactic, tartaric, malic, isothionic, lactobionic and succinic acids; organic sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic and p-tolylsulfonic acids, and inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric and sulfamic acids. Pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of a compound with a hydroxy group include, but are not limited to, the anion of the compound in combination with a suitable cation such as Na+, and NWnHm, wherein W is a (C1-C18)alkyl group, and n and m are 0 to 4 , and n + m is 4 . A still further part of this invention is a pharmaceutical composition of matter for reducing testosterone and/or DHT levels in a mammal in need of such treatment. Such a pharmaceutical composition of matter comprises at least one of the steroid compounds described above, mixtures thereof, and/or pharmaceutical salts thereof, and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier therefor. Such compositions are prepared in accordance with accepted pharmaceutical procedures, for example, as described in For therapeutic use in a method of inhibiting synthesis of testosterone and/or DHT, a steroid compound of the present invention, or its salt, can be conveniently administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition containing a steroid compound according to the present invention, or its salt, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor. Suitable carriers are well known in the art and vary with the desired form and mode of administration of the pharmaceutical composition. For example, they may include diluents or excipients such as fillers, binders, wetting agents, disintegrators, surface-active agents, lubricants, and the like. Typically, the carrier may be a solid, liquid, or vaporizable carrier, or combinations thereof. In one preferred embodiment, the composition is a therapeutic composition and the carrier is a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The compound of the invention or its salt may be formulated together with the carrier into any desired unit dosage form. Typical unit dosage forms include tablets, pills, powders, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, granules, capsules, suppositories; injectable solutions and suspensions are particularly preferred. Each carrier must be "acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients in the formulation and not injurious to the patient. The carrier must be biologically acceptable and inert, i.e., it must permit the cell to conduct its metabolic reactions so that the compound of this invention may effect its inhibitory activity. Formulations include those suitable for oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, and transdermal) administration, with formulations appropriate for oral, nasal, and parenteral administration being preferred. For example, to prepare formulations suitable for parenteral administration, solutions and suspensions are sterilized and are preferably isotonic to blood. In making injectable preparations, carriers which are commonly used in this field can also be used, for example, water, ethyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohol, polyoxylated isostearyl alcohol, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitate esters. In these instances, adequate amounts of isotonicity adjusters such as sodium chloride, glucose or glycerin can be added to make the preparations isotonic. The aqueous sterile injection solutions may further contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and like additions acceptable for parenteral formulations. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any method known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier which may encompass one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then if necessary shaping the product. Various unit dose and multidose containers, e.g., sealed ampules and vials, may be used, as is well known in the art. In addition to the ingredients particularly mentioned above, the formulations of this invention may also include other agents conventional in the art for this type of pharmaceutical formulation. The compound of the invention may be present in the composition in an broad proportion to the carrier. For instance, the compound may be present in the amount of 0.01 to 99.9 wt %, and more preferably in about 0.1 to 99 wt %. Still more preferably, the compound may be present in an amount of about 1 to 70 wt% of the composition. The compounds of the present invention can be used in a method of treating BPH or prostate cancer, or inhibiting the growth of prostate tissue, in a patient in need of such treatment, by treating that patient with an effective amount of a steroid compound of the present invention, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or mixtures thereof. In this application, "treating" will encompass any means by which the compound of this invention contacts the cellular machinery responsible for synthesis of testosterone and/or DHT. Also, in this application "patient" will encompass any mammal in need