ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS |
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| 申请号 | EP04700887.5 | 申请日 | 2004-01-08 | 公开(公告)号 | EP1618087B1 | 公开(公告)日 | 2012-06-13 |
| 申请人 | Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc.; University of Washington; | 发明人 | ANDERSON, Niels H.; BOWMAN, Jason; ERWIN, Alice; HARWOOD, Eric; KLINE, Toni; MDLULI, Khisimuzi; NG, Simon; PFISTER, Keith B.; SHAWAR, Ribhi; WAGMAN, Allan; YABANNAVAR, Asha; | ||||
| 摘要 | Antibacterial compounds of formula (I) are provided: As well as stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and prodrugs thereof; pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds; methods of treating bacterial infections by the administration of such compounds; and processes for the preparation of the compounds. | ||||||
| 权利要求 | |||||||
| 说明书全文 | This invention pertains generally to compounds for use in treating infections in particular caused by gram-negative bacteria. More specifically, the invention described herein pertains to compounds for use in treating gram-negative infections by inhibiting activity of UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxydecanoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC). The present invention provides small molecule inhibitors of LpxC, pharmaceutical formulations containing such inhibitors, compounds for use in treating patients. and to methods of preparing such pharmaceutical formulations. The inhibitors can be used to treat Gram-negative infections of patients alone and in combination with other antibacterials. Over the past several decades, the frequency of antimicrobial resistance and its association with serious infectious diseases have increased at alarming rates. The increasing prevalence of resistance among nosocomial pathogens is particularly disconcerting. Of the over 2 million nosocomial infections occurring each year in the United States, 50 to 60% are caused by antimicrobial-resistant strains of bacteria. This high rate of resistance increases the morbidity, mortality, and costs associated with nosocomial infections. In the United States, nosocomial infections are thought to contribute to or cause more than 77,000 deaths per year and cost approximately $5 to $10 billion annually. Among Gram-positive organisms, the most important resistant pathogens are methicillin- (oxacillin-) resistant Staphylococcus aureus, ß-lactam-resistant and multidrug-resistant pneumococci, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Important causes of Gram-negative resistance include extended-spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBLs) in Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Proteus mirabilis, high-level third-generation cephalosporin (Amp C) ß-lactamase resistance among Enterobacter species and Citrobacter freundii, and multidrug-resistance genes observed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. ( The problem of antibacterial resistance is compounded by the existence of bacterial strains resistant to multiple antibacterials. For example, Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates resistant to fluoroquinolones are virtually all resistant to additional antibacterials ( Thus there is a need for new antibacterials, particularly antibacterials with novel mechanisms of action. Most of the antibacterial discovery effort in the pharmaceutical industry is aimed at development of drugs effective against gram-positive bacteria. However, there is also a need for new gram-negative antibacterials. Gram-negative bacteria are in general more resistant to a large number of antibacterials and chemotherapeutic agents than are gram-positive bacteria. A survey of recently reported antibacterials of natural origin showed that over 90% lacked activity against Escherichia coli, although they were active against gram-positive bacteria. The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria contributes to this intrinsic resistance by acting as an efficient permeability barrier, because the narrow porin channels limit the penetration of hydrophilic solutes and the low fluidity of the lipopolysaccharide leaflet slows down the inward diffusion of lipophilic solutes. A second mechanism contributes to the intrinsic resistance of gram-negative bacteria. Recent studies showed that multiple drug efflux pumps, sometimes with unusually broad specificity, act as this second factor to create the general intrinsic resistance of gram-negative bacteria. When their expression levels are elevated as a consequence of physiological regulation or genetic alteration, they can frequently produce impressive levels of resistance to a wide variety of antimicrobial agents. ( Historically, most development of antimicrobial agents has been relatively empirical. Active compounds have generally been found via screening soil, sewage, water, and other natural substances to detect antimicrobial-producing organisms, or by screening various chemical compounds. Once a leading candidate has been found and its chemical structure determined, a series of analogs is made to identify an optimal compound for further clinical development. A more rational approach involves the defining of new targets, such as genes or enzymatic functions, responsible for a crucial cellular essential activity. Once this has been done, inhibitors or blockers of the function or gene product can be developed. In order to identify potential targets for novel gram-negative antibacterial agents, studies aimed at identifying all essential and important genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been performed. Among the essential genes identified was 1pxC, that encodes the enzyme uridyldiphospho-3-O-(R-hydroxydecanoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC). This enzyme is the first committed step in the synthesis of lipid A, the lipid moiety of lipopolysaccharide, that is an essential component of all gram-negative bacteria. It therefore is an attractive target for novel antibacterials. In order to be useful as antibacterial agents, LpxC inhibitors would not only have to inhibit the enzymatic activity of LpxC from a variety of bacteria, but would have to defeat the intrinsic resistance mechanisms of gram-negative bacteria, as described above: they would have to penetrate the outer membrane and be relatively unsusceptible to multidrug efflux pumps. Researchers have identified a few compounds with antibacterial activity that target lipid A biosynthesis. The compounds possess activity against certain gram-negative organisms, for example Escherichia coli, but are not active against other medically important gram-negative bacteria, for example Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Subsequent studies have found that the primary reason for their inactivity against particular, medically important gram-negative bacteria is their poor ability to inhibit P. aeruginosa LpxC; efflux by the major multidrug efflux pump or inability to penetrate the outer membrane were not the critical factors. Thus, an increasing need exists for LpxC inhibitors that have activity as bactericidal agents against gram-negative bacteria. It is, accordingly, an object, of this invention to provide compounds and combinations of such compounds for use in the preparation of antibacterials and other pharmaceuticals capable of inhibiting Gram-negative bacterial infections. The compounds are useful as antimicrobial agents that are believed to have bactericidal activity at least in part to intracellular inhibition of bacterial polypeptide deformylase. In an earlier to British Biotech Pharmaceuticals Limited, The compounds are useful as antimicrobial agents useful against gram-negative and gram positive bacteria. Recently, De Novo Pharmaceuticals LTD disclosed in The patent publication discusses that the antibacterial activity is due, at least in part, to intracellular inhibition of bacterial polypeptide deformylase. The present invention provides novel compounds, pharmaceutical formulations including the compounds, compounds for use in methods of inhibiting UDP-3-O-(R 3-hydroxydecanoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC), and compounds for use in methods of treating gram-negative bacterial infections. In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of formula II: or a stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or ester thereof, wherein D-G-Y taken together, is selected from the group consisting of and or wherein R is selected from the group consisting of -CH3, -C2H5, -CH2OH, -OH, -OCH3, -OC2H5, -OCF3, -CN, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CONH2, -NH2, -F, -Cl, -Br, -CF3, -N(CH3)2, -NHSO2CH3, and -NHCOCH3; and X is selected from the groups consisting of
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a compound having the formula VI: or a stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or ester thereof, wherein E is absent or selected from the group consisting of
or E and R3L, together with the atoms to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, having from 3 to 10 ring atoms, wherein 1-4 ring atoms of the heterocyclic ring system are selected from N, O and S; R1L, R3L are independently selected from the group consisting of
or R1L and R3L, together with the atoms to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, having from 3 to 8 ring atoms, wherein 1-2 ring atoms of the heterocyclic ring system are selected from N, O and S. In a further embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the formula VIII: or a stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or ester, wherein E is absent or selected from the group consisting of
R1L, R3L are independently selected from the group consisting of
or R1L and R3L, together with the atoms to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, having from 3 to 8 ring atoms, wherein 1-2 ring atoms of the heterocyclic ring system are selected from N, O and S. The present diclosure provides compounds of formula I: or stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and prodrugs thereof, wherein E is absent or selected from the group consisting of
L is absent or selected from the group consisting of
D is absent or selected from the group consisting of
G is absent or selected from the group consisting of
wherein Rg is H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6-alkyl; i is an interger of 0-4; Y is selected from the group consisting of
X is selected from the group consisting of
or when B is absent, X and A, together with the atoms to which they are attached can form a heterocyclic ring, having from 5 to 8 ring atoms, wherein 1-2 ring atoms of the heterocyclic ring system are selected from N, O and S; B is a absent or wherein R1b and R2b, are independently selected from the group consisting of
or R1b and R2b, together with the atoms to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, having from 5 to 8 ring atoms, wherein 1-2 ring atoms of the heterocyclic ring system are selected from N, O and S; q is an integer of 0-4; R3 is H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6-alkyl, or R3 and A, together with the atoms to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted 3-10 membered cycloalkyl or a heterocyclic ring system, wherein the heterocyclic ring system may have from 3 to 10 ring atoms, with 1 to 2 rings being in the ring system and contain from 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S; R4 is H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6-alkyl, or R4 and A, together with the atoms to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, having from 3 to 8 ring atoms, wherein 1-2 ring atoms of the heterocyclic ring system are selected from N, O and S; n is an integer of 0-6; A is selected from the group consisting of
Q is absent or selected from the group consisting of
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of
R2 is selected from the group consisting of
or R1 and R2, together with the N atom to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, having from 3 to 10 ring atoms, wherein 1-4 ring atoms of the heterocyclic ring system are selected from N, O and S, or R2 and R4, together with the N atoms to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, having from 3 to 10 ring atoms, wherein 1-4 ring atoms of the heterocyclic ring system are selected from N, O and S; R1q, R2q, R3q, R4q, and R5q are selected from H or C1-C6 alkyl, wherein B is absent, or E, L, G, and B are absent, or E, L, and G are absent, or E, L, and B are absent, or B, L, D, G, and B are absent. In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of inhibiting a deacetylase enzyme in a gram-negative bacteria, thereby affecting bacterial growth, comprising administering to a patient in need of such inhibition a compound of formula I. In another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of inhibiting LpxC, thereby modulating the virulence of a bacterial infection, comprising administering to a patient in need of such inhibition a compound of formula I. In another aspect; the disclosure provides a method for treating a subject with a gram-negative bacterial infection comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an antibacterially effective amount of a compound of formula I with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In a preferred embodiment of the method of treatment, the subject is a mammal and in some embodiments, a human. In another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of administering an inhibitory amount of a compound of formula I to fermentative or non-fermentative gram-negative bacteria. In a preferred embodiment of the method of administering an inhibitory amount of a compound of formula I to fermentative or non-fermentative gram-negative bacteria, the gram-negative bacteria are selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophila, Burkholderia cepacia, Alcaligenes xylosoxidans, Acinetobacter, Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus, and Neisseria species. In another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of administering an inhibitory amount of a compound of formula I.to gram-negative bacteria, such as Enterobacteriaceae which is selected from the group consisting of organisms such as Serratia, Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Providencia, Morganella, Cedecea, and Edwardsiella species and Escherichia coli. Another aspect of the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound of Formula I with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thereof. Pharmaceutical formulations according to the present disclosure are provided which include any of the compounds described above in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Another aspect of the disclosure provides a method of co-administering the compound of formula I with other therapeutic agents that are selected for their particular usefulness against the condition that is being treated. For example, the compound of formula I is useful in combination with other anti-bacterial agents. The compound of formula I augments the sensitivity of gram-negative bacteria to existing classes of antibacterials. Combinations of the presently disclosed compounds as specified int he claims with other anti-bacterial agents are within the scope of the invention. Such anti-bacterial agents include erythromycin, rifampicin, Nalidixic acid, carbenicillin, bacitracin, cycloserine, fosfomycin, and vancomycin. The present invention provides novel compounds as specified in the claims , for use in methods for inhibiting LpxC in gram-negative bacteria, and novel compounds for use in methods for treating bacterial infections. The compounds provided herein can be formulated into pharmaceutical formulations and medicaments that are useful in the methods of the disclosure. The invention also provides for the use of the compounds in preparing medicaments and pharmaceutical formulations, for compounds for use in inhibiting LpxC, and compounds for use in treating bacterial infections in a subject The following abbreviations and definitions are used throughout this application: "LpxC" is an abbreviation that stands for UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxydecanoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase. Generally, reference to a certain element such as hydrogen or H is meant to include all isotopes of that element. For example, if an R group is defined to include hydrogen or H, it also includes deuterium and tritium. The phrase "alkyl" refers to alkyl groups that do not contain heteroatoms. Thus the phrase includes straight chain alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl and dodecyl. The phrase also includes branched chain isomers of straight chain alkyl groups, including the following that are provided by way of example: -CH(CH3)2, -CH(CH3)(CH2CH3), -CH(CH2CH3)2, -C(CH3)3, -C(CH2CH3)3, -CH2CH(CH3)2, -CH2CH(CH3)(CH2CH3), -CH2CH(CH2CH3)2, -CH2C(CH3)3, -CH2C(CH2CH3)3, -CH(CH3)CH(CH3)(CH2CH3), -CH2CH2CH(CH3)2, -CH2CH2CH(CH3)(CH2CH3), -CH2CH2CH(CH2CH3)2, -CH2CH2C(CH3)3, -CH2CH2C(CH2CH3)3, -CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)2, -CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH(CH3)2 and -CH(CH2CH3)CH(CH3)CH(CH3)(CH2CH3) . The phrase also includes cyclic alkyl groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl and such rings substituted with straight and branched chain alkyl groups as defined above. Thus the phrase alkyl groups includes primary alkyl groups, secondary alkyl groups, and tertiary alkyl groups. Preferred alkyl groups include straight and branched chain alkyl groups and cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. The phrase "substituted alkyl" refers to an alkyl group as defined above in which one or more bonds to a carbon(s) or hydrogen(s) are replaced by a bond to non-hydrogen and non-carbon atoms such as a halogen atom such as F, Cl, Br, and I; an oxygen atom in groups such as hydroxyl groups, alkoxy groups, aryloxy groups, and ester groups; a sulfur atom in groups such as thiol groups, alkyl and aryl sulfide groups, sulfone groups, sulfonyl groups, and sulfoxide groups; a nitrogen atom in groups such as amines, amides, alkylamines, dialkylamines, arylamines, alkylarylamines, diarylamines, N-oxides, imides, and enamines; a silicon atom in groups such as in trialkylsilyl groups, dialkylarylsilyl groups, alkyldiarylsilyl groups, and triarylsilyl groups; and other heteroatoms in various other groups. Substituted alkyl groups also include groups in which one or more bonds to a carbon(s) or hydrogen(s) atom is replaced by a higher-order bond (e.g., a double- or triple-bond) to a heteroatom such as oxygen in oxo, carbonyl, carboxyl, and ester groups; nitrogen in groups such as imines, oximes, hydrazones, and nitriles. Substituted alkyl groups further include alkyl groups in which one or more bonds to a carbon(s) or hydrogen(s) atoms is replaced by a bond to an aryl, heterocyclyl group, or cycloalkyl group. Preferred substituted alkyl groups include, among others, alkyl groups in which one or more bonds to a carbon or hydrogen atom is/are replaced by one or more bonds to fluorine atoms. Another preferred substituted alkyl group is the trifluoromethyl group and other alkyl groups that contain the trifluoromethyl group. Other preferred substituted alkyl groups include those in which one or more bonds to a carbon or hydrogen atom is replaced by a bond to an oxygen atom such that the substituted alkyl group contains a hydroxyl, alkoxy, or aryloxy group. Still other preferred substituted alkyl groups include alkyl groups that have an amine, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkylamine, dialkylamine, arylamine, (alkyl)(aryl)amine, diarylamine, heterocyclylamine, diheterocyclylamine, (alkyl)(heterocyclyl)amine, or (aryl)(heterocyclyl)amine group. The phrase "alkenyl" refers to straight and branched chain and cyclic groups such as those described with respect to alkyl groups as defined above, except that at least one double bond exists between two carbon atoms. Examples include vinyl, -CH=C(H)(CH3), -CH=C(CH3)2, -C(CH3)=C(H)2, -C(CH3)=C(H)(CH3), -C(CH2CH3)=CH2, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexadienyl, butadienyl, pentadienyl, and hexadienyl among others. The phrase "substituted alkenyl" has the same meaning with respect to alkenyl groups that substituted alkyl groups had with respect to unsubstituted alkyl groups. A substituted alkenyl group includes alkenyl groups in which a non-carbon or non-hydrogen atom is bonded to a carbon double bonded to another carbon and those in which one of the non-carbon or non-hydrogen atoms is bonded to a carbon not involved in a double bond to another carbon. The phrase "alkynyl" refers to straight and branched chain groups such as those described with respect to alkyl groups as defined above, except that at least one triple bond exists between two carbon atoms. Examples include -C≡C(H), -C≡C(CH3), -C≡C(CH2CH3), -C(H2)C≡C(H), -C(H)2C≡C(CH3), and -C(H)2C≡C(CH2CH3) among others. The phrase "substituted alkynyl" has the same meaning with respect to alkynyl groups that substituted alkyl groups had with respect to unsubstituted alkyl groups. A substituted alkynyl group includes alkynyl groups in which a non-carbon or non-hydrogen atom is bonded to a carbon triple bonded to another carbon and those in which a non-carbon or non-hydrogen atom is bonded to a carbon not involved in a triple bond to another carbon. The phrase "heterocyclyl" refers to both aromatic and nonaromatic ring compounds including monocyclic, bicyclic, and polycyclic ring compounds such as quinuclidinyl, containing 3 or more ring members of which one or more is a heteroatom such as N, O, and S. Although the phrase "unsubstituted heterocyclyl" includes condensed heterocyclic rings such as benzimidazolyl, it does not include heterocyclyl groups that have other groups such as alkyl or halo groups bonded to one of the ring members as compounds such as 2-methylbenzimidazolyl are substituted heterocyclyl groups. Examples of heterocyclyl groups include unsaturated 3 to 8 membered rings containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms such as pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, dihydropyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazolyl (e.g. 4H-1,2,4-triazolyl, 1H-1,2,3-triazolyl, 2H-1,2,3-triazolyl etc.), tetrazolyl, (e.g. 1H-tetrazolyl, 2H tetrazolyl, etc.); saturated 3 to 8 membered rings containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms such as, but not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl; condensed unsaturated heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms such as indolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, benzimidazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl; unsaturated 3 to 8 membered rings containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms such as oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl (e.g. 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl); saturated 3 to 8 membered rings containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms such as morpholinyl; unsaturated condensed heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, for example, benzoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzoxazinyl (e.g. 2H-1,4-benzoxazinyl etc.); unsaturated 3 to 8 membered rings containing 1 to 3 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms such as thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl (e.g. 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, etc.); saturated 3 to 8 membered rings containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms such as thiazolodinyl; saturated and unsaturated 3 to 8 membered rings containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms such as thienyl, dihydrodithiinyl, dihydrodithionyl, tetrahydrothiophene, tetrahydrothiopyran; unsaturated condensed heterocyclic rings containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms such as benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothiazinyl (e.g. 2H-1,4-benzothiazinyl, etc.), dihydrobenzothiazinyl (e.g. 2H-3,4-dihydrobenzothiazinyl, etc.), unsaturated 3 to 8 membered rings containing oxygen atoms such as furyl; unsaturated condensed heterocyclic rings containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms such as benzodioxolyl (e.g. 1,3-benzodioxoyl, etc.); unsaturated 3 to 8 membered rings containing an oxygen atom and 1 to 2 sulfur atoms such as dihydrooxathiinyl; saturated 3 to 8 membered rings containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 2 sulfur atoms such as 1,4-oxathiane; unsaturated condensed rings containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms such as benzothienyl, benzodithiinyl; and unsaturated condensed heterocyclic rings containing an oxygen atom and 1 to 2 oxygen atoms such as benzoxathiinyl. Heterocyclyl group also include those described above in which one or more S atoms in the ring is double-bonded to one or two oxygen atoms (sulfoxides and sulfones). For example, heterocyclyl groups include tetrahydrothiophene, tetrahydrothiophene oxide, and tetrahydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide. Preferred heterocyclyl groups contain 5 or 6 ring members. More preferred heterocyclyl groups include morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, imidazole, pyrazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, tetrazole, thiomorpholine, thiomorpholine in which the S atom of the thiomorpholine is bonded to one or more O atoms, pyrrole, homopiperazine, oxazolidin-2-one, pyrrolidin-2-one, oxazole, quinuclidine, thiazole, isoxazole, furan, and tetrahydrofuran. The phrase "substituted heterocyclyl" refers to a heterocyclyl group as defined above in which one of the ring members is bonded to a non-hydrogen atom such as described above with respect to substituted alkyl groups and substituted aryl groups. Examples, include 2-methylbenzimidazolyl, 5-methylbenzimidazolyl, 5-chlorobenzthiazolyl, 1-methyl piperazinyl, and 2-chloropyridyl. The phrase "aryl" refers to aryl groups that do not contain heteroatoms. Thus the phrase includes groups such as phenyl, biphenyl, anthracenyl, naphthenyl by way of example. Although the phrase "unsubstituted aryl" includes groups containing condensed rings such as naphthalene, it does not include aryl groups that have other groups such as alkyl or halo groups bonded to one of the ring members, as aryl groups such as tolyl are considered herein to be substituted aryl groups as described below. A preferred unsubstituted aryl group is phenyl. Unsubstituted aryl groups may be bonded to one or more carbon atom(s), oxygen atom(s), nitrogen atom(s), and/or sulfur atom(s) in the parent compound, however. The phrase "substituted aryl group" has the same meaning with respect to unsubstituted aryl groups that substituted alkyl groups had with respect to unsubstituted alkyl groups. However, a substituted aryl group also includes aryl groups in which one of the aromatic carbons is bonded to one of the non-carbon or non-hydrogen atoms described above and also includes aryl groups in which one or more aromatic carbons of the aryl group is bonded to a substituted and/or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group as defined herein. This includes bonding arrangements in which two carbon atoms of an aryl group are bonded to two atoms of an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group to define a fused ring system (e.g. dihydronaphthyl or tetrahydronaphthyl). Thus, the phrase "substituted aryl" includes, tolyl, and hydroxyphenyl among others. Preferred substituents include straight and branched chain alkyl groups, -CH3, -C2H5, -CH2OH, -OH, -OCH3, -OC2H5, -OCF3, -CN, -NO2, - CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CONH2, -NH2, -F, -Cl, Br, -CF3, -N(CH3)2, -NHSO2CH3, -NHCOCH3. The term "heteroaryl", as used herein, refers to a cyclic or bicyclic aromatic radical having from five to ten ring atoms in each ring of which one atom of the cyclic or bicyclic ring is selected from S, O and N; zero, one or two ring atoms are additional heteroatoms independently selected from S, O and N; and the remaining ring atoms are carbon, the radical being joined to the rest of the molecule via any of the ring atoms, such as, for example, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, and naphthyridinyl. The term "substituted heteroaryl" as used herein refers to a heteroaryl group as defined herein substituted by independent replacement of one, two or three of the hydrogen atoms thereon with Cl, Br, F, I, OH, CN, C1-C3-alkyl, C1-C6-alkoxy, C1-C6-alkoxy substituted with aryl, haloalkyl, thioalkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, mercapto, nitro, carboxaldehyde, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl and carboxamide. In addition, any one substituent may be an aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl group. Preferred substituents include straight and branched chain alkyl groups, -CH3, -C2H5, -CH2OH, -OH, - OCH3, -OC2H5, -OCF3, -CN, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CONH2, -NH2, -F, -Cl, Br, -CF3, -N(CH3)2, - NHSO2CH3, NHCOCH3. The term "biaryl" refers to a group or substituent to which two aryl groups, which are not condensed to each other, are bound. Exemplary biaryl compounds include, for example, phenylbenzene, diphenyldiazene, 4-methylthio-1-phenylbenzene, phenoxybenzene, (2-phenylethynyl)benzene, diphenyl ketone, (4-phenylbuta-1,3-diynyl)benzene, phenylbenzylamine, (phenylmethoxy)benzene, and the like. Preferred optionally substituted biaryl groups include: 2-(phenylamino)-N-[4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]acetamide, 1,4-diphenylbenzene, N-[4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]-2-[benzylamino]acetamide, 2-amino-N-[4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]propanamide, 2-amino-N-[4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]acetamide, 2-(cyclopropylamino)-N-[4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]acetamide, 2-(ethylamino)-N-[4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]acetamide, 2-[(2-methylpropyl)amino]-N-[4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]acetamide, 5-phenyl-2H-benzo[d]1,3-dioxolene, 2-chloro-1-methoxy-4-phenylbenzene, 2-[(imidazolylmethyl)amino]-N-[4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]acetamide, 4-phenyl-1-phenoxybenzene, N-(2-aminoethyl)[4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]carboxamide, 2-{[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]amino}-N-[4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]acetamide, 2-{[(4-methylphenyl)methyl]amino}-N-[4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]acetamide, 4-phenyl-1-(trifluoromethyl)benzene, 1-butyl-4-phenylbenzene, 2-(cyclohexylamino)-N-[4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]acetamide, 2-(ethylmethylamino)-N-[4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]acetamide, 2-(butylamino)-N-[4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]acetamide, N-[4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]-2-(4-pyridylamino)acetamide, N-[4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]-2-(quinuclidin-3-ylamino)acetamide, N-[4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]pyrrolidin-2-ylcarboxamide, 2-amino-3-methyl-N-[4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]butanamide, 4-(4-phenylbuta-1,3-diynyl)phenylamine, 2-(dimethylamino)-N-[4-(4-phenylbuta-1,3-diynyl)phenyl]acetamide, 2-(ethylamino)-N-[4-(4-phenylbuta-1,3-diynyl)phenyl]acetamide, 4-ethyl-1-phenylbenzene, 1-[4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]ethan-1-one, N-(1-carbamoyl-2-hydroxypropyl)[4-(4-phenylbuta-1,3-diynyl)phenyl]carboxamide, N-[4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]propanamide, 4-methoxyphenyl phenyl ketone, phenyl-N-benzamide, (tert-butoxy)-N-[(4-phenylphenyl)methyl]carboxamide, 2-(3-phenylphenoxy)ethanehydroxamic acid, 3-phenylphenyl propanoate, 1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4-methoxybenzene, and [4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]pyrrole. The term "heteroarylaryl" refers to a biaryl group where one of the aryl groups is a heteroaryl group. Exemplary heteroarylaryl groups include, for example, 2-phenylpyridine, phenylpyrrole, 3-(2-phenylethynyl)pyridine, phenylpyrazole, 5-(2-phenylethynyl)-1,3-dihydropyrimidine-2,4-dione, 4-phenyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole, 2-(2-phenylethynyl)pyrazine, 2-phenylthiophene, phenylimidazole, 3-(2-piperazinylphenyl)furan, 3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methylpyrrole, and the like. Preferred optionally substituted heteroarylaryl groups include: 5-(2-phenylethynyl)pyrimidine-2-ylamine, 1-methoxy 4-(2-thienyl)benzene, 1-methoxy-3-(2-thienyl)benzene, 5-methyl-2-phenylpyridine, 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole, 2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]furan, 3-fluoro-5-(2-furyl)-2-methoxy-1-prop-2-enylbenzene, (hydroxyimino)(5-phenyl(2-thienyl))methane, 5-[(4-methylpiperazinyl)methyl]-2-phenylthiophene, 2-(4-ethylphenyl)thiophene, 4-methylthio-1-(2-thienyl)benzene, 2-(3-nitrophenyl)thiophene, (tert-butoxy)-N-[(5-phenyl(3-pyridyl))methyl]carboxamide, hydroxy-N-[(5-phenyl(3-pyridyl))methyl]amide, 2-(phenylmethylthio)pyridine, and benzylimidazole. The term "heteroarylheteroaryl" refers to a biaryl group where both of the aryl groups is a heteroaryl group. Exemplary heteroarylheteroaryl groups include, for example, 3-pyridylimidazole, 2-imidazolylpyrazine. Preferred optionally substituted heteroarylheteroaryl groups include: 2-(4-piperazinyl-3-pyridyl)furan, diethyl(3-pyrazin-2-yl(4-pyridyl))amine, and dimethyl{2-[2-(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)ethynyl](4-pyridyl)}amine. "Optionally substituted" refers to the optional replacement of hydrogen with one or more monovalent or divalent radicals. Optionally substituted groups include those described herein, for each group in which a distinct definition for substitution is supplied. Additionally, suitable substitution groups include, for example, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, imino, cyano, halo, thio, thioamido, amidino, imidino, oxo, oxamidino, methoxamidino, imidino, guanidino, sulfonamido, carboxyl, formyl, alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloloweralkyl, loweralkoxy, haloloweralkoxy, loweralkoxyalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, heteroaralkylcarbonyl, alkylthio, aminoalkyl, cyanoalkyl, benzyl, pyridyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrole, thiophene, imidazolyl. Representative substituted amidino and heterocycloamidino groups include, for example, those shown below. These amidino and heterocycloamidino groups can be further substituted as will be apparent to those having skill in the organic and medicinal chemistry arts in conjunction with the disclosure herein. Representative substituted alkylcarbonylamino, alkyloxycarbonylamino, aminoalkyloxycarbonylamino, and arylcarbonylamino groups include, for example, those shown below. These groups can be further substituted as will be apparent to those having skill in the organic and medicinal chemistry arts in conjunction with the disclosure herein. Representative substituted aminocarbonyl groups include, for example, those shown below. These can be further substituted by heterocyclo groups and heteroaryl groups as will be apparent to those having skill in the organic and medicinal chemistry arts in conjunction with the disclosure herein. Prefered aminocarbonyl groups include: N-(2-cyanoethyl)carboxamide, N-(3-methoxypropyl)carboxamide, N-cyclopropylcarboxamide, N-(2-hydroxy-isopropyl)carboxamide, methyl 