of such treatment, particularly a mammal suffering from BPH or prostate cancer. The dosage of the steroid compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or mixtures thereof, in the compositions of the invention administered to a patient will vary depending on several factors, including, but not limited to, the age, weight, sex, and species of the patient, the general health of the patient, the severity of the symptoms, whether the composition is being administered alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents, the incidence of side effects and the like. In general, a dose suitable for application in the treatment of BPH is about 0.001 to 100 mg/kg body weight/dose, preferably about 0.01 to 60 mg/kg body weight/dose, and still more preferably about 0.1 to 40 mg/kg body weight/dose per day. A dose suitable for application in the treatment of prostate cancer is about 0.001 to 100 mg/kg body weight/dose, preferably about 0.01 to 60 mg/kg body weight/dose, and still more preferably about 0.1 to 40 mg/kg body weight/dose per day. The desired dose may be administered as 1 to 6 or more subdoses administered at appropriate intervals throughout the day. The compounds may be administered repeatedly over a period of months or years, or it may be slowly and constantly infused to the patient. Higher and lower doses may also be administered. The daily dose may be adjusted taking into account, for example, the above-identified variety of parameters. Typically, the present compositions may be administered in an amount of about 0.001 to 100 mg/kg body weight/day. However, other amounts may also be administered. To achieve good plasma concentrations, the active compounds may be administered, for instance, by intravenous injection of an approximate 0.1 to 1 % solution of the active ingredient, optionally in saline, or orally administered as a bolus. The active ingredient may be administered for therapy by any suitable routes, including topical, oral, rectal, nasal, vaginal and parenteral (including intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, and transdermal) routes. It will be appreciated that the preferred route will vary with the condition and age of the patient, the nature of the disorder and the chosen active ingredient including other therapeutic agents. Preferred is the oral route. Also preferred is the topical route. However, other routes may also be utilized depending on the conditions of the patient and how long-lasting the treatment is. While it is possible for the active ingredient to be administered alone, it is preferably present as a pharmaceutical formulation. The formulations of the present invention comprise at least one active ingredient, as defined above, together with one or more acceptable carriers thereof and optionally other therapeutic agents. The above method may be practiced by administration of the compounds by themselves or in a combination with other active ingredients, including other steroid compounds and/or therapeutic agents in a pharmaceutical composition. Other therapeutic agents suitable for use herein are any compatible drugs that are effective by the same or other mechanisms for the intended purpose, or drugs that are complementary to those of the present agents. These include agents that are effective for the inhibition of testosterone and/or DHT synthesis, and in the treatment of prostate cancer, anticancer agents. Examples are ketoconazole, finasteride, and 4MA, among others. The compounds utilized in combination therapy may be administered simultaneously, in either separate or combined formulations, or at different times than the present compounds, e.g., sequentially, such that a combined effect is achieved. The amounts and regime of administration will be adjusted by the practitioner, by preferably initially lowering their standard doses and then titrating the results obtained. The therapeutic method of the invention may be used in conjunction with other therapies as determined by the practitioner. Having now generally described this invention, the same will be better understood by reference to certain specific examples, which are included herein for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting of the invention or any embodiment thereof, unless so specified. Over 70 20-substituted and other pregnene derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of human 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase and of 5α-reductase (Table 1 and 2). The conversion of radiolabeled pregnenolone to 17α-hydroxypregnenolone and DHEA by 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase was measured by incubating human testicular microsomes with different concentration of test compounds. Reverse phase HPLC was used to separate and accurately quantify the amount of substrate and metabolites. The 17α-hydroxylase and C17,20-lyase activities were calculated separately. The activity of 17α-hydroxylase was calculated from the conversion of pregnenolone to 17α-hydroxypregnenolone and DHEA and the activity of C17,20-lyase was based on the conversion of pregnenolone to DHEA. Although 17α-hydroxypregnenolone is the substrate converted to DHEA by C17,20-lyase, it has been reported that this 17α-hydroxy intermediate is not released from the enzyme binding site during conversion (Nakajin et al., 1981a,b). Also, there are species differences in substrate requirements. Pregnenolone is the natural substrate rather than progesterone for human testicular 17α-hydroxylase and C17,20-lyase. Therefore, pregnenolone was used as substrate for measuring the activity of this enzyme complex. The 5α-reductase assay is performed by incubating human prostatic microsomes (approx. 