2-carbonylamino-3-hydroxypropanoate, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)carboxamide, N-(2-hydroxyisopropyl)carboxamide, N-[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]carboxamide, N-(2-carbonylaminoethyl)acetamide, N-(2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl)carboxamide, N-(2-pyridylmethyl)carboxamide, N-(oxolan-2-ylmethyl)carboxamide, N-(4-hydroxypyrrolidin-2-yl)carboxamide, N-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl]carboxamide, N-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)carboxamide, N-[2-(2-oxo-4-imidazolinyl)ethyl]carboxamide, N-(carbonylaminomethyl)acetamide, N-(3-pyrrolidinylpropyl)carboxamide, N-[1-(carbonylaminomethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]acetamide, N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)carboxamide, N-[3-(2-oxopyrrolidinyl)propyl]carboxamide, 4-methyl-2-oxopiperazinecarbaldehyde, N-(2-hydroxy-3-pyrrolidinylpropyl)carboxamide, N-(2-hydroxy-3-morpholin-4-ylpropyl)carboxamide, N-{2-[(5-cyano-2-pyridyl)amino]ethyl}carboxamide, 3-(dimethylamino)pyrrolidinecarbaldehyde, N-[(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)methyl]carboxamide, 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(1-formylpyrrolidin-3-yl)acetamide, and Representative substituted alkoxycarbonyl groups include, for example, those shown below. These alkoxycarbonyl groups can be further substituted as will be apparent to those having skill in the organic and medicinal chemistry arts in conjunction with the disclosure herein. The term "protected" with respect to hydroxyl groups, amine groups, and sulfhydryl groups refers to forms of these functionalities that are protected from undesirable reaction with a protecting group known to those skilled in the art such as those set forth in A "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" includes a salt with an inorganic base, organic base, inorganic acid, organic acid, or basic or acidic amino acid. As salts of inorganic bases, the invention includes, for example, alkali metals such as sodium or potassium; alkaline earth metals such as calcium and magnesium or aluminum; and ammonia. As salts of organic bases, the invention includes, for example, trimethylamine, triethylamine, pyridine, picoline, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, and triethanolamine. As salts of inorganic acids, the instant invention includes, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydroboric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid. As salts of organic acids, the instant invention includes, for example, formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid. As salts of basic amino acids, the instant invention includes, for example, arginine, lysine and ornithine. Acidic amino acids include, for example, aspartic acid and glutamic acid. As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable ester" refers to esters that hydrolyze in vivo and include those that break down readily in the human body to leave the parent compound or a salt thereof. Suitable ester groups include, for example, those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable aliphatic carboxylic acids, particularly alkanoic, alkenoic, cycloalkanoic and alkanedioic acids, in which each alkyl or alkenyl moiety advantageously has not more than 6 carbon atoms. Representative examples of particular esters include formates, acetates, propionates, butyrates, acrylates and ethylsuccinates. The term "pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs" as used herein refers to those prodrugs of the compounds that are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation and allergic response commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and effective for their intended use, as well as the zwitterionic forms, where possible, of the compounds. The term "prodrug" refers to compounds that are rapidly transformed in vivo to yield the parent compound, for example by hydrolysis in blood. A thorough discussion is provided in The term "antibacterial agent" refers to agents synthesized or modified in the laboratory that have either bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity. An "active" agent in this context will inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacteria. The term "inhibiting the growth" indicates that the rate of increase in the numbers of a population of a particular bacterium is reduced. Thus, the term includes situations in which the bacterial population increases but at a reduced rate, as well as situations where the growth of the population is stopped, as well as situations where the numbers of the bacteria in the population are reduced or the population even eliminated. If an enzyme activity assay is used to screen for inhibitors, one can make modifications in uptake/efflux, solubility, half-life, etc. to compounds in order to correlate enzyme inhibition with growth inhibition. The activity of antibacterial agents is not necessarily limited to bacteria but may also encompass activity against parasites, virus, and fungi. The subject invention also includes isotopically-labeled LpxC inhibitors, that are structurally identical to those disclosed above, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine and chlorine, such as 2H, 3H, 13C, 14C, 15N, 18O, 17O,31P, 32P, 35S, 18F and 36Cl, respectively. Compounds of the present invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said compounds that contain the aforementioned isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms are within the scope of this invention. Certain isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3H and 14C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated, i.e., 3H, and carbon-14, i.e., 14C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., 2H, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and, hence, may be preferred in some circumstances. Isotopically labeled compounds of this invention can generally be prepared by carrying out known or referenced procedures and by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent. The present invention provides novel compounds, pharmaceutical formulations including the compounds compounds for use in inhibiting UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxydecanoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpXC), and compounds for use in treating gram-negative bacterial infections. The present disclosure provides compounds of formula I: or stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and prodrugs thereof, wherein E is absent or selected from the group consisting of
L is absent or selected from the group consisting of
D is absent or selected from the group consisting of
G is absent or selected from the group consisting of
Y is selected from the group consisting of
X is selected from the group consisting of
or R1b and R2b, together with the atoms to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, having from 3 to 8 ring atoms, wherein 1-2 ring atoms of the heterocyclic ring system are selected from N, O and S; q is an integer of 0-4; R3 is H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6-alkyl, or R3 and A, together with the atoms to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted 3-10 membered cycloalkyl or a heterocyclic ring system, wherein the heterocyclic ring system may have from 3 to 10 ring atoms, with 1 to 2 rings being in the ring system and contain from 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S; R4 is H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6-alkyl, or R4 and A, together with the atoms to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, having from 3 to 8 ring atoms, wherein 1-2 ring atoms of the heterocyclic ring system are selected from N, O and S; n is an integer of 0-2; A is selected from the group consisting of
or R4a and R5a together with the N atom to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, having from 3 to 8 ring atoms, wherein 1-2 ring atoms of the heterocyclic ring system are selected from N, O and S; r is an integer of 0-4; s is an integer of 0-4; Q is absent or selected from the group consisting of
R1 is selected from the group consisting of
R2 is selected from the group consisting of
or R1 and R2, together with the N atom to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, having from 3 to 10 ring atoms, wherein 1-4 ring atoms of the heterocyclic ring system are selected from N, O and S, R1q, R2q, R3q, R4q, and R5q are selected from H or C1-C6 alkyl, wherein B is absent, or E, L, G, and B are absent, or E, L, and G are absent, or E, L, and B are absent, or E, L, D, G, and B are absent. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds of formula I: or stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and prodrugs thereof, wherein E is absent or selected from the group consisting of
D is absent or selected from the group consisting of
Y is selected from the group consisting of
X is selected from the group consisting of
B is absent or wherein R1b and R2b are independently selected from the group consisting of
q is an integer of 0-2; R3 is H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6-alkyl, or R3 and A, together with the atoms to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted 3-10 membered cycloalkyl or a heterocyclic ring system, wherein the heterocyclic ring system may have from 3 to 10 ring atoms, with 1 to 2 rings being in the ring system and contain from 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S; R4 is H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6-alkyl, or R4 and A, together with the atoms to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, having from 5 to 8 ring atoms, wherein 1-2 ring atoms of the heterocyclic ring system are selected from N, O and S; . A is selected from the group consisting of
wherein R1a, R2a, R3a, R4a, and R5a, are independently selected from the group consisting of
r is an integer of 0-4; Q is absent or selected from the group consisting of
R1 is selected from the group consisting of
R2 is selected from the group consisting of
In an embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of formula II: or a stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein D-G-Y taken together, is selected from the group consisting of and or Wherein R is selected from the group consisting of-CH3, -C2H5, -CH2OH, -OH, -CH3, -OC2H5, - OCF3, -CN, NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CONH2, NH2, -F, -Cl, -Br, -CF3, -N(CH3)2, - NHSO2CH3, and NHCOCH3; X is selected from the group consisting of
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds of formula III: or stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and prodrugs thereof, wherein D-G-Y taken together, is selected from the group consisting of and or Wherein R is selected from the group consisting of -CH3, -C2H5, -CH2OH, -OH, -OCH3, -OC2H5, - OCF3, -CN, -NO2,-CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CONH2, -NH2, F, -Cl, -Br, -CF3, -N(CH3)2, NHSO2CH3, and -NHCOCH3; X is selected from the groups consisting of
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds of formula IV: or stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and prodrugs thereof, wherein D-G-Y taken together, is selected from the group consisting of and or Wherein R is selected from the group consisting of-CH3, -C2H5, -CH2OH, -OH, -OCH3, -OC2H5, - OCF3, -CN, NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CONH2, -NH2, F, -Cl, -Br, -CF3, -N(CH3)2, - NHSO2CH3 and -NHCOCH3; X is selected from the groups consisting of
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds of formula V: or stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and prodrugs thereof, wherein D-G-Y taken together, is selected from the group consisting of and or Wherein R is selected from the group consisting of -CH3, -C2H5, -CH2OH, -OH, -OCH3, -OC2H5, - OCF3, -CN, NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CONH2, -NH2, -F, -Cl, -Br, -CF3, -N(CH3)2, - NHSO2CH3, and NHCOCH3; X is selected from the groups consisting of
or a stereoisomer pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or ester thereof, wherein E is absent or selected from the group consisting of
R1L, R3L are independently selected from the group consisting of
or R1L and R3L, together with the atoms to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, having from 3 to 8 ring atoms, wherein 1-2 ring atoms of the heterocyclic ring system are selected from N, O and S. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds of formula VII: or stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and prodrugs thereof, wherein E is absent or selected from the group consisting of
R1L R3L are independently selected from the group consisting of
or R1L, and R3L, together with the atoms to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, having from 3 to 8 ring atoms, wherein 1-2 ring atoms of the heterocyclic ring system are selected from N, O and S. In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of formula VIII: or a stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or ester thereof, wherein E is absent or selected from the group consisting of
R1L, R3L are independently selected from the group consisting of
or R1L and R3L together with the atoms to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, having from 3 to 8 ring atoms, wherein 1-2 ring atoms of the heterocyclic ring system are selected from N, O and S. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds of formula IX: or stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and prodrugs thereof, wherein E is absent or selected from the group consisting of
R1L, R3L are independently selected from the group consisting of
or R1L and R3L, together with the atoms to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, having from 3 to 8 ring atoms, wherein 1-2 ring atoms of the heterocyclic ring system are selected from N, O and S. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds of formula X: or stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and prodrugs thereof, wherein E is absent or selected from the group consisting of
R1L, R3L are independently selected from the group consisting of
or R1L and R3L together with the atoms to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted-heterocyclic ring, having from 3 to 8 ring atoms, wherein 1-2 ring atoms of the heterocyclic ring system are selected from N, O and S. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds of formula XI: or stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and prodrugs thereof, wherein Y-X taken together, is selected from the group consisting of In another aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds of formula Xll: or stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and prodrugs thereof, wherein R1b and R2b are independently selected from the group consisting of
q is an integer of 0-2; In another aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds of formula XIII: or stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and prodrugs thereof, wherein R4 is selected from the group consisting of
A is H or -CH(CH3)OH-; R1 is H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-6-alkyl; R2 is selected from the group consisting of
or R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, having from 3 to 10 ring atoms, wherein 1-2 ring atoms of the heterocyclic ring system are selected from N, O and S. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds of formula XIV: or stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and prodrugs thereof, wherein D-G-Y taken together is selected from the group consisting of and or Wherein R is selected from the group consisting of-CH3, -C2H5, -CH2OH, -OH, -OCH3, -OC2H5, OCF3, -CN, NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CONH2, NH2, F, -Cl, -Br, -CF3, -N(CH3)2, - NHSO2CH3, and -NHCOCH3; R4 is selected from the group consisting of
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds of formula XV: or stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and prodrugs thereof, wherein D-G-Y taken together, is selected from the group consisting of and or Wherein R is selected from the group consisting of -CH3, -C2H5, --CH2OH, -OH, -OCH3, -OC2H5, - OCF3, -CN, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CONH2, -NH2, -F, -Cl, -Br, -CF3, N(CH3)2,-NHSO2CH3, and -NHCOCH3; In another aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds of formula XVI: or stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and prodrugs thereof, wherein D-G-Y taken together, is selected from the group consisting of and or Wherein R is selected from the group consisting of -CH3, -C2H5, -CH2OH, -OH, -OCH3, -OC2H5, OCF3, -CN, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CONH2, -NH2, -F, -Cl, -Br, -CF3, -N(CH3) 2, - NHSO2CH3, and NHCOCH3; R4 is selected from the group consisting of