0.6mg protein in 0.5 ml phosphate buffer) with [7-3H]testosterone (10nM, 6X105 dpm) with a NADPH generating system (NADP 0.65 mM; glucose-6-phosphate 7.1 mM; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 2.5 IU in 100 µl phosphate buffer) and candidate inhibitors at concentrations of 10 nM and 100 nM under oxygen for 30 min at 37°C. Steroids [14C]-labelled (T, A and DHT) and authentic markers (T, A, DHT, 5α-androstane-3α-diol and 3β-diol, the 3 diols) are added after the incubation. The steroids are extracted with ether and separated by chromatography on TLC (chloroform:ether 80:20). The DHT and 3-diols are located from their markers after exposure of the plate to iodine vapor. The steroids are scraped from the plate and radioactivity measured. Results are calculated from the percentage conversion of [73H] testosterone to DHT and the 3-diols. As shown in Table 1, compounds containing 20-oxime (I-1, I-5), and 20β-ol (I-20, I-34) demonstrated potent inhibition of 17α-hydroxylase and of C17,20-lyase. The 20β-carboxaldehyde (I-16; Li et al., 1992) and 20S-20,22-epoxide (I-8) exhibit significant inhibition of this enzyme complex. The 22-oxime (I-23) also showed potent inhibition of 5α-reductase and was the basis of In modifying the D-ring, we found that the most important factor which contributes to the inhibition of this enzyme complex is the 16,17-ene when associated with 20-oxime (I-5). Thus, compared with the 20-oxime (I-1), the 16-en-20 oxime (I-5) showed 35-fold more potent inhibition. Other compounds, such as 16α,17α-epoxide (I-17) had decreased potency. The introduction of 17,20-ene did not contribute to inhibition (compare (1-26) to (I-32)), 17α-bromo (I-11) showed poor inhibition and 3-acetate (1-37) had less activity than the 3-hydroxy compound (I-36). Introducing a 20-aza feature into the inhibitor I-16 as a bioisostere modification was expected to increase potency. However, 20-aza compound (I-40) showed approximately 4-fold lower inhibition than I-16. The imidazole moiety has been introduced into inhibitors of several cytochrome P-450 enzymes, notably aromatase (Schieweck et al., 1993). The imidazole moiety may act as a ligand to bind to the iron atom of the heme prosthetic group of the cytochrome P-450 enzyme and form a coordinated complex. Although the detailed mechanism of the 17α-hydroxylation and C17,20-side chain cleavage by 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase is presently unclear, based on our inhibitor studies, it appears that the heme group of the enzyme must be close to the C17 and C20 positions of the substrate. Therefore, introduction of an imidazole group at these positions will place this group near to the heme. Using this rationale, we have designed and synthesized a series of pregnane derivatives with imidazole groups substituted at 17β- or 20-positions. This modification has turned out to be the most effective strategy for producing potent inhibitors. Compound I-47, containing 17β-(4' imidazolyl ring) demonstrated potent inhibition of 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase (IC50 11/7 nM). This suggests that the imidazolyl nitrogen lone pair at this position could coordinate to the iron atom of the heme cofactor in the active site of the enzyme. The introduction of 16, 17α-epoxide (I-51, IC50 431/98 nM) or 17α-hydroxy group (1-44, IC50 1,200/1000 nM) decreased this inhibition dramatically. However, the introduction of 16,17 double bond (I-49, IC50 4/4 nM) increased inhibition 2-fold. Potter et al. (1995) also found that 17-(3'-pyridyl) substituents together with a 16,17-double bond showed potent activity. As to the modification of the imidazole ring, we found that the introduction of the methyl group at the 2' positions (L-4, IC50 400 nM) decreased this activity, while the large 2'-phenyl group caused almost total loss of activity. The 17β-(2'-imidazolyl) L-1) in which the steroid is bonded to the 2'-position of imidazole, showed poor inhibition of 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase. The 20β-[4'-imidazolyl]-(1-45) also did not show any activity. These results suggested that the juxtaposition between the imidazole ring and the steroid D ring is important. 17β-[2'-methyl-4'oxazolyl] (L-5), the bioisostere analog of L-4 in which the N' atom is substituted by O atom, caused less inhibition. The 3-acetoxy derivative (L-12) had lower potency than I-49, which may reflect a limited bulk tolerance at the 3-position. However, L-12 still retained reasonable activity (IC50 75/25 nM) and might be useful as a prodrug of I-49 in vivo. The above derivatives are based on the 5-ene-3β-ol structure and are similar to the natural substrate pregnenolone. However, the substrate for 5α-reductase is 4-ene-3-one, i.e., testosterone. As expected, I-47 and I-49 did not inhibit 5α-reductase. On the other had, I-41 and L-6, which are the 4-ene-3-one derivatives of I-47 and 1-49, respectively, showed activity against 5α-reductase (IC50 = 122 nM and 522 nM) while still retaining their strong potency against 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase (IC50, 59 / 5 nM and 16 / 2, respectively). Thus, to achieve total inhibition of androgen synthesis, I-41 and L-6 appear to be promising candidates. The inhibitory activities of the 20-hydroxy epimers in 5-ene-3-ol, 4-ene-3-one, 5,16-diene-3-ol and 4,16-diene-3-one pregnane series were investigated. In the 5-pregnene-3-ol series, the 20β-ol (1-20) demonstrated stronger inhibition of 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase (IC50m 180/190 nM) than the 20α-ol epimer (I-19, IC50 720/510 nM), although neither showed activity against 5α-reductase, as expected. The conversion from 5-ene-3-ol into 4-ene-3-one decreased inhibition of 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase but greatly enhanced inhibition of 5α-reductase. Thus, 20α-ol (I-33) is a potent 5α-reductase inhibitor (IC50 13 nM) and is stronger than its 20β-ol-epimer (1-34, IC5090 nM). As indicated above, the introduction of the 16,17-double bond increased inhibition of 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase. Thus, L-8 (20α-hydroxy-5,16-pregnadiene-20-one) is stronger (IC50=100 nM) than I-20, while 20β-ol)1-9) was less active. L-10, 20β-hydroxy-4,16 pregnadiene-3-ol is a potent 5α-reductase inhibitor (IC50 = 20 nM) comparable to finasteride (IC50= 14 nM), while its epimer 20α-ol (L-11) showed no activity. As the 20β-ol of L-10 might be metabolized to 20-one in vivo, the 16-dehydroprogesterone (L-13) was also tested and found to be a potent inhibitor of both 17α-hydroxylase (IC50=73/24 nM) and 5α-reductase (IC50=22nM). Progesterone is also known to be a potent 5α-reductase inhibitor, but its rapid metabolism in the body and lack of oral activity, detracts from its value as a therapeutic agent (Petrow et al, 1983). However, as L-10 and L-13 both have a 16,17-double bond, their 17β-acetyl side chain should be difficult to degrade in vivo. As indicated, the introduction of 20-oxime group generally enhances inhibition of 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase. Pregnenolon-20-oxime (I-5) is a more potent 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase inhibitor (IC50 =16 nM/16 nM). The 4-ene-3-one derivative of I-5, L-2, not only showed twofold stronger activity against 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase (IC50=6/5 nM), but also showed potent activity for 5α-reductase (lC50=52.5 nM). The introduction of the 3-oxime group (1-42, 1-43) decreased activity against 17α-hydroxylase/C17.20-lyase and 5α-reductase. In summary, over 70 compounds have been synthesized and evaluated for enzyme inhibition. The most potent inhibitors are summarized in Table 3. I-47, I-49 and L-6 are potent inhibitors of 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase and 5α-reductase. L-12 is a weaker inhibitor than I-49, but it might act as a prodrug of I-49 in vivo. We believe that some of our candidates are also very potent inhibitors of 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase. The 17β-(cyclopropylamino)androst-5-ene-3-ol was reported to have a Ki of 90 nM. The 17β-ureido-substituted steroid with potent activity for the rat 17α-hydroxylase/lyase have been described (Goldman et al., 1976). Recently, Potter et al (1995) reported the most potent inhibitor, 17-(3'-pyridyl)androsta-5,16-diene-3-ol (CB7598) with an IC50 of 4 nM / 2.9 nM. However, this was tested against [3H]-progesterone instead of the natural substrate [3H]-pregnenolone. As the IC50 of ketoconazole in their assay was 65 nM / 26 nM, CB7598 had similar potency to L-2 and I-49. Most of our candidates, described above, are 10-50 times more active than ketoconazole. However, L-2, L-6, and L-13 also showed potent inhibition of 5α-reductase, whereas CB7598 showed no activity against this enzyme (Potter et al., 1995). The inhibitors presented here appear to have greater potential. These studies were carried out using guinea pig adrenals. In contrast to the rat, the guinea pig synthesizes cortisol, like the human. Incubations have been carried out with many of the more potent testicular 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase inhibitors to determine whether they also affect the adrenal 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase required for cortisol production. A number of pregn-4-en-3-one derivatives appeared to inhibit the adrenal enzyme, whereas most pregn-5-en-3β-ol compounds had very little effect, e.g., I-47 and I-49. 