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds of formula XVII: or stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and prodrugs thereof, wherein D-G-Y taken together, is selected from the group consisting of and or Wherein R is selected from the group consisting of -CH3, -C2H5, -CH2OH, -OH, -OCH3, -OC2H5, - OCF3, -CN, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CONH2,- -NH2, -F, -Cl, -Br, -CF3, -N(CH3) 2, - NHSO2CH3, and -NHCOCH3; In one aspect, the invention provides compounds for use in inhibiting a deacetylase enzyme in a gram-negative bacteria, thereby affecting bacterial growth said use comprising administering to a patient in need of such inhibition a compound of formula II V, VI or VIII. In another aspect, the invention provides compound for use in inhibiting LpxC, thereby modulating the virulence of a bacterial infection, said use comprising administering to a patient in need of such inhibition a compound of formula II, VI or VIII. In some embodiments of inhibiting LpxC using a compound of formula II, VI or VIII, the IC50 value of the compound is less than or equal to 10 µM with respect to LpxC. In other such embodiments, the IC50 value is less than or equal to 1 µM, is less than or equal to 0.1 µM, is less than or equal to 0.050 µM, is less than or equal to 0.030 µM, is less than or equal to 0.025 µM, or is less than or equal to 0.010 µM. In one aspect of the invention compounds for use in treating a subject are provided, said use comprising administering to the subject an antibacterially effective amount of a compound of formula II ,VI or VIII together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is provided. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the subject is a mammal and some embodiments, a human. In another aspect, the invention provides compounds for use in a method of administering an inhibitory amount of a compound of formula II, VI or VII to fermentative or non-fermentative gram-negative bacteria. In a preferred embodiment of the method of administering an inhibitory amount of a compound of formula II, VI or VIII to fermentative or non-fermentative gram-negative bacteria, the gram-negative bacteria are selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophila, Burkholderia cepacia, Alcaligenes xylosoxidans, Acinetobacter, Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus, Neisseria species. In another embodiment, the invention provides compounds for use in a method of administering an inhibitory amount of a compound of formula II, VI or VIII to gram-negative bacteria, such as Enterobacteriaceae that is selected from the group consisting of organisms such as Serratia, Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Providencia, Morganella, Cedecea, and Edwardsiella species and Escherichia coli. Another embodiment of the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound of Formula II, VI or VIII with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thereof. Pharmaceutical formulations according to the present invention are provided which include any of the compounds described above in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Another embodiment of the invention provides compounds for use in a method of co-administering the compound of formula II, VI or VIII with other therapeutic agents that are selected for their particular usefulness against the condition that is being treated. For example, the compound of formula II, VI or VIII is useful in combination with other anti-bacterial agents. The compound of formula II, VI or VIII augments the sensitivity of gram-negative bacteria to existing classes of antibacterials. Combinations of the presently disclosed compounds with other anti-bacterial agents are within the scope of the invention. Such anti-bacterial agents include erythromycin, rifampicin, Nalidixic acid, carbenicillin, bacitracin, cycloserine, fosfomycin, and vancomycin. A further aspect of the invention is LpxC inhibitors according to the claims for use in the treatment of an infection, particularly a bacterial infection. A bacterial infection treated with the compounds of the invention can be a primary infection or a co-infection caused by a species of bacteria and one or more additional infectious agents selected from the group consisting of bacteria, virus, parasite and fungus. The term "treating", as used herein, refers to reversing, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or preventing the disorder or condition to which such term applies, or one or more symptoms of such disorder or condition. The term "treatment", as used herein, refers to the act of treating, as "treating" is defined immediately above. The compounds of the invention can be used for treating conditions caused by the bacterial production of endotoxin and, in particular, by gram-negative bacteria and bacteria that use LpxC in the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or endotoxin. The compounds of the invention also are useful in the conditions that are caused or exacerbated by the bacterial production of lipid A and LPS or endotoxin, such as sepsis, septic shock, systemic inflammation, localized inflammation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB). For these conditions, treatment includes the administration of a compound of the invention, or a combination of compounds of the invention, optionally with a second agent wherein the second agent is a second antibacterial agent or a second non-antibacterial agent. For sepsis, septic shock, systemic inflammation, localized inflammation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB), preferred second non-antibacterial agents include antiendotoxins including endotoxin receptor-binding antibodies, endotoxin-binding antibodies, antiCD14-binding protein antibodies antilipopolysaccharide-binding protein antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In treatment of serious or chronic respiratory tract infections, the compounds of the present invention may also be used with second non-antibacterial agents administered via inhalation. Preferred non-antibacterial agents used in this treatment include anti-inflammatory steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, bronchiodilators, mucolytics, anti-asthma therapeutics and lung fluid surfactants. In particular, the non-antibacterial agent may be selected from a group consisting of albuterol, salbuterol, budesonide, beclomethasone, dexamethasone, nedocromil, beclomethasone, fluticasone, flunisolide, triamcinolone, ibuprofin, rofecoxib, naproxen, celecoxib, nedocromil, ipratropium, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, salmeterol, bronchiodilators, mucolytics, calfactant, beractant, poractant alfa, surfaxin and pulmozyme (also called dornase alfa). The compounds of the invention can be used, alone or in combination with a second antibacterial agent for the treatment of a serious or chronic respiratory tract infection including serious lung and nosocomial infections such as those caused by Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia marcescens, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Alcaligenes xylosoxidans, Flavobacterium meningosepticum, Providencia stuartii and Citrobacter freundi, community lung infections such as those caused by Haemophilus Influenzae, Legionella species, Moraxella catarrhalis, Branhamella catarrhalis, Enterobacter species, Acinetobacter species, Klebsiella species, and Proteus species, and infections caused by other bacterial species such as Neisseria species, Shigella species, Salmonella species, Helicobacter pylori, Vibrionaceae and Bordetella species as well as the infections is caused by a Brucella species, Francisella tularensis and/or Yersinia Pestis. When used for treating Gram-negative bacteria, the compounds of the present invention can be used to sensitize gram-negative bacteria to the effects of a second agent. When the compounds of the present invention are used in combination with a second antibacterial agent, examples of antibacterial agents may be selected from the following groups:
The second antibacterial agent may be administered in combination with the compounds of the present inventions wherein the second antibacterial agent is administered prior to, simultaneously, or after the compound or compounds of the present invention. When simultaneous administration of a compound of the invention with a second agent is desired and the route of administration is the same, then a compound of the invention may be formulated with a second agent into the same dosage form. An example of a dosage form containing a compound of the invention and a second agent is a tablet or a capsule. When used for treating a serious or chronic respiratory tract infections, the compounds of the invention may be used alone or in combination with a second antibacterial agent administered via inhalation. In the case of inhalation, a preferred second antibacterial agent is selected from a group consisting of tobramycin, gentamicin, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, polymyxin, colistin, colymycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin. Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" means a non-toxic, inert solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type. Some examples of materials that can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sugars such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil; safflower oil; sesame oil; olive oil; corn oil and soybean oil; glycols; such a propylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol, and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator. The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be administered to humans and other animals orally, rectally, parenterally, intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, or drops), bucally, or as an oral or nasal spray, or a liquid aerosol or dry powder formulation for inhalation. Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents. Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables. The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions that can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use. In order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution that, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form may be accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations may also be prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissues. Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories that can be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound. Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, acetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols. The active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. In such solid dosage forms the active compound may be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch. Such dosage forms may also comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches. The active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required. Ophthalmic formulations and ear drops are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention. The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof. Compositions of the invention may also be formulated for delivery as a liquid aerosol or inhalable dry powder. Liquid aerosol formulations may be nebulized predominantly into particle sizes that can be delivered to the terminal and respiratory bronchioles where bacteria reside in patients with bronchial infections, such as chronic bronchitis and pneumonia. Pathogenic bacteria are commonly present throughout airways down to bronchi, bronchioli and lung parenchema, particularly in terminal and respiratory bronchioles. During exacerbation of infection, bacteria can also be present in alveoli. Liquid aerosol and inhalable dry powder formulations are preferably delivered throughout the endobronchial tree to the terminal bronchioles and eventually to the parenchymal tissue. Aerosolized formulations of the invention may be delivered using an aerosol forming device, such as a jet, vibrating porous plate or ultrasonic nebulizer, preferably selected to allow the formation of a aerosol particles having with a mass medium average diameter predominantly between 1 to 5 µm. Further, the formulation preferably has balanced osmolarity ionic strength and chloride concentration, and the smallest aerosolizable volume able to deliver effective dose of the compounds of the invention to the site of the infection. Additionally, the aerosolized formulation preferably does not impair negatively the functionality of the airways and does not cause undesirable side effects. Aerosolization devices suitable for administration of aerosol formulations of the invention include, for example; jet, vibrating porous plate, ultrasonic nebulizers and energized dry powder inhalers, that are able to nebulize the formulation of the invention into aerosol particle size predominantly in the size range from 1-5 µm. Predominantly in this application means that at least 70% but preferably more than 90% of all generated aerosol particles are 1 to 5 µm range. A jet nebulizer works by air pressure to break a liquid solution into aerosol droplets. Vibrating porous plate nebulizers work by using a sonic vacuum produced by a rapidly vibrating porous plate to extrude a solvent droplet through a porous plate. An ultrasonic nebulizer works by a piezoelectric crystal that shears a liquid into small aerosol droplets. A variety of suitable devices are available, including, for example, AeroNeb and AeroDose vibrating porous plate nebulizers (AeroGen, Inc., Sunnyvale, California), Sidestream7 nebulizers (Medic-Aid Ltd., West Sussex, England), Pari LC7 and Pari LC Star7 jet nebulizers (Pari Respiratory Equipment, Inc., Richmond, Virginia), and Aerosonic (DeVilbiss Medizinische Produkte (Deutschland) GmbH, Heiden, Germany) and UltraAire7 (Omron Healthcare, Inc., Vernon Hills, Illinois) ultrasonic nebulizers. Compounds of the invention may also be formulated for use as topical powders and sprays that can contain, in addition to the compounds of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons. Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel. According to the methods of treatment of the present disclosure, bacterial infections are treated or prevented in a patient such as a human or lower mammal by administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, in such amounts and for such time as is necessary to achieve the desired result. By a "therapeutically effective amount" of a compound of the invention is meant a sufficient amount of the compound to treat bacterial infections, at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts. The total daily dose of the compounds of this invention administered to a human or other mammal in single or in divided doses can be in amounts, for example, from 0.01 to 50 mg/kg body weight or more usually from 0.1 to 25 mg/kg body weight Single dose compositions may contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose. In general, treatment regimens according to the present disclosure comprise administration to a patient in need of such treatment from about 10 mg to about 2000 mg of the compound(s) of this invention per day in single or multiple doses. Methods of formulation are well known in the art and are disclosed, for example, in A "kit" as used in the instant application includes a container for containing the pharmaceutical compositions and may also include divided containers such as a divided bottle or a divided foil packet. The container can be in any conventional shape or form as known in the art that is made of a pharmaceutically acceptable material, for example a paper or cardboard box, a glass or plastic bottle or jar, a resealable bag (for example, to hold a "refill" of tablets for placement into a different container), or a blister pack with individual doses for pressing out of the pack according to a therapeutic schedule. The container employed can depend on the exact dosage form involved, for example a conventional cardboard box would not generally be used to hold a liquid suspension. It is feasible that more than one container can be used together in a single package to market a single dosage form. For example, tablets may be contained in a bottle that is in turn contained within a box. An example of such a kit is a so-called blister pack. Blister packs are well known in the packaging industry and are being widely used for the packaging of pharmaceutical unit dosage forms (tablets, capsules, and the like). Blister packs generally consist of a sheet of relatively stiff material covered with a foil of a preferably transparent plastic material. During the packaging process, recesses are formed in the plastic foil. The recesses have the size and shape of individual tablets or capsules to be packed or may have the size and shape to accommodate multiple tablets and/or capsules to be packed. Next, the tablets or capsules are placed in the recesses accordingly and the sheet of relatively stiff material is sealed against the plastic foil at the face of the foil that is opposite from the direction in which the recesses were formed. As a result, the tablets or capsules are individually sealed or collectively sealed, as desired, in the recesses between the plastic foil and the sheet. Preferably the strength of the sheet is such that the tablets or capsules can be removed from the blister pack by manually applying pressure on the recesses whereby an opening is formed in the sheet at the place of the recess. The tablet or capsule can then be removed via said opening. It maybe desirable to provide a written memory aid, where the written memory aid is of the type containing information and/or instructions for the physician, pharmacist or other health care provider, or subject, e.g., in the form of numbers next to the tablets or capsules whereby the numbers correspond with the days of the regimen that the tablets or capsules so specified should be ingested or a card that contains the same type of information. Another example of such a memory aid is a calendar printed on the card e.g., as follows "First Week, Monday, Tuesday,"... etc ... "Second Week, Monday, Tuesday, ..." etc. Other variations of memory aids will be readily apparent. A "daily dose" can be a single tablet or capsule or several tablets or capsules to be taken on a given day. When the kit contains separate compositions, a daily dose of one or more compositions of the kit can consist of one tablet or capsule while a daily dose of another one or more compositions of the kit can consist of several tablets or capsules. Another specific embodiment of a kit is a dispenser designed to dispense the daily doses one at a time in the order of their intended use. Preferably, the dispenser is equipped with a memory-aid, so as to further facilitate compliance with the regimen. An example of such a memory-aid is a mechanical counter, that indicates the number of daily doses that has been dispensed. Another example of such a memory-aid is a battery-powered micro-chip memory coupled with a liquid crystal readout, or audible reminder signal that, for example, reads out the date that the last daily dose has been taken and/or reminds one when the next dose is to be taken. The kits of the present invention may also include, in addition to LpxC inhibitors, one or more