1-5 and 1-7 were of interest, as they had relatively little (4%) or no effect on the adrenal 17α-hydroxylase required for cortisol synthesis but had moderately strong effects on the C17,20-lyase causing reduction in adrenal androgen synthesis (77% and 63%, respectively). Studies to determine whether the inhibitors interact with androgen receptors have been carried out with I-16, I-23, and I-47 to date. The ability of these compounds to antagonize the stimulatory effect of DHT on androgen receptor-mediated gene transcription was determined. In addition, the agonistic properties of the compounds were also investigated. CV1 cells were transiently transfected with a gene encoding either the human androgen receptor (AR) or a mutant AR which is expressed in LNCaP cells. Also transfected was a luciferase reporter vector under the control of the androgen response element of the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. Treatments which activated the AR resulted in increased luciferase activity. This was quantified by lysing the cells, adding ATP and luciferin, and measuring the generated luminescence in a luminometer. In the absence of inhibitors, DHT (1nM) stimulated luciferase activity 105-117-fold in cells transfected with wild-type AR. I-16, I-23, and I-47 all exhibited a dose-dependent antagonism of the wild-type receptor. In cells transfected with the mutant receptor of LNCaP cells, I-47 again behaved as an antagonist, whereas I-16 and I-23 acted as agonists. The ability of various inhibitors to reverse the stimulatory effect of testosterone on the growth of the LNCaP human prostatic cancer cell line was tested by comparing cell number in wells treated for 9 days with either drug vehicle only (control), 0.1 nM testosterone only, or 0.1 nM testosterone with inhibitor at 0.3, 1, 2.5, or 5 µM. Testosterone stimulated the growth of LNCaP cells 2-fold compared to control cultures treated with drug vehicle only. 1-47, I-49, L-10 and the reference compounds finasteride and 4-MA exhibited a dose-dependent reversal of the stimulatory effect of testosterone. I-23, I-33, I-34 and hydroxyflutamide (0.3-1 µM) stimulated cell proliferation. This effect is probably attributable to mutation of the androgen receptor of LNCaP cells which increases its responsiveness to progestins. The most effective compounds were I-47, 4MA and finasteride, which all reduced the stimulatory effect of 0.1 nM testosterone by 50% at a concentration of 1 µM or lower and almost completely reversed the effect of testosterone at 5 µM. The cells were also incubated with 0.03 nM DHT which stimulated the growth of LNCaP cells by 2.8-fold. I-47, 149, 4-MA and finasteride all produced a dose-dependent reversal of the stimulatory effect of DHT, with I-47 and I-49 producing nearly complete reversal at 5 µM. The inhibitory effect of L-10 was not dose-dependent over the concentration range tested. Inhibitors I-23 and I-34 produced stimulation of growth above the level produced by DHT. We recently developed a histoculture method to evaluate the growth inhibiting properties of the compounds on human prostatic tissue. Surgical biopsies of human BPH or prostate cancer tissue from patients were cut into small pieces and incubated on gelatin sponges in 1ml Eagle's MEM (without phenol red) with 5 % charcoal-stripped fetal bovine serum and testosterone or DHT substrate with/without inhibitors in 24-well plates for 7 days at 37°C. The tissue samples were then incubated for 3 days in fresh medium/treatment containing 2µCi/ml [3H]-thymidine. Tissue was then digested and DNA extracted. For each sample, [3H]-thymidine uptake was normalized to DNA content. Testosterone (1 µM) and DHT (10 nM) stimulated DNA synthesis approximately 2-fold and 3-fold, respectively, in comparison to untreated samples. I-33, I-34, I-47, 4MA and flutamide (1 µM) produced almost complete reversal of the stimulatory effect of testosterone (Fig. 1), whereas I-49 was partially effective, and I-41 and I-43 were without effect (data not shown). I-33 and 4-MA were also highly effective at 0.3 µM, whereas I-34 was partially effective suggesting that inhibition of 5α-reductase by these compounds was sufficient to inhibit growth. The stimulatory effect of DHT was almost completely reversed by 1µM I-47. This finding is consistent with the compound acting as an antiandrogen. None of the compounds produced an independent effect on DNA synthesis in the absence of added androgens. The results to date show that compounds I-47, I-49, L-2, L-6 and L-13 are 10-50 times more potent than ketoconazole for the human 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase. Furthermore, L-2 is also a potent inhibitor of human 5α-reductase and only slightly less potent (4-6 times) than finasteride, whereas L-10 and L-13 are almost equipotent with finasteride. Data to date indicate that L-2 and L-13 are the best compounds as they are potent inhibitors of both enzymes. The ability of I-33 and 4MA to inhibit testosterone stimulation of DNA synthesis in histocultures of prostate