additional pharmaceutically active compounds. Preferably, the additional compound is another LpxC inhibitor or another compound useful to bacterial infections. The additional compounds may be administered in the same dosage form as the LpxC inhibitor or in different dosage forms. Likewise, the additional compounds can be administered at the same time as the LpxC inhibitor or at different times. Compositions of the present compounds may also be used in combination with other known anti-bacterial agents of similar spectrum to (1) synergistically enhance treatment of severe Gram-negative infections covered by the spectrum of this compound or (2) add coverage in severe infections in which multiple organisms are suspected in which another agent of a different spectrum may be required in addition to this compound. Potential agents include members of the aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, glycopeptides, lipopeptides and oxazolidinones. The treatment can involve administering a composition having both active agents or administration of the inventive compounds followed by or preceded by administration of an additional active antibacterial agent. Referring to the examples that follow, compounds of the present invention were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a Waters Millenium chromatography system with a 2690 Separation Module (Milford, Massachusetts). The analytical columns were Alltima C-18 reversed phase, 4.6 x 250 mm from Alltech (Deerfield, Illinois). A gradient elution was used, typically starting with 5% acetonitrile/95% water and progressing to 100% acetonitrile over a period of 40 minutes. All solvents contained 0.1 % trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Compounds were detected by ultraviolet light (UV) absorption at either 220 or 254 nm. HPLC solvents were from Burdick and Jackson (Muskegan, Michigan), or Fisher Scientific (Pittsburg, Pennsylvania). In some instances, purity was assessed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using glass or plastic backed silica gel plates, such as, for example, Baker-Flex Silica Gel 1B2-F flexible sheets. TLC results were readily detected visually under ultraviolet light, or by employing well known iodine vapor and other various staining techniques. Mass spectrometric analysis was performed on one of two LCMS instruments: a Waters System (Alliance HT HPLC and a Micromass ZQ mass spectrometer; Column: Eclipse XDB-C18, 2.1 x 50 mm; solvent system: 5-95% (or 35-95%, or 65-95% or 95-95%) acetonitrile in water with 0.05%TFA; flow rate 0.8 mL/min; molecular weight range 500-1500; cone Voltage 20 V; column temperature 40°C) or a Hewlett Packard System (Series 1100 HPLC; Column: Eclipse XDB-C18, 2.1 x 50 mm; solvent system: 1-95% acetonitrile in water with 0.05%TFA; flow rate 0.4 mL/min; molecular weight range 150-850; cone Voltage 50 V; column temperature 30°C). All masses are reported as those of the protonated parent ions. GCMS analysis was performed on a Hewlet Packard instrument (HP6890 Series gas chromatograph with a Mass Selective Detector 5973; injector volume: 1 µL; initial column temperature: 50°C; final column temperature: 250C; ramp time: 20 minutes; gas flow rate: 1 mL/min; column: 5% phenyl methyl siloxane, Model #HP 190915-443, dimensions: 30.0 m x 25 m x 0.25 m). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis was performed with a Varian 300 Mhz NMR (Palo Alto, California). The spectral reference was either TMS or the known chemical shift of the solvent. Some compound samples were run at elevated temperatures (e.g. 75°C) to promote increased sample solubility. The purity of some of the invention compounds was assessed by elemental analysis (Desert Analytics, Tuscon, Arizona) Melting points were determined on a Laboratory Devices Mel-Temp apparatus (Holliston, Massachusetts). Preparative separations were carried out using a Flash 40 chromatography system and KP-Sil, 60A (Biotage, Charlottesville, Virginia), or by flash column chromatography using silica gel (230-400 mesh) packing material, or by HPLC using a C-18 reversed phase column. Typical solvents employed for the Flash 40 Biotage system and flash column chromatography were dichloromethane, methanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, acetone, aqueous hydroxyamine and triethyl amine. Typical solvents employed for the reverse phase HPLC were varying concentrations of acetonitrile and water with 0.1 % trifluoroacetic acid. Compounds of the present invention can be readily synthesized using the methods described herein, or other methods, that are well known in the art. For example, the synthesis of hxdroxamic acids or similar scaffolds having a wide variety of substituents are comprehensively reviewed in The synthesis of other non-hydroxamates compounds or more generally zinc binding groups are reviewed in The following are abbreviations used in the examples:
Nomenclature for the Example compounds was provided using ACD Name version 5.07 software (November 14,2001) available from Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc. Some of the compounds and starting materials were named using standard ITJPAC nomenclature. Diisopropylethylamine (6.8 mL, 39.0 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 3-bromo-4-fluorobenzoic acid 1 (2.152 g, 9.83 mmol), L-threonine methyl ester hydrochloride (1.968 g, 11.6 mmol), EDCI (2.218 g, 11.6 mmol) and HOBt (1.410 g, 10.4 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (60 mL) at 0 °C under N2. The solution was stirred at 0 °C for 1h and at room temperature for 20 h. The solution was diluted with EtOAc (300 mL) and washed with 1.0 M HCl (2 × 80 mL), saturated NaHCO3 (2 × 80 mL), H2O (4 × 80 mL), dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give a colorless syrup which solidified on standing to afford 3.280 g (100%) of (2S,3R)-2-(3-bromo-4-fluoro-benzoylamino)-3-hydroxy-butyric acid methyl ester 2 as a white solid, mp 73-74 °C. MS(ES+) m/z 333.9 (C12H13BrFNO4+H requires 334.00). To a solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (66 mg, 0.95 mmol) in anhydrous MeOH (2.0 mL) at 0 °C under N2 atmosphere was added sodium methoxide (25 wt% in MeOH, 360 mg, 1.67 mmol). A precipitate formed immediately and the cloudy white solution was stirred for 10 minutes at 0 °C. A solution of methyl (2S,3R)-2-[(3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)carbonylamino]-3-hydroxybutanoate (2) (284 mg, 0.850 mmol) in MeOH (2.0 mL) was added and the reaction stirred 2 h at 0 °C and then warmed gradually to room temperature overnight (17 h total). Aqueous 1.0 M HCI (10 mL) was added and the solution extracted with 4:1 chloroform/isopropyl alcohol (4 × 20 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated to give a pink foam. The crude solid was triturated with diethyl ether (2 × 8 mL) and dried in vacuo to give 3-bromo-4-fluoro-N-{(1S,2R)-2-hydroxy-1-[(hydroxyamino)carbonyl]propyl}benzamide 3 as a white foam: mp 152-153 °C. Rf (10:1 CH2Cl2/MeOH on silica gel) = 0.53. To a solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (121 mg, 1.74 mmol) in anhydrous MeOH (2.0 mL) at 0 °C under N2 atmosphere was added sodium methoxide (25 wt% in MeOH, 680 mg, 3.14 mmol). A precipitate was immediately observed and the cloudy white solution was stirred for 10 minutes at 0 °C. A solution of methyl (2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-{[4-(phenylcarbonyl)phenyl]carbonylamino}butanoate (1) (534 mg, 1.56 mmol) in MeOH (3.0 mL) was added and the reaction stirred 3 h at 0 °C, then warmed gradually to ambient temperature overnight (18 h total). Aqueous 0.5 M HCl (20 mL) was added and the solution extracted with 5:1 chloroform/isopropyl alcohol (4 × 40 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated to give an orange foam. Purification by silica gel chromatography (increasing eluant polarity from 30:1 CH2Cl2/MeOH to 15:1 CH2Cl2/MeOH) afforded 228 mg (43%) of 4-benzoyl-N-{(1S,2R)-2-hydroxy-1-[(hydroxyamino) carbonyl]propyl}benzamide. To a solution of (2R,3R)-3-hydroxy-1-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl] carbonyl}pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (1) (405 mg, 1.27 mmol), benzylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (243 mg, 1.52 mmol), HATU (556 mg, 1.46 mmol), and HOBt (178 mg, 1.32 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) at 0 °C was added diisopropylethylamine (710 µL, 4.07 mmol) with stirring. The cooling bath was removed after one hour and the reaction mixture stirred at ambient temperature for 18 h and then diluted with EtOAc (200 mL). The organic layer was washed with 1.0 M HCl (2 x 60 mL), sat. NaHCO3 (2 x 60 mL) and H2O (5 x 60 mL), dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to give 493 mg (92%) of ((2R,3R)-3-hydroxy-1-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]carbonyl}pyrrolidin-2-yl)-N-(phenylmethoxy)carboxamide (2), a colorless oil that slowly crystallized upon standing. Rf (25:1 CH2Cl2/MeOH) = 0.35. To a solution of ((2R,3R)-3-hydroxy-1-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl] carbonyl}pyrrolidin-2-yl)-N-(phenylmefhoxy)carboxamide (1) (143 mg, 0.337, mmol) in EtOH (10 mL) was added 20% Pd(OH)2/C(50 mg). The solution was purged with hydrogen gas (approx. 0.5 L from a 1 L balloon) and then stirred under an atmosphere of H2 (balloon pressure). TLC analysis showed no starting material after one hour. The solution was diluted with EtOAc (10 mL) and filtered through celite, washing with 20:1 EtOAc/EtOH (50 mL). The solution was concentrated and dried in vacuo to afford 90 mg (80%) of (2R,3R)-3-hydroxy-1-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]carbonyl}pyrrolidine-2-carbohydroxamic acid (2) as a sticky white foam: mp 64-65 °C. Rf (10:1 CH2Cl2/MeOH) =O.29. Triethylamine (1.70 mL, 12.1 mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of L-threonine methyl ester hydrochloride (1.030 g, 6.07 mmol) and 4-biphenylcarboxaldehyde (1.104 g, 6.06 mmol) in THF (25 mL). After 20 min, NaBH(OAc)3 was added and the suspension stirred for 20 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC (50:1 DCM/MeOH, Rf=0.4). The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 (50 mL), extracted with EtOAc (2 x 120 mL), dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated to give a yellow oil. Purification by silica gel chromatography (150:1 DCM/MeOH) afforded 1.220 g (67% yield, 98% pure) of (2S, 3R)-2-[(biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-amino]-3-hydroxy-butyric acid methyl ester 2 as a pale yellow oil. HPLC (260 nm, 34 min run) 14.2 min; LRMS(ES+) m/z 299.9 (C18H21NO3 +H requires 300.10). Compound 3 was then formed by the addition of NH2OH in MeOH/NaOMe at 0°C, warming to ambient temparture of the period of several hours. LCMS MH+ 301.15. General Methods for Making Phenyl-benzoic acids and Phenyl-benzoate esters (see Example 5 below) 1 eq aryl halide (1) was added to 1.2 eq. (2) and Pd(dppf)Cl2 in THF, followed by addition of water and stirred 8 hours at RT. Upon completion (usually over night), the reactions are diluted with ethyl acetate (5-10 ml) and water (1ml). The organic layer is separated and washed with NaTiCO3 (2x3 ml), water (1x3 ml), brine (1x3 ml), dried with Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in an 8 ml glass vial. The residue is dissolved in DMSO and injected on a preparatory HPLC reverse phase column to afford>80 % yield. The haloarene 1 and boronic acid 2 were weighed out and placed in the reaction flask. The DMF was sparged with argon for 5-10 minutes, followed by TEA addition, and the reaction was lightly bubbled with argon. The solid Pd(dppf)Cl2 catalyst was added in one portion. The vial was flushed with argon, capped tight and stirred or shaken at ~80 °C. Upon reaching completion (over night), the reaction was filtered and injected on a preparatory HPLC reverse phase column (80% yield). For similar-procedures see: A solution of trityl bromide (3.2g, 10.0mmol) in CHCl3 (40ml) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of allo-threonine methyl ester HCl salt (1) (2.0g, 12.0mmol) and DIEA (5.2ml, 30.0mmol) in CHCl3 (60ml) at rt under N2. The reaction could be followed by TLC eluting with EtOAc/Hex (40:60) (Rf=0.3). After stirring 12 h, the reaction was concentrated to a brown oil. The crude product was diluted with EtOAc (170ml) and washed with 0.2 N citric acid (2x50ml), water (2x50ml), brine (50ml), dried (Na2SO4), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 3.73g (85% yield, 95% pure) of a yellow solid. HPLC(220nm, 41min. run) 30.90 min.; HPLC(220nm, 17min. run) 14.86 min.; LCMS: LC(214nm) 3.06 min., MS(ES+) m/z 376.2 (C24H25NO3 +H requires 376.18). For similar procedures see: A solution of pure DEAD (2.9ml), 17.8mmol) in THF (5ml) was added slowly dropwise to a stirred solution of trt-allo-threonine methyl ester (2) (4.1g, 10.9mmol) and PPh3 (2.9g, 10.9mmol) in THF (40ml) at 0 °C under N2. After 3 min., a solution of DPPA (6.4ml, 29.7mmol) in THF (5ml) was added to the orange-yellow reaction solution at 0 °C. After 1 h, the reaction was allowed to warm to rt. After 40h, the reaction had reached completion by TLC (Hexane/DCNVEtOAc (64:20:16) (Rf-0.6)) and LCMS. The yellow solution was concentrated to give 18g of crude material that was purified by column chromatography eluting with Hexane/EtOAc (88:12) giving 3.5g of 70% pure product after evaporation. The product was purified again (to remove trityl alcohol and a crotyl side-product formed during the reaction by elimination) by column chromatography eluting with Hexane/DCM/EtOAc (76:20:4) giving 1.65g (38% yield) of a pale yellow oil after concentration and drying in vacuo. Note that the trityl protecting group would hydrolyze when exposed to TFA while running the sample on HPLC. Alternately, the reaction could be carried out in dry DCM. A reaction using 5.44g (14.5 mmol) of trt-allo-threonine methyl ester (2) in DCM (100ml) with PPh3 (3.8g, 14.5mmol), pure DEAD (3.4ml, 21.8mmol) in DCM (5ml) and DPPA (6.3ml, 24.0mmol) in DCM (10ml) were combined following the procedure above. After 3 days, the reaction did not progress further by TLC and LCMS. After the same work up, 2.97g of the product was obtained in 51% yield. HPLC(220nm, 41min. run) 40.5 min.; BPLC(220nm, 17min. run) 16.32 min.; LCMS: LC(214nm) 3.7 min., MS(ES+) m/z 401.2 (C24H25N3O2 +H requires 401.15). A solution of Trt-Azido-Thr-OMe (3) (4.8g, 12.0mmol) was dissolved in a 95% TFA/DCM solution (60ml) at rt with stirring. After 2.5 h, the reaction was complete by LCMS. The bright yellow solution was diluted with 0.5 N aq. HC1 (300ml). The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (2x30ml) and then lyophilized to dryness. The white solid was dissolved in AcCN/water (50:50) (100ml) and again lyophilized to dryness to produce a consistent powder and remove as much of the TFA as possible. The azido-Thr product (4), 2.26g (97% yield, 95% pure) of a white solid, was obtained as the HCl salt. HPLC(220nm, 41min. run) 7.91 min.; HPLC(220nm, 17min.run) 3.36 min; LCMS: LC(214nm) 0.48 min., MS(ES+) m/z 159.3 (C5H10N4O2 +H requires 159.08). A EDC·HCl (249mg, 1.3mmol) was added to a stirred colorless solution of azido-Thr-OMe-HCl (4) (195mg, 1.0mmol), HOBT (158mg, 1.0mmol), 4'-Ethyl-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (5) (226mg, 1.0mmol) and DIEA (0.44ml), 2.5mmol) in DCM (10ml) at rt under N2. After 24 h, the reaction had reached completion by TLC (Hexane/EtOAc (60:40) (Rf.3)) and LCMS. The reaction was evaporated under reduced pressure to a brown tar. The crude product was dissolved in EtOAc (100ml) and washed with 0.2N aq. HCl (2x50ml), aq. sat. NaHCO3 (50ml), brine (50ml), dried (Na2SO4), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield a crude brown solid. The crude material was further purified by column chromatography eluting with Hexane/EtOAc (70:30) giving 245mg (67% yield) of pure product after evaporation and drying in vacuo. HPLC(220nm, 41min. run) 33.87 min.; HPLC(220nm, 17min. run) 15.61 min; LCMS: LC(214nm) 3.25min., MS(ES+) m/z 367.2(C20H22N4O3 +H requires 367.17). A solution of biphenyl azido-Thr methyl ester (6) (244mg, 0.67mmol) in MeOH (10ml) was made by sonicating until the milky precipitate cleared. After bubbling nitrogen through the reaction solution for 30 sec., 10% Pd/C was added in one portion. The reaction was stirred under nitrogen at RT. The reaction was exposed to aspirator vacuum to remove the nitrogen and then opened to the hydrogen gas at balloon pressure (~1 atm). The reaction stirred for 3h at which time the hydrogen was exchanged for nitrogen. The reaction was filtered through a pad of celite to remove the palladium. The celite pad was washed with MeOH (30ml). The combined fractions of MeOH were evaporated under reduced pressure and dried in vacuo to give 225mg (99% yield) of pure produce (7) as a white solid. HPLC(220nm, 17min. run) 10.79 min.; LCMS: LC(214nm) 2.21 min., MS(ES+) m/z 341.2 (C20H24N2O2 +H requires 341.18). To a stirred suspension of biphenyl-amino-Thr methyl ester (7) (225mg, 0.6mmol) and hydroxylainine HCl salt (460mg, 6.6mmol) in MeOH (7ml) and DCM (5ml) was added fresh solid NaOMe powder (430mg, 7.92mmol) in one portion. After stirring for 2 min. at rt under nitrogen, the pH of the reaction on wet pH paper was approximately 7-8. The suspension had change from larger particles of white solid to a finely-divided milky consistency. The pH of the reaction was checked after adding small portions of NaOMe (50-100mg) and allowing 2 min. for the reaction to equilibrate. The pH of the reaction reached a stable 11-12 after the final portion of NaOMe was added (250mg total). The reaction was initiated at pH 11 and proceeded quickly. After 30 min., the reaction reached 85% completion as determined by LCMS, and the reaction was placed in a -10 °C bath. The cold mixture filtered over fine filter paper on a Büchner funnel. The white residue was washed with MeOH (15ml). The organic fractions were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude product (750mg). The crude product (only one 150 mg portion) was dissolved in DMSO (1ml), AcCN (100µl) and water (100µl), passed through a Teflon syringe filter, and the clear filtrate was injected on a preparative HPLC. The purification used a 20x50 mm Ultro 120 C18 column running a 22 ml/min 2% gradient (AcCN/water, 0.1 % TFA) for 16 min. The purified fractions were lyophilized to dryness. The product as the TFA salt was dissolved in AcCN/water (50:50) (5ml), 1N aq. HCI (1 equivalent) and lyophilized again to give 11.5 mg of white powder as an HCl salt (23% yield). HPLC(220nm, 41min. run) 19.31 min.; HPLC(220nm, 17min. run) 9.39 min; LCMS: LC(214nm) 1.98 min., MS(ES+) m/z 342.2 (C19H23N3O3 +H requires 342.17). To a suspension of benzylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (8.310 g, 52.06 mmol), Boc-Thr(OBn)-OH (14.01 g, 45.28 mmol), EDCI (10.01 g, 52.21 mmol), and HOBt (6.90 g, 51.06 mmol) in CH2Cl2. (300 mL) at 0 °C was added diisopropylethylamine (28.3 mL, 162 mmol) with stirring. The cooling bath was removed after one hour and the reaction mixture stirred at ambient temperature for 20 h and was then diluted with CH2Cl2 (300 mL). The organic layer was washed with 1.0 M HCl (2 x 200 mL), sat. NaHCO3 (2 × 200 mL) and brine (200 mL), dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to give 14.5 g of a white solid. The crude solid was treated with a solution of trifluoroacetic acid (90 mL) in CH2Cl2 (90 mL) and stirred for 2.5 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation and then diluted with CH2Cl2 (600 mL). The organic layer was washed with sat. NaHCO3 (2 × 200 mL), dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to give a dark orange oil. Purification by silica gel chromatography (50:1 CH2Cl2/MeOH) afforded (2S,3R)-2-amino-3-(phenylmethoxy)-N-(phenylmethoxy) butanamide (A) (8.9 g,) as a pale yellow oil. Rf (50:1 CH2Cl2/MeOH on silica gel) = 0.2. To a suspension of 4,4'-biphenyldicarboxylic acid 2 (1.360 g, 5.61 mmol) in DMF (180 mL) was added BOP (2.007 g, 4.54 mmol) and DIEA (1.7 mL, 9.8 mmol). A solution of (1S,2R)-2-amino-3,N-bis-benzyloxy-butyramide 1 (944 mg, 3.00 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added and the reaction stirred for 18 h. The solution was diluted with EtOAc (250 mL) and washed with 1.0 M HCl (500 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (250 mL) and the organic layers combined. The organic layer was washed with 1.0 M HCl (250 mL), dried over MgSO4, and concentrated to give a crude yellow solid. Purification by silica gel chromatography (60:1 CH2Cl2/MeOH) gave 210 mg (1S,2R)-4'-(2-benzyloxy-1-benzyloxycarbamoyl-propylcarbamoyl)-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid 3. (13% yield) as a yellow solid. Rf= 0.80 (10:1 CH2Cl2/MeOH); LRMS (ES+) m/z 539.1 (C32H30N2O6 + H requires 539.22). To a solution of biphenylcarboxylic acid 3 (200 mg, 0.371 mmol), EDCI (78 mg, 0,407 mmol), and HOBt (52 mg, 0.385 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added t-Butyl N-(3-aminopropyl)carbamate 4 (71 mg, 0.407 mmol) and DIEA (180 µL, 1.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred 24 h, diluted with EtOAc (150 mL), washed with 1.0 M HCl (2 x 60 mL), saturated NaHCO3 (2 x 60 mL), H2O (3 x 60 mL), dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to give a crude white solid. Purification by silica gel chromatography (25:1 CH2Cl2/MeOH) afforded 194 mg (75% yield) of biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid 4'-[(3-(Boc)-amino-propyl)-amide]-4-[(2R)-benzyloxy-(1S)-benzyloxycarbamoyl-propyl)-amide] 5 as a white solid. Rf = 0.15 (50:1 CH2Cl/MeOH); LRMS (ES+) m/z 695.2 (C40H46N4O7 + H requires 695.35). A solution of dibenzyl-protected threonine hydroxamic acid 5 (190 mg, 0.273 mmol) in THF (5 mL) and MeOH (3 mL) was charged with Pd(OH)2 (20%/C, 20 mg, 0.04 mmol) and stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere (balloon pressure) forl6 h. The crude mixture was filtered through a plug of celite eluting with 2:1 MeOH/THF (15 mL) and concentrated to give an orange syrup. Purification by silica gel chromatography (5:1:1 1THF/MeOH/CH2Cl2 afforded 110 mg (78% yield) of biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid 4'-[(3-Boc-amino-propyl)-amide] 4-[((2R)-hydroxy-(1S)-hydroxycarbamoyl-propyl)-amide] as a white foam, mp 75-77 °C. Rf = 0.20 (10:1 CH2Cl2/MeOH); LRMS (ES+) m/z 515.4 (C26H34N4O7 + H requires 515.26). A flask containing Boc-protected amine 6 (80 mg, 0.155 mmol) was treated with 50% TFA/CH2Cl2 (6.0 mL) and stirred for 2.5 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation to give a brown syrup. Purification by RP-HPLC (C18 column, CH3CN gradient 5-70%, 0.1% TFA, UV analysis 300 nm, 36 min) and lyophilization of the collected fractions afforded 14 mg (21% yield) of biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid 4'-[(3-amino-propyl)-amide] 4-[((2R)-hydroxy-(1 S)-hydroxycarbamoyl-propyl)-amide] as a white solid. LRMS (ES+) m/z 415.3 (C21H26N4O5 + H requires 415.20); RP-HPLC (300 nm, 36 min run) 18.2 min. Acetic anhydride in THF (5ml) was added to a cloudy mixture of Fmoc-DAP-H (1) (980mg, 3.0mmol) and pyridine (483uL, 6.0mmol) in THF (15ml) with stirring at rt. After 4 hours, the clear pale yellow solution had reacted completely by LCMS. The reaction was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (150ml) and washed with 0.1M NaHSO4 (50ml), water (50ml), sat. brine (50ml), dried with Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 1.1 g of crude product as a white solid. The crude product was purified by prep. HPLC to give 0.99 g (90% yield) of acyl-DAP (2). A solution of Fmoc-DAP(Ac)-H (1) (980mg, 0.56mmol), HATU (0.146g, 0.56mmol) in NMP (1.7ml) was made. After 2 min. of shaking, the activated acid was added to the deprotected H2N-O-Trt Resin (120 mg, 0.113mmol) at rt with shaking. [Deprotection of the Fmoc group from the resin was accomplished using 20% piperizine in DMF (4ml) for 2 hours twice. The resin was drained and washed with DMF (2x5ml) and DCM (2x5ml).] After shaking for 20 hours, the reaction was drained and washed with DMF (2x5ml) and DCM (2x5ml). The resin was dried and used as is in the next reaction. Preparation of (2-Acetylamino-1-hydroxycarbamoyl-ethyl)-carbamic acid 9H-fluoren-9-ylmethyl ester trityl resin (3). The resin was treated with 20% piperizine in DMF (4ml) for 2 hours twice. The resin was drained and washed with DMF (2x5ml) and DCM (2x5ml). The resin was dried in vacuo. A solution of 4'-Ethyl-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (91mg, 0.4mmol), HATU (152g, 0.4mmol) in NMP (1.0ml) was made. After 2 min. of shaking, the activated acid was added to the deprotected H-DAP(Ac)-Trt resin (120 mg, 0.113mmol) at rt with shaking. After shaking for 18 hours, the reaction was drained and washed with DMF (2x5ml) and DCM (2x5ml) The resin was dried in vacuo. The product was cleaved from the resin through treatment with a solution of TFA (500uL), DCM (500uL) and water (50uL) for 25 min. The resin was filtered and washed with fresh DCM (2ml). The combined TFA and DCM fractions are evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with CH3CN/water (1:1) (10ml) and lyophilized. The crude product was purified by prep. HPLC. The crude product was dissolved in DMSO (1ml), passed through a Teflon syringe filter, and the clear filtrate was injected on a preparative HPLC. The purification used a 20x50 mm Ultra 120 C18 column running a 22 ml/min 2% gradient (AcCN/water, 0.1% TFA) for 16 min. The purified fractions were lyophilized to dryness. The solid residue was lyophilized again from CH3CN/water (1:1) (5ml) give 8.6 mg of pure product (4) (~21% yield). Pd(PPh3)4 (438mg, 0.35mmol) was added to a vial containing biphenyl-DAP(Alloc)-Trt Resin (1) (500mg, 0.35mmol), Dimethyl barbituric acid (600mg, 3.5mmol) and PPh3 (438mg, 0.35mmol) in DCM (11ml) at rt under argon. The mixture was sparged with argon and shaken for 16 hours. The bright yellow mixture was drained and washed with DMF (8x10ml) and DCM (8x10ml). The resin was dried in vacuo to give the deprotected DAP resin 2. Methanesulfonyl chloride (85uL, 1.1mmol) was added to a mixture of deprotected DAP resin (2) (160mg, 0.11mmol) and lutidine (190uL, 1.6mmol) in DCM (1.5ml). After shaking for 16 hours, the mixture was drained and washed with DMF (10x2ml) and DCM (5x2ml). The product was cleaved from the resin through treatment with TFA/water (4:1) (1.5ml). After shaking for 45 min., the TFA solution was collected from the resin by filtration, and the resin was washed with TFA (1ml) and TFA/water (1:1) (10ml). The combined TFA fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure to a reddish-brown solid. The product, identified by LCMS, was purified by prep. HPLC using a 20x50 mm Ultro. 120 C18 column running a 22 ml/min 4% gradient (AcCN/water, 0.1% TFA) for 16 min. The purified fractions were lyophilized to dryness. The solid residue was lyophilized again from CH3CN/water (1:1) (5ml) give 4 mg of pure product as a white solid (3) (~9% yield). Dimethylcarbamyl chloride (103mg, 0.96mmol) was added to a mixture of deprotected DAP resin (2) (125mg, 0.096mmol) and lutidine (225uL, 1.92mmol) in DCM (1.5ml). After shaking at rt for 5 hours, the mixture was drained and washed with DCM (5x2ml), DMF (5x2ml) and DCM (5x2ml). The product was cleaved from the resin through treatment with TFA/water (4:1) (1.5ml). After shaking for 45 min., the TFA solution was collected from the resin by filtration, and the resin was washed with TFA/water (1:1) (2ml). The combined TFA fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure to a reddish-brown solid. The product, identified by LCMS, was purified by prep. HPLC using a 20x50 mm Ultro 120 C18 column running a 22 ml/min 4% gradient (AcCN/water, 0.1% TFA) for 16 min. The purified fractions were lyophilized to dryness. The solid residue was lyophilized again from CH3CN/water (1:1) (5ml) give 5 mg of pure product as a white solid (3) (~13% yield). NaBH3CN (3.1mg, 0.05mmol) followed by acetic acid (6uL, 1.0mmol) were sequentially added to a stirred suspension of biphenyl-DAP-hydroxamate (1) (20mg, 0.096mmol) and Boc-amino-acetaldehyde (6.4mg, 0.4mmol) in MeOH (1.5ml) in a 4 ml vial. The reaction was followed by LCMS. After stirring 12 hours, the cloudy reaction was only 50% complete. The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure to a thick slurry that was dissolved in DMSO. The product was purified by prep. HPLC using a 20x50 mm Ultro 120 C18 column running a 22 ml/min 3% gradient (AcCN/water, 0.1% TFA) for 16 min. The purified fractions were lyophilized to dryness. The dried powder was dissolved in CH3CN/water (1:1) (lml) and 1M HCl (700uL). After heating at 50 °C for 75 min., the reaction mixture was again lyophilized to dryness to produce 7.1 mg of product (2) as a 2xHCl salt white powder (~17% yield). The 4-iodo-benzoic acid methyl ester 1 (20.0g, 76.34mmol), ethynyl-benzene 2 (8.56g, 83.96mmol), PdCl2(PPh3)2 (0.65g, 0.92mmol), and CuI (0.35g, 1.83mmol) were mixed with THF (110ml) in a round bottom under argon. The dry THF was sparged with dry, oxygen-free argon for at least 5 min. immediately before use. The reaction was cooled to 10 °C and TEA (16ml) was added. The cooling bath was removed and the reaction was stirred at RT under argon. After 2.5h, the reaction was diluted with EtOAc (400 ml) and the solids were filtered off through a pad of celite. The organic filtrate was washed with 1M HCl (60ml), sat. aq. NaHCO3 (60ml), water (60ml), brine (60ml), dried with Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude solid methyl ester was dissolved in MeOH (400ml), 6M NaOH (30ml) and water (50ml). The reaction was stirred at 70 °C until a clear solution was formed (about 1h). The reaction could be followed by LCMS. The reaction was cooled and diluted with water (500ml) and hexane (100ml). The pH was adjusted to pH 6-7. The white solid that formed was collected and washed with water (3x60ml) and hexane (3x60ml). The solid 3 was dried in vacuo yielding 17.3g (approximately quantitative yield in 99% purity). A solution of threonine (1.66g, 9.8mmol) and DIEA (1.53ml, 8.8mmol) in DMF (10ml) was added to a stirred solution of 4-phenylethynyl-benzoic acid 3 (1.55g, 7.0mmol) and DIEA (1.53ml, 8.8mmol) in DMF (11ml) at rt. After 12 h, the reaction was diluted with EtOAc (300ml) and washed with 0.5M HCl (2x60ml), sat. aq. NaHCO3 (60ml), 50% diluted brine (60ml), sat. brine (60ml), dried with Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Upon drying in vacuo, 2.34g of white solid was obtained (approximately quantitative yield in 99% purity). A solution of tolanoic-Thr methyl ester (4) (2.34g, 7.0mmol) in MeOH (20ml) and DCM (30ml) was added to a cooled (-10 °C bath) suspension of hydroxylamine HCl salt (4.81g, 70.0mmol) and NaOMe (4.16g, 77.0mmol) in MeOH (30ml). Follow reaction by LCMS. After stirring for 2 hours, the reaction seems to stall at 50% completion. Add an additional 1 equivalent of NaOMe (0.416g). After 3 hours, the reaction was 75% complete. Add an additional 0.5 equivalent of NaOMe (0.21g). After 4 hours, the reaction was 90% complete. Add an additional 0.15 equivalent of NaOMe (0.064g) for a total of 12.65 equivalents of NaOMe. The pH of the reaction was between 11-12 and had reacted about 95% completion. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc (500ml) and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO3 (2x60ml), 50% diluted brine (60ml), sat. brine (60ml), dried with Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in minimal DMA. The product was purified by prep. HPLC using a reverse phase Ultro 120 C18 column running a 2% gradient (AcCN/water, 0.1% TFA). The purified fractions were lyophilized to dryness. The product as the TFA salt was dissolved in AcCN/water (50:50) (80ml), 1N aq. HCl (13 equivalent) and lyophilized again to give 1.3 g of white powder in 55% yield and >97% purity. The synthesis of compound 4 is described above. The tolanyl compound (9) was made by the same procedures as for compound (6). The product (9) was obtained in 92% yield (952mg). HPLC(220nm, 41min. run) 32.64 min.; HPLC(220nm, 17min. run) 15.08 min LCMS: LC(214nm) 3.16 min., MS(ES+) m/z 363.1 (C20H18NaO3 +H requires 363.14). Triphenylphosphine (526mg, 2.0mmol) was added to a stirred solution of tolanyl-azido-Thr methyl ester (9) (726mg, 2.0mmol) at rt. After 3 days the reaction reached completion as judged by TLC (EtOAc/Hex (2:1)) and LCMS. The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure to give an ivory colored solid. The crude amino-phosphine was dissolved in MeOH (20ml) to give a pale yellow solution. To the solution of amino-phosphine was added sequentially hydroxylamine HCl salt (1.4g, 20.0mmol) followed by fresh solid NaOMe powder (1.3g, 24.0mmol) to make a milky pH 10 suspension. After 36 h, the reaction was complete by LCMS. The reaction was evaporated under reduced pressure to give a yellow solid that was dried in vacuo. The crude product (2.75g) was triturated with ether (3x50ml) to remove impurities (P(O)Ph3) and then was dissolved in abs. EtOH (120ml) with sonication for 15 min.. A fine white powder was suction filtered off, and the clear yellow ethanolic portion was concentrated to a small volume. The crude product was dissolved in DMSO (8ml) and purified by preparative HPLC (Ultro 120 C18 75x300mm column) running a gradient (AcCN/water, 0.1% TFA) from 5 to 70% for 55 min. The purified fractions were pooled together and lyophilized to dryness. The product as the TFA salt was dissolved in AcCN/water (50:50) (100ml), 1N aq. HCl (1 equivalent) and lyophilized again to give 325 mg of light yellow powder as the HCl salt (43% yield). HPLC(220nm, 41min.run) 18.31 min.; HPLC(220nm, 17min.run) 9.11 min; LCMS: LC(214nm) 1.91 min., MS(ES+) m/z 338.1 (C19H19N3O3 +H requires 338.14). A solution of Boc-Gly-OH (1.752 g, 10.0 mmol) in DCM (18 mL) and DMF (1 mL) was treated with EDCI (1.994 g, 10.4 mmol) and HOBt (1.351 g, 10.0 mmol). After stirring 15 min, 4-iodoaniline 1 (2.290 g, 10.4 mmol) was added and the reaction monitored by TLC (25:1 DCM/MeOH (Rf = 0.6)). After 24 h the solution was diluted with EtOAc (250 mL), washed with 1.0 M HCl (3 × 100 mL), sat. NaHCO3 (3 × 100 niL), brine (3 × 100 mL), dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford 2.900 g (77% yield) of a white solid. Triethylamine (3.5 mL, 20.0 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 4-ethynylbenzoic acid 3 (910 mg, 6.22 mmol), H-Dap(Boc)-OMe hydrochloride (1.903 g, 7.47 mmol), EDCI (1.432 g, 7.47 mmol), and HOBt (910 mg, 6.73 mmol) in DMF (50.0 mL). After stirring 20 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (400 mL), washed with 1.0 M HCl (2 × 100 mL), saturated NaHCO3 (2 × 100 mL), H2O (4 × 100 mL), dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 2.140 g (99% yield) of a tan solid, mp = 110-111 °C. LRMS (ES+) m/z 346.9 (C18H22N2O5 + H requires 347.10). To a suspension of methyl (2S)-3-[(tert-butoxy)carbonylamino]-2-[(4-ethynylphenyl)carbonylamino]propanoate (4) (200 mg, 0.577 mmol) and 2-[(tert-butoxy)carbonylaminol-N-(4-iodophenyl)acetamide (2) (476 mg, 1.26 mmol) was added Et3N (350 µL, 2.5 mmol). The solution was purged with a stream of N2 for several minutes and PdCl2(PPh3)2 (20 mg, 0.028 mmol) and CuI (10.6 mg, 0.055 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 22 h and then concentrated by rotary evaporation. The crude black residue was chromatographed twice by silica gel chromatography (30:1 CH2Cl2/MeOH) to give 285 mg (83%) of methyl (2S)-3-[(tert-butoxy)carbonylamino]-2-({4-[2-(4-{2-[(tert-butoxy)carbonylamino]acetylamino}phenyl)ethynyl]phenyl}carbonylamino) propanoate (5) as a yellow foam. To a solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (98 mg, 1.41 mmol) in MeOH (1.3 mL) at 0 °C was added 25 wt% NaOMe (460 mg, 2.13 mmol). The solution was stirred at 0 °C for 15 min and then charged with a solution of methyl (2S)-3-[(tert-butoxy)carbonylamino]-2-({4-[2-(4-{2-[(tert-butoxy)carbonylamino]acetylamino} phenyl)ethynyl]phenyl}carbonylamino) propanoate (4) (279 mg, 0.469 mmol) in THF (1.5 mL) and MeOH (0.6 mL). The reaction was stirred at 0 °C for 30 min and at room temperature for 2.5 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with 4:1 CHCl3/iPrOH (50 ml) and washed with 0.1 M HCl (30 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer extracted once more with 4:1 CHCl3/iPrOH (30 ml). The organic layers were combined, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The crude residue was suspended in 10:1 CH2Cl2/MeOH (4 mL), filtered, and washed with 50:1 CH2Cl2/MeOH (2 mL) and Et2O (10 mL) to afford 180 mg (64%) of N-(4-{2-(4-(N-{1-(N-hydroxycarbamoyl)(1S)-2-[(tert-butoxy)carbonylamino]ethyl} carbamoyl) phenyl]ethynyl}phenyl)-2-[(tert-butoxy)carbonylamino]acetamide (6) as a white powder. To an oven-dried flask containing N-(4-{2-[4-(N-{1-(N-hydroxycarbamoyl)(1S)-2-[(tert-butoxy)carbonylamino]ethyl}carbamoyl)phenyl] ethynyl}phenyl)-2-[(tert-butoxy)carbonylamino]acetamide (6) (130 mg, 0.218 mmol) was added 1:1 TFA/CH2Cl2 (2.5 mL). The resulting pink solution was stirred for 2 h and concentrated to give a pink gum. The crude residue was rinsed with CH2Cl2 (4 mL), concentrated by rotary evaporation and dissolved in THF (2 mL) and MeOH (0.4 mL). A solution of 4 M HCl in dioxane (200 µL) was added and the resulting precipitate filtered and washed with Et2O (10 mL) to afford 90 mg of 4-({4-[(aminoacetyl)amino]phenyl}ethynyl)-N-[(1S)-1-(aminomethyl)-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]benzamide as a pale tan powder. Bromoacetyl bromide (175 µL, 2.00 mmol) was added dropwise over 5 minutes to a solution of 4-iodoaniline (438 mg, 2.00 mmol) and Et3N (280 µL, 2.00 mmol) in benzene (5 mL). The reaction was stirred 1 hour, treated with morpholine (1.0 mL, 11.5 mmol) and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (200 mL), washed with aqueous 0.1 M KOH (50 mL), H2O (50 mL), dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to give a yellow oil. Purification by silica gel chromatography (100:1 CH2Cl2/MeOH) afforded 630 mg (91%) of N-(4-iodophenyl)-2-morpholin-4-ylacetamide as a waxy tan solid. This product was converted to analogues in a similar manner as Example 14. DIEA (9.7ml, 55.1mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 4-iodo-benzoic acid (5.49g, 22.2mmol), HOAT (3.08g, 22.6mmol), EDC (4.33g, 22.6mmol) in DMF (85ml). After 2 min., the H-DAP(Boc)-OMe (1) was added in one portion. After 12 hours, the reaction was found complete by LCMS. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc/hexane (1:1) (500ml). The organic phase was washed with 1N HCl (2x80ml), 1N NaOH (2x80ml), water (2x80ml), sat. brine (80ml), dried with Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude product. The residue was filtered through a filter plug of silica eluting with EtOAc/hexane (1:1). The fractions with product were evaporated to give 9.3 g of product (3-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-2-(4-iodo-benzoylamino)-propionic acid methyl ester) in 93% yield. This product was converted to analogues in a similar manner as the aforementioned Examples. ' A solution of alkyne 1 (745 mg, 2.85 mmol), 4-iodobenzaldehyde 2 (902 mg, 3.89 mmol), and Et3N (900 µL, 6.5 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was purged with a stream of N2 for two minutes and then treated with PdCl2(PPh3)2 (70 mg, 0.10 mmol) and CuI (34 mg, 0.18 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred 40 h, concentrated by rotary evaporation and purified by silica gel chromatography (40:1 DCM/MeOH) to give 0.833 g (80% yield) of (2S, 3R)-2-[4-(4-formyl-phenylethynyl)-benzoylamino]-3-hydroxy-butyric acid methyl ester 3 as a pale yellow powder, mp = 143-144 °C. Rf = 0.3 (25:1 DCM/MeOH); LRMS (ES+) m/z 366.1 (C21H19NO5 + H requires 366.13); HPLC (300 nm, 47 min) 15.3 min. Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.670 g, 3.16 mmol) was added to a solution of benzaldehyde 3 (0.822 g, 2.25 mmol) and morpholine (260 µL, 2.97 mmol) in THF (15 mL) under N2 atmosphere and the reaction monitored by TLC (25:1 DCM/MeOH, Rf=0.2). After stirring 4 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 (150 mL), extracted with EtOAc (3 × 100 mL), dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated to give a yellow syrup. Purification by silica gel chromatography (35:1 DCM/MeOH) afforded 0.844 g (86% yield) of 4 as a sticky white foam. Sodium methoxide (25 wt% in MeOH, 1.860 g, 8.60 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (400 mg, 5.76 mmol) in anhydrous MeOH (5 mL) at 0 °C under N2 atmosphere. After stirring 20 min, a solution of methyl ester 4 (829 mg, 1.90 mmol) in 1:1 MeOH/THF (6 mL) was added and the reaction mixture stirred at 0 °C for 1 h and at room temperature for 4 h. The reaction was quenched with 1.0 M HCl (6 mL), concentrated by rotary evaporation to remove organic solvents, and diluted with DMSO (4 mL). Analytical RP-HPLC (C18 column, CH3CN gradient 5-35%, 0.1 % TFA, UV analysis 300 nm, 16 min) indicated a purity of 85% for the crude product mixture. Purification by preparative RP-HPLC and lyophilization of the collected fractions gave 701 mg (81%) of 5 as a fluffy white solid. LRMS (ES+) mlz 438.1 (C24H27N3O5 + H requires 438.20); RP-HPLC (300 nm, 16 min run) 8.7 min. The resin was pre-swelled by adding DCM and shaking for 30min. The resin was drained, 20% piperdine was added in DMF, the resin was shaken 1.25 hours, and finally drained and washed in 2xDMF and 2xDCM. After draining completely, 20% piperdine in DMF was added to attain cleavage in 1.25 hours. The resin was washed 4xDMF, 4xDCM and drained completely. In a separate flask, the amino acid (Fmoc-Thr tBu-OH, or Fmoc-DAP Boc-OH, 4 eq) was mixed, HATU (4 eq), DMF (60 ml) and Hunig's (8 eq) base were added and stirred for 2-3 min. The mixture was added to the resin and shaken 20-24 hours. Subsequently, the resin was drained and run with a standard wash (1xDCM, 4xDMF and 4xDCM). The Fmoc was removed from the amino acid by adding 20% piperdine in DMF and shaken 1.25 hours, drained, and given the standard wash (1xDCM, 4xDMF and 4xDCM). A mixture of 4-iodobenzoic acid (4 eq), HBTU (4 eq), DMF (60 ml) was shaken for several minutes. Hünig's base (8 eq) was subsequently added and the mixture was shaken further for 2-3 min. The pre-activated mixture was then added to the prepared Thr or DAP resin (Fmoc removed, 7.5g, 5.775 mmol). The reaction is shaken 12-16 hours followed by the standard wash (1xDCM, 4xDMF and 4xDCM). To the 4-iodobenzoic resin (4 g, 3.08 mmol) was added 4-aminophenylacetylene (3 eq), Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 (0.04 eq), CuI (0.08 eq) and THF (purged with Argon). After mixing for 1 min., TEA (4.5 eq) was added and the reaction was shaken 12 hours at RT under argon. To aniline resin (4g, 3.08 mmol) was added DCM (30 ml) lutidine (10 eq) and shaken for 1 min. Bromoacetyl chloride (8 eq) in DCM (5 ml) was added slowly. After the addition, the slurry was shaken for 1.5 to 1.75 hours. Subsequent draining and a wash with 2xDCM, 4xDMF and 4xDCM was then performed. To the bromoacetyl resin (125 mg), was added NMP (1.5 ml) followed by amine (0.2 g or ml, ie excess) and the slurry was shaken for 12-16 hours at RT. To neutralize the salt, TEA was added. The imidazole was heated at 38 °C for 24 h (in the case of anilines, they were heated at 38 °C for 48 h). The reaction mixture was drained and washed 4xDMF and 4xDCM. The resin (125 mg) was soaked in TFA/water (80:20 v/v) (1.5 ml) at RT for 45 min. Upon cleavage the solution was collected and the resin was washed with more TFA/water mixture (0.75 ml). To the TFA/product solution was added acetonitrile/water solution (1:1 v/v, 10 ml) and pure water (2.5 ml). The mixture was frozen in liquid nitrogen for ~15 min and lyophilized. The dry residue was dissolved in the acetonitrile/water solution (1:1 v/v, 10 ml) again followed by addition of 1M aq. HCl (1.2 eq per basic nitrogen), frozen, and lyophilized to a powder. The resin 1 (0.522 g, 0.365 mmol, 0.70 mmol/g) was swelled in DCM (5 mL) for 2 h and drained. The resin was treated with 20% piperidine in DMF (6 mL) for 1 hour, washed with DMF (4 × 6 mL) and DCM (4 × 6 mL) and drained completely. In a separate flask, 4-ethynylbenzoic acid 2 (0.160 g, 1.10 mmol), DIC (0.280 mL, 1.79 mmol), HOBt (0.148 g, 1.10 mmol) and DIEA (0.4 mL, 2.30 mmol) were dissolved in DCM (1 mL) and DMF (4 mL), stirred 15 min and added to the resin. After shaking for 36 h, the mixture was drained, washed with DMF (4 × 6 mL) and DCM (4 × 6 mL) and dried in vacuo to give 0.495 g of a yellow resin. Resin 3 (100 mg, 0.070 mmol) was swelled in DCM (2 mL) for 1 h and drained. A solution of 1-iodo-3-nitrobenzene 4 (87.1 mg, 0.350 mmol) and Et3N (150 µL, 1.10 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL) was purged with a stream of N2 bubbles for two minutes and added to the resin. After mixing for 5 min, PdCl2(PPh3)2 (10.0 mg, 0.014 mmol) and CuI (7.0 mg, 0.036 mmol) were added and the mixture shaken for 26 h. The resin was drained, washed with DMF (3 x 2 mL), DCM (3 x 2 mL) and cleaved with 10% TFA/DCM (1.5 mL) for 20 min. The solution was collected and the resin was rinsed with additional 10% TFA/DCM (1.0 mL). The cleavage fractions were combined, treated with neat TFA (2.0 mL), stirred for 1 h at rt and concentrated by rotary evaporation to give a crude brown residue. Purification by RP-HPLC (C18 column, CH3CN gradient 5-65%, 0.1% TFA, UV analysis 300 nm, 28 min) and lyophilization of the collected fractions afforded 6.0 mg (22% yield) of (1S,2R)- N-(2-hydroxy-1-hydroxycarbamoyl-propyl)-4-(3-nitro-phenylethynyl)-benzamide as a white foam. LRMS (ES+) m/z 384.2 (C19H17N3O6 + H requires 384.15); RP-HPLC (300 nm, 28 min run) 15.2 min. The resin 1 (1.330 g, 0.931 mmol, 0.70 mmol/g) was swelled in DCM (15 mL) for 2 h and drained. The resin was treated with 20% piperidine in DMF (20 mL) for 1 hour, washed with DMF (3 × 15 mL) and DCM (3 × 15 mL) and drained completely. In a separate flask, 4-ethynylbenzoic acid 2 (0.408 g, 2.793 mmol), DIC (0.70 mL, 4.470 mmol), HOBt (0.377 g, 2.793 mmol) and DIEA (1.0 mL, 5.7 mmol) were dissolved in DCM (10 mL) and DMF (2 mL), stirred 15 min and added to the resin. After shaking for 36 h, the mixture was drained, washed with DMF (3 × 15 mL) and DCM (3 × 15 mL) and dried in vacuo to give 1.290 g of a yellow resin. Resin 3 (120 mg, 0.084 mmol) was swelled in DCM (2 mL) for 1 h and drained. A solution of 4-(trifluoromethoxy)iodobenzene 4 (96.8 mg, 0.336 mmol) and Et3N (150 µL, 1.10 mmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) was purged with a stream of N2 bubbles for two minutes and added to the resin. After mixing for 5 min, PdCl2(PPh3)2 (18.0 mg, 0.025 mmol) and CuI (8.0 mg, 0.042 mmol) were added and the mixture shaken for 24 h. The resin was drained, washed with DMF (3 × 2 mL), DCM (3 × 2 mL) and cleaved with 10% TFA/DCM (2.0 mL) for 20 min. The solution was collected and the resin was rinsed with additional 10% TFA/DCM (1.0 mL). The cleavage fractions were combined, treated with neat TFA (3.0 mL), stirred for 1 h at rt and concentrated by rotary evaporation to give a crude brown residue. Purification by RP-HPLC (C18 column, CH3CN gradient 5-55%, 0.1% TFA, UV analysis 300 nm, 28 min) and lyophilization of the collected fractions afforded 9.0 mg (25% yield) of (1S)-N-(2-amino-1-hydroxycarbamoyl-ethyl)-4-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenylethynyl)-benzamide as a white solid. LRMS (ES+) m/z 408.0 (C19H16F3N3O4 + H requires 408.11); RP-HPLC (300 nm, 28 min run) 18.0 min. The 4-(2,2-Dibromo-vinyl)-benzoic acid methyl ester (2) was made by the method of A solution of 4-(2,2-dibromo-vinyl)-benzoic acid methyl ester (2) (5.76g, 18.0mmol), ethynyl-benzene (2.57g, 25.2mmol), Pd2dba3 (164mg, 0.18mmol), tris(4-methoxyphenyl) phosphine (TMPP) (253mg, 0.72mmol) were dissolved in argon sparged (5 min.) DMF (60ml). The reaction was sparged with argon for 1 min. TEA (7.5ml, 54.0mmol) was added to the stirred reaction mixture that was then heated under argon at 85 °C for 3.5 hours. The reaction was found complete by LCMS. The reaction was cooled to rt and diluted with EtOAc/hexane (1:1) (300ml). The organic phase was washed with 1M HCl (2x50ml), 1M NaOH (3x50ml), water (2x50ml), sat. brine (50ml), dried with Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain 5.25g of crude product as an oil. The oil was treated with approximately 20 ml of a solution of 20% EtOAc/hexane that was heated to dissolve the residue. The walls of the flask were washed with the 20% EtOAc/hexane solution (5ml) that upon cooling gave 1.45 g of pure product (31% yield) as a white solid. The balence of the crude reaction product was purified by flash chromatography using EtOAc (8%)/hexane as eluant. The pure fractions were evaporated and dried in vacuo to give addition product typically 25-30% addition yield. 4-(4-Phenyl-buta-1,3-diynyl)-benzoic acid methyl ester (4) was made according to the method of A 3M aq. solution of NaOH (20ml) was added to a stirred solution of methyl ester 4 (1.45g, 5.6mmol) in MeOH (100ml) at rt. The reaction solution was heated to reflux for 45 min. until the reaction turned clear. All of the starting material was gone by TLC and HPLC. The reaction was cooled to rt and some MeOH (~50ml) was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure. Water (100ml) was added to the mixture. Conc. HCl was added dropwise to the stirred solution until acidic by pH paper (pH2). The white precipitate that formed was collected by suction filtration. The solid was washed with water (3x20ml) and hexane (2x20ml) to give after drying 1.35 g of product acid 5 in 99% yield. Subsequent conversion of compound 5 to compound 7 was performed according to the method described in Example 12 for the synthesis of N-(2-Hydroxy-1-hydroxycarbamoyl-propyl)-4-phenylethynyl-benzamide (compound 5). LCMS MH+ 363.13. DIEA (10.5ml, 60.3mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 4-[4-(4-Amino phenyl)-buta-1,3-diynyl]-benzoic acid (1) (5.0g, 19.1mmol), HOBT (2.72g, 20.1mmol), EDC (3.85g, 20.1mmol) in DMF (80ml). After 2 min., the H-DAP(Boc)-OMe was added in one portion. After 12 hours at rt, the reaction was found complete by LCMS. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc/hexane (4:1) (500ml). The organic phase was washed with 1N NaOH (2x80ml), water (2x80ml), sat. brine (80ml), dried with Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude product. The residue was filtered through a filter plug of silica eluting with EtOAc/hexane (4:1). The fractions with product were evaporated to give 8.02 g of product in 91% yield. Subsequent conversion of compound 2 to the final hydroxamic acid (for example, Example 892)was performed according to the method described in Example 12 for the synthesis of N-(2-Hydroxy-1-hydroxycarbamoyl-propyl)-4-phenylethynyl-benzamide (compound 5). A solution of methyl 4-iodobenzoate 2 (4.510 g, 17.2 mmol), PdCl2(PPh3)2 (483 mg, 0.690 mmol), and CuI (262 mg, 1.37 mmol) in CH3CN (50 mL) was cooled to 0 °C under N2 atmosphere in the absence of light. Triethylamine (7.2 mL, 52.0 mmol) was added, followed by trimethylsilyl-1,3-butadiyne 1 (5.240 g, 42.8 mmol) and the reaction stirred 3 h at 0 °C and 30 h at ambient temperature. Removal of solvent by rotary evaporation afforded a crude black residue that was purified by silica gel chromatography (95:5 hexanes/EtOAc) to give 3.450 g (79% yield) of 4-(4-trimethylsilanyl-buta-1,3-diynyl)-benzoic acid methyl ester 3 as a brown solid, mp = 67-68 °C, Potassium hydroxide (3.700 g, 65.9 mmol) was dissolved in H2O (10 mL) and added to a solution of 4-(4-trimethylsilanyl-buta-1,3-diynyl)-benzoic acid methyl ester 3 (3.420 g, 13.5 mmol) in THF (26 mL) in the absence of light. After stirring 16 h, the reaction was quenched with 1.0 M HCl (120 mL) and the resulting precipitate was filtered, washed with 1:1 hexanes/benzene (150 mL) and dried in vacuo to afford 2.100 g (91% yield, 98% pure) of 4-(buta-1,3-diynyl)-benzoic acid 4 as a brown solid, mp > 230 °C. Although diyne 4 was found to be unstable at room temperature it could be stored for several weeks at 0 °C with only small amounts of decomposition observed by TLC. Rf = 0.2 (4:1 Hexanes/EtOAc); HPLC (300 nm, 28 min run) 16.0 min; LRMS (ES+) m/z 171.0 (C11H6O2 + H requires 171.04). A suspension of N-Fmoc-hydroxylamine 2-chlorotrityl resin (3.288 g, 2.53 mmol, 0.77 mmol/g, Novabiochem) in DCM (40 mL) was shaken for 2 h and drained. The resin was treated with 20% piperidine in DMF (40 mL) for 1 hour, washed with DMF (2 × 40 mL), treated a second time with 20% piperidine in DMF (40 mL), washed with DMF (3 × 40 mL) and DCM (3 × 40 mL) and drained completely. In a separate flask, Fmoc-Dap(Boc)-OH (3.175 g, 7.44 mmol), HATU (2.829 g, 7.44 mmol) and DIEA (4.3 mL, 24.7 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (35 mL), stirred three minutes and added to the resin. After shaking for 48 h, the mixture was drained, washed with DMF (4 × 40 mL) and DCM (4 × 40 mL) and dried in vacuo to give 3.530 g of a yellow resin. The resin 2 (3.530 g, 2.53 mmol, 0.71 mmol/g) was swelled in DCM (40 mL) for 2 h and drained. The resin was treated with 20% piperidine in DMF (40 mL) for 1 hour, washed with DMF (4 × 40 mL)) and DCM (4 × 40 mL) and drained completely. In a separate flask, 4-buta-1,3-diynyl-benzoic acid 3 (1.076 g, 6.32 mmol), EDCI (1.457 g, 7.60 mmol), HOBt (1.048 g, 7.75 mmol) and DIEA (2.2 mL, 12.6 mmol) were dissolved in DCM (25 mL) and DMF (5 mL), stirred 45 min and added to the resin. After shaking for 48 h, the mixture was drained, washed with DMF (4 × 40 mL) and DCM (4 × 40 mL) and dried in vacuo to give 3.35 g of a pale brown resin. Resin 4 (176 mg, 0.135 mmol) was swelled in DCM (3 mL) for 1 h and drained. A solution of 1-iodo-3-nitrobenzene 5 (118 mg, 0.474 mmol) and Et3N (200 µL, 1.43 mmol) in DMF (3.0 mL) was purged with a stream of N2 bubbles for two minutes and added to the resin. After mixing for 5 min, PdCl2(PPh3)2 (6.0 mg, 0.009 mmol)' nd CuI (10.0 mg, 0.052 mmol) were