tissue could be at least partially attributed to their inhibitory effects on 5α-reductase. Compound I-47, however, has no activity against 5α-reductase, and yet was able to inhibit the growth-stimulatory effect of not only testosterone, but also DHT, both in histoculture of prostatic tissue and in cell cultures of the LNCaP cell line. This suggests that I-47 act as an antagonist of the androgen receptor as well as a potent inhibitor of 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase. Transcriptional assays confirmed this hypothesis. Unlike hydroxyflutamide, which has been found to have agonist activity for the mutant androgen receptor of LNCaP cells (Veldscholte et al., 1992), I-47 is not an agonist of the mutant receptor. Thus, I-47 may have an advantage over the currently used antiandrogen, hydroxyflutamide for the treatment of prostatic cancer, since the LNCaP mutation has been found frequently in the androgen receptors of prostate tumor biopsies (Gaddipati et al., 1994). The dual antiandrogenic-17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase inhibitory effects of I-47 increases its potential utility in the treatment of prostatic cancer. Studies in normal male rats have been carried out with 4-pregnen-3-one-20β-carboxaldehyde (I-16) (Li et al., 1992) and with its 20-carboxaldoxime (I-23)(Li et al., 1995). Both compounds inhibit rat 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase as well as 5α-reductase and were effective in significantly reducing testosterone and DHT levels in serum, testicular and prostatic tissues in the rat. The 3-oxo-4-pregnene-20β-carboxaldehyde oxime (I-23) demonstrated moderate inhibition of the 17α-hydroxylase (Ki 74 nM vs Km 29 nM) with progesterone as substrate and potent inhibition (Ki 18 nM vs. Km 76 nM) of the C17,20-lyase activity with 17α-hydroxyprogesterone as substrate. Further investigation of this enzyme with progesterone as substrate demonstrated that inhibition occurred mainly at the 17α-hydroxylation step. 1-23 also demonstrated potent and competitive inhibition of 5α-reductase in human prostatic microsomes (Ki 1.4 nM vs. Km 14 nM). When adult male rats were injected sc daily with 1-23 (50 mg/kg/day) for 21 days, the concentrations of serum and testicular testosterone were significantly reduced by 65% and 59% , respectively, in comparison to vehicle treated controls. Furthermore, both testosterone and DHT concentrations in rat prostatic tissue were significantly decreased by 60 % and 44 % compared to control tissue. Serum LH concentrations were unchanged in the 1-23 treated group compared to the control group. This indicates that the reduction in androgen concentrations in animals treated with this compound is not due to its influence on pituitary feedback mechanisms which result in reduced LH secretion. These findings suggest that 1-23 is effective in reducing androgen synthesis through the inhibition of 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase and 5α-reductase both in vitro and in vivo (Li et al., 1995). We have reported that inoculation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in Matrigel increases mammary tumor formation in nude mice (Yue et al., 1994). The same procedure was therefore utilized to develop tumors from human prostatic cancer cells (LNCaP) in male nude mice. BALB/c male athymic mice, 4-6 weeks old, were inoculated sc with LNCaP cells suspended in Matrigel (10 mg/ml). Four sites per mouse were injected with 1.8 x 106 cells in 0.1 ml Matrigel. Treatment began when the tumor reached about 100 mm3 in volume. Tumors were measured before the treatment began and once a week during treatment. Tumor volume was calculated by the formula 4/3πr12r2 (r1 < r2). At the end of treatment, the mice were sacrificed and individual tumors were weighed. The latency of tumor development was 30-40 days and overall tumorigenicity was 82 % . In a further experiment, two mice were treated with I-16 (1 mg/mouse/day, s.c.) beginning 45 days after cell inoculation. Two mice received vehicle as controls. After 3 weeks of treatment, the total tumor volume of the control mice had increased to 281 % of their initial volume, whereas in I-6 treated mice the total tumor volume was 173.6%. The mean tumor weight was 198.78±72 mg in I-16 treated mice compared to 386.3±147.2 mg in the control group. In other experiments, I-47 and 1-49 were effective in controlling tumor growth. The total tumor volume of the control mice increased to 884.0% of the initial volume. In five weeks, the tumor growth rate of 4 mice per group was reduced by treatment with I-47 and I-49 (525.8% and 315.3% of their initial volumes, respectively (Fig. 2)). The mean tumor weight was 1310.5± 1125.9 mg in the control mice, 607.0 ± 142.4 mg in the I-47 treated group and 255.9±76.9 mg (p<0.05 compared to the control) in the 1-49 treated group. In the following tables 1-3, compounds according to the present invention are marked "†". All other compounds in these tables are for comparative purposes only. |
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