added and the mixture shaken for 36 h. The resin was drained, washed with DMF (4 × 3 mL), DCM (4 × 3 mL) and cleaved with 10% TFA/DCM (2 mL) for 20 min. The solution was collected and the resin was rinsed with additional 10% TFA/DCM (2 mL). The cleavage fractions were combined, treated with neat TFA (4.0 mL), stirred for 1 h at rt and concentrated by rotary evaporation to give a crude brown residue. Purification by RP-HPLC (C18 column, CH3CN gradient 5-65%, 0.1% TFA, UV analysis 300 nm, 30 min) and lyophilization of the collected fractions afforded 12.0 mg (22%) of 470 as a white solid. LRMS (ES+) m/z 392.9 (C20H16N4O5 + H requires 393.11); RP-HPLC (300 nm, 30 min run) 14.9 min. Resin 1 (145 mg, 0.111 mmol) was swelled in DCM (2 mL) for 1 h and drained. A solution of 4-ethynylbenzamide 2 (124 mg, 0.288 mmol) and Et3N (100 µL, 0.72 mmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) was added and the resin agitated for 5 min. A mixture of PdCl2(PPh3)2 (21 mg, 0.030 mmol) and CuI (22 mg, 0.110 mmol) was added and the resin was agitated for 60 h. The resin was drained, washed with DMF (3 × 2 mL), DCM (3 × 2 mL) and cleaved with 10% TFA/DCM (1.5 mL) for 20 min. The solution was collected and the resin was rinsed with additional 10% TFA/DCM (1.0 mL). The cleavage fractions were combined, treated with neat TFA (2.0 mL), stirred for 1 h at rt and concentrated by rotary evaporation to give a crude brown residue. Purification by RP-HPLC (C18 column, CH3CN gradient 5-55%, 0.1% TFA, UV analysis 300 nm, 26 min) and lyophilization of the collected fractions afforded 2.6 mg (5% yield) of N-((2S)-amino-1-hydroxycarbamoyl-ethyl)-4-{4-[4-(2-amino-ethylcarbamoyl)-phenyl]-buta-1,3-diynyl}-benzamide. LRMS (ES+) m/z 434.0 (C23H23N5O4 + H requires 434.19); RP-HPLC (300 nm, 26 min run) 15.3 min. A suspension of N-Fmoc-hydroxylamine 2-chlorotrityl resin (3.188 g, 2.45 mmol, 0.77 mmol/g, Novabiochem) in DCM (40 mL) was shaken for 2 h and drained. The resin was treated with 20% piperidine in DMF (40 mL) for 1 hour, washed with DMF (2 × 40 mL), treated a second time with 20% piperidine in DMF (40 mL), washed with DMF (3 × 40 mL) and DCM (3 × 40 mL) and drained completely. In a separate flask, Fmoc-Thr(tBu)-OH (2.927 g, 7.36 mmol), HATU (2.798 g, 7.36 mmol) and DIEA (4.3 mL, 24.6 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (40 mL), stirred three minutes and added to the resin. After shaking for 24 h, the mixture was drained, washed with DMF (4 × 40 mL) and DCM (4 × 40 mL) and dried in vacuo to give 3.500 g of a yellow resin. The resin 2 (2.030 g, 1.56 mmol, 0.77 mmol/g) was swelled in DCM (20 mL) for 2 h and drained. The resin was treated with 20% piperidine in DMF (20 mL) for 1 hour, washed with DMF (4 × 20 mL) and DCM (4 × 20 mL) and drained completely. In a separate flask, 4-buta-1,3-diynyl-benzoic acid 3 (0.617 g, 3.63 mmol), EDCI (0.834 g, 4.35 mmol), HOBt (0.588 g, 4.35 mmol) and DIEA (1.0 mL, 5.7 mmol) were dissolved in DCM (15 mL) and DMF (4 mL), stirred 45 min and added to the resin. After shaking for 36 h, the mixture was drained, washed with DMF (4 × 20 mL) and DCM (4 × 20 mL) and dried in vacuo to give 1.900 g of a pale brown resin. Resin 1 (obtained from previous synthesis) (100 mg, 0.077 mmol) was swelled in DCM (2 mL) for 1 h and drained. A solution of 3-iodobenzylamine hydrochloride 2 (83.0 mg, 0.308 mmol) and Et3N (250 µL, 1.80 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL) was purged with a stream of N2 bubbles for two minutes and added to the resin. After mixing for 5 min, PdCl2(PPh3)2 (11.0 mg, 0.016 mmol) and CuI (7.0 mg, 0.037 mmol) were added and the mixture shaken for 36 h. The resin was drained, washed with DMF (4 × 2 mL), DCM (4 × 2 mL) and cleaved with 10% TFA/DCM (1.5 mL) for 20 min. The solution was collected and the resin was rinsed with additional 10% TFA/DCM (1.5 mL). The cleavage fractions were combined, treated with neat TFA (3.0 mL), stirred for 1 h at rt and concentrated by rotary evaporation to give a crude brown residue. Purification by RP-HPLC (C18 column, CH3CN gradient 5-65%, 0.1% TFA, UV analysis 300 nm, 28 min) and lyophilization of the collected fractions afforded 4.3 mg (14%) of (2S,3R)-4-[4-(3-aminomethyl-phenyl)-buta-1,3-diynyl]-N-(2-hydroxy-1-hydroxycarbamoyl-propyl)-benzamide as a white solid. LRMS (ES+) m/z 392.0 (C22H21N3O4 + H requires 392.15); RP-HPLC (300 nm, 28 min run) 10.0 min. Resin 1 (1.00 g, 0.77 mmol) was pre-swelled in DCM (25 mL) for 14 h and drained. A solution of 4-iodobenzaldehyde 2 (715 mg, 3.08 mmol) and Et3N (1.00 mL, 7.17 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was purged with N2 for two minutes and added to the resin. After mixing for 5 min, PdCl2(PPh3)2 (40.0 mg, 0.057 mmol) and CuI (19.0 mg, 0.100 mmol) were added and the reaction shaken for 48 h. The resin was drained, washed with DMF (4 × 20 mL), DCM (4 × 20 mL) and dried in vacuo to give 1.100 g of a dark yellow resin. A solution of morpholine (75 µL, 0.860 mmol) and trimethyl orthoformate (100 µL, 0.914 mmol) in THF (3.0 mL) was added to a Teflon-lined screw-capped vial containing the resin-bound diacetylenic benzaldehyde 3. The resin was agitated for 10 min, treated successively with acetic acid (100 µL, 1.75 mmol) and a solution of NaCNBH3 (40.0 mg, 0.637 mmol) in MeOH (1.0 mL) and shaken for 44 h. The resin was filtered, washed with DMF (3 × 3 mL) and DCM (3 × 3 mL) and drained. Cleavage from the resin was achieved by treatment with 10% TFA/DCM (2.0 mL) and shaking 20 min. The solution was collected and the resin was rinsed with additional 10% TFA/DCM (2.0 mL). The cleavage fractions were combined, treated with neat TFA (3.0 mL), stirred for 1 h at rt and concentrated by rotary evaporation to give a crude yellow residue. Purification by RP-HPLC (C18 column, CH3CN gradient 5-35%, 0.1% TFA, UV analysis 300 nm, 18 min) and lyophilization of the collected fractions afforded 19.0 mg (29%) of 472 as a fluffy yellow solid. LRMS (ES+) m/z 462.0 (C26H27N3O5 + H requires 462.10); HPLC (300 nm, 18 min run) 10.3 min. To a solution of 4-ethynylbenzoic acid 1 (292 mg, 2.00 mmol), EDCI (382 mg, 2.00 mmol), and HOBt (270 mg, 2.00 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added N-trityl ethylenediamine 2 (810 mg, 2.67 mmol) and DIEA (1.4 mL, 8.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred 24 h, diluted with EtOAc (200 mL), washed with 0.5 M HCl (60 mL), saturated NaHCO3 (2 × 60 mL), H2O (4 × 60 mL), dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to give 836 mg (97% yield) of N-(2-trityl-amino-ethyl)-4-ethynyl-benzamide 3 as a white solid, mp 50-51 °C. Rf = 0.40 (1:1 Hexanes/EtOAc). Resin 4 (150 mg, 0.116 mmol) was swelled in DCM (2 mL) for 1 h and drained. A solution of 4-ethynylbenzamide 3 (151 mg, 0.350 mmol) and Et3N (150 µL, 1.10 mmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) was added and the resin agitated for 5 min. A mixture of PdCl2(PPh3)2 (21 mg, 0.030 mmol) and CuI (28 mg, 0.147 mmol) was added and the resin was agitated for 60 h. The resin was drained, washed with DMF (3 × 2 mL), DCM (3 × 2 mL) and cleaved with 10% TFA/DCM (1.5 mL) for 20 min. The solution was collected and the resin was rinsed with additional 10% TFA/DCM (1.0 mL). The cleavage fractions were combined, treated with neat TFA (2.0 mL), stirred for 1 h at rt and concentrated by rotary evaporation to give a crude brown residue. Purification by RP-HPLC (C18 column, CH3CN gradient 5-65%, 0.1% TFA, UV analysis 300 nm, 26 min) and lyophilization of the collected fractions afforded 2.0 mg (4% yield) of (1S,2R)-N-(2-hydroxy-1-hydroxycarbamoyl-propyl)-4-{4-[4-(2-amino-ethylcarbamoyl)-phenyl]-buta-1,3-diynyl}-benzamide. LRMS (ES+) m/z 449.1 (C24H24N4O5 + H requires 449.18); RP-HPLC (300 nm, 26 min run) 17.0 min. Resin 1 (142 mg, 0.109 mmol) was swelled in DCM (2 mL) for 1 h and drained. A solution of 3-ethynylpyridine 2 (38 mg, 0.368 mmol) and Et3N (200 µL, 1.4 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added and the resin agitated for 5 min. A mixture of PdCl2(PPh3)2 (22 mg, 0.031 mmol) and CuI (25 mg, 0.131 mmol) was added and the resin was agitated for 72 h. The resin was drained, washed with DMF (3 × 2 mL), DCM (3 × 2 mL) and cleaved with 10% TFA/DCM (1.5 mL) for 20 min. The solution was collected and the resin was rinsed with additional 10% TFA/DCM (1.0 mL). The cleavage fractions were combined, treated with neat TFA (2.0 mL), stirred for 1 h at rt and concentrated by rotary evaporation to give a crude brown residue. Purification by RP-HPLC (C18 column, CH3CN gradient 5-65%, 0.1% TFA, UV analysis 300 nm, 24 min) and lyophilization of the collected fractions afforded 4.4 mg (11% yield) of N-((2R)-hydroxy-(1S)-hydroxycarbamoyl-propyl)-4-(4-pyridin-3-yl-buta-1,3-diynyl)-benzamide. LRMS (ES+) m/z 364.0 (C20H17N3O4 + H requires 364.13); RP-HPLC (300 nm, 24 min run) 11.2 min. 4-[4-(6-Chloro-pyridin-3-yl)-buta-1,3-diynyl]-benzoic acid was made according to the method of A solution of 4-(2,2-dibromo-vinyl)-benzoic acid methyl ester (1) (9.6g, 30.0mmol), ethynylpyridine (2) (5.43g, 39.0mmol), Pd2dba3 (274mg, 0.3mmol), tris(4-methoxyphenyl) phosphine (TMPP) (422mg, 1.2mmol) were dissolved in argon sparged (5 min.) DMF (60ml). The reaction was sparged with argon for 1 min. TEA (12.5ml), 90.0mmol) was added to the stirred reaction mixture that was then heated under argon at 85 °C "for 3 hours. The reaction was found complete by LCMS. The reaction was cooled to rt and diluted with EtOAc/hexane (1:1) (500ml). The organic phase was washed with 1M NaOH (2x80ml), water (2x80ml), sat. brine (80ml), dried with Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude product. The residue was filtered through a filter plug of silica eluting with EtOAc/hexane (1:1). The fractions with product were evaporated to give 9.06 g of product in good purity (~96% pure). The material was taken on without further purification. A 6M aq. solution of NaOH (15ml) was added to a stirred solution of 4-[4-(6-Chloro-pyridin-3-yl)-buta-1,3-diynyl]-benzoic acid methyl ester. (9.06g, 30mmol) in MeOH (350ml) at rt. The reaction solution was heated to reflux for 3 hours. The reaction stayed a mixture and did not turn clear. HPLC and LCMS indicated that the reaction was forming side products. The reaction was cooled to rt and some MeOH (~200ml)) was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure. Water (400ml) was added to the mixture. Conc. HCl was added dropwise to the stirred solution until acidic by pH paper (pH2). The yellow precipitate that formed was collected by suction filtration. The solid was washed with water (3x20ml) and hexane (2x20ml) to give the crude product. HPLC indicated that there was approximately 40% product in the mixture. The crude reaction product was purified by flash chromatography using EtOAc (8-10%)/hexane as eluant. The pure fractions were evaporated and dried in vacuo to give 4.2 g of product 3 in 50% yield. 4-[4-(6-Chloro-pyridin-3-yl)-buta-1,3-diynyl]-benzoic acid (3) was coupled to a tert-butyl protected threonine pre-loaded on hydroxylamine 2-chlorotrityl resin following the same procedure as used for Example 26. The coupling employed DIC and HOBT. [N-Fmoc-hydroxylamine 2-chlorotrityl resin was purchased from Novabiochem cat.# 01-64-0165.] A solution of morpholine (300uL) in NMP (lml) was added to a vial containing the 2-cloropyridine resin (4) (150mg, 0.12mmol). The reaction mixture was purged with argon and heated to 85-90 °C for 24 hours. The resin was drained and washed with DMF and DCM alternately several times. The product was cleaved from the resin through treatment with a TFA/water solution (80:20) (1.5ml) for 45 min. The resin was filtered and washed with fresh TFA/water solution (80:20) (0.5ml). The combined TFA and organic fractions were diluted with CH3CN/water (1:1) (10ml), water (2ml) and lyophilized. The crude product was purified by prep. HPLC. The crude product was dissolved in DMSO (1ml), passed through a Teflon syringe filter, and the clear filtrate was injected on a preparative HPLC. The purification used a 20x50 mm Ultro 120 C18 column running a 22 ml/min 2% gradient (AcCN/water, 0.1% TFA) for 16 min. The purified fractions were lyophilized to dryness to give 2.2 mg of pure product as the TFA salt (~32% yield). Preparation of 2-{4-[4-(4-Amino-phenyl)-buta-1,3-diynyl]-benzoylamino}-3-tert-butoxycarbonyloxy-butyric hydroxamic acid trityl resin (3). DIEA (2.7ml, 15.6mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 4-[4-(4-Amino-phenyl)-buta-1,3-diynyl]-benzoic acid (2) (1.64g, 6.3mmol), HOBT (0.85g, 6.3mmol), DIC (0.98ml, 6.3mmol) in DMF (50ml). After 2 min., the Thr hydroxylamine resin (5.8g, 4.5mmol) was added in one portion. [N-Fmoc-hydroxylamine 2-chlorotrityl resin was purchased from Novabiochem cat.# 01-64-0165.] After 12 hours at rt, the reaction was found complete by LCMS. The resin was drained and washed with DMF and DCM alternately 3 times each. The product on resin 3 was used as is in subsequent reactions without further treatment. The product (4) (120mg, 0.09mmol) was cleaved from the resin through treatment with a TFA/water solution (80:20) (1.5ml) for 45 min. The resin was filtered and washed with fresh TFA/water solution (80:20) (0.5ml). The combined TFA and organic fractions were diluted with CH3CN/water (1:1) (10ml), water (2ml) and lyophilized. The crude product was purified by prep. HPLC. The crude product was dissolved in DMSO (1ml), passed through a Teflon syringe filter, and the clear filtrate was injected on a preparative HPLC. The purification used a 20x50 mm Ultro 120 C18 column running a 22 ml/min 2% gradient (AcCN/water, 0.1% TFA) for 16 min. The purified fractions were lyophilized to dryness to give 2.2 mg of pure product as the TFA salt. The product (4) was lyophilized again from CH3CN/water with 10 equivalents of HCl to remove most of the TFA to yield 2 mg of product as the HCl salt (~53% yeild). A solution of bromo-acetyl chloride (0.75g, 0.58mmol) in DCM (2ml) was added to a mixture of 2-{4-[4-(4-Amino-phenyl)-buta-1,3-diynyl]-benzoylamino}-3-tert-butoxycarbonyloxy-butyric acid hydroxamate Trt Resin (3) (0.75g, 0.58mmol), lutidine (1.1ml, 9.2mmol) and DCM (4ml) at rt with shaking. After shaking for 1.5 hours, the reaction was found complete by LCMS. The resin was drained and washed with DCM (2x10ml), DMF (3x10ml) and DCM (3x10ml) again. The resin was drained and dried in vacuo. The product on resin 5 was used as is in subsequent reactions without further treatment. A solution of dimethyl amine (0.2ml) in NMP (1.2ml) was added to bromo acetic Thr Trt Resin (5) (125 mg, 0.09mmol) at rt with shaking. After shaking for 12 hours, the reaction was found complete by LCMS. The resin was drained and washed with DCM (2x10ml), DMF (3x10ml) and DCM (3x10ml) again. The product (6) was cleaved from the resin through treatment with a TFA/water solution (80:20) (1.5ml) for 45 min. The resin was filtered and washed with fresh TFA/water solution (80:20) (0.5ml). The combined TFA and organic fractions were diluted with CH3CN/water (1:1) (10ml), water (2ml) and lyophilized. The crude product was purified by prep. HPLC. The crude product was dissolved in DMSO (1ml), passed through a Teflon syringe filter, and the clear filtrate was injected on a preparative HPLC. The purification used a 20x50 mm Ultro 120 C18 column running a 22 ml/min 2% gradient (AcCN/water, 0.1% TFA) for 16 min. The purified fractions were lyophilized to dryness to give 2 mg of pure product as the TFA salt (~37% yeild). A solution of Fmoc-L-leucine (0.135g, 0.38mmol), HATU (0.146g, 0.38mmol) in DMF (1.5ml) was made. After 2 min. of shaking, the activated acid was added to the amino 1,3-diynyl benzoic Thr Trt Resin (3) (125 mg, 0.09mmol) at rt with shaking. After shaking for 36 hours, the reaction was drained and washed with DCM (2x4ml), DMF (3x4ml) and DCM (3x4ml) again. The resin was treated with 20% piperizine in DMF (4ml) for 2 hours twice. The resin was drained and washed with DMF and DCM alternately several times. The product was cleaved from the resin through treatment with a TFA/water solution (80:20) (1.5ml)) for 45 min. The resin was filtered and washed with fresh TFA/water solution (80:20) (0.5ml). The combined TFA and organic fractions were diluted with CH3CN/water (1:1) (10ml), water (2ml) and lyophilized. The crude product was purified by prep. HPLC. The crude product was dissolved in DMSO (lml), passed through a Teflon syringe filter, and the clear filtrate was injected on a preparative HPLC. The purification used a 20x50 mm Ultro 120 C 18 column running a 22 ml/min 2% gradient (AcCN/water, 0.1% TFA) for 16 min. The purified fractions were lyophilized to dryness to give 1.7 mg of pure product (7) as the TFA salt (~30% yield). The assay followed the general method of Bacterial isolates were cultivated from -70°C frozen stocks by two consecutive overnight passages at 35°C in ambient air on 5% blood agar (Remel, Lenexa, KS). Clinical isolates tested were from a collection composed of isolates collected during clinical trials and recent clinical isolates obtained from various geographically diverse hospitals in the US. Quality control and primary panel strains were from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Rockville, MD), with the exception of P. aeruginosa PA0200, a strain with a deletion of the mexABoprM genes that was received from Dr. H. Schweizer. This strain does not express the principal multidrug efflux pump and is hypersusceptible to many antibacterials. Strain Z61 (ATCC 35151) is also hypersusceptible to antibacterials. It is thought that the hypersusceptibility of this strain is the result of increased permeability of its outer membrane ( Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were determined by the broth microdilution method in accordance with the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines. In brief, organism suspensions were are adjusted to a 0.5 McFarland standard to yield a final inoculum between 3x105 and 7x105 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. Drug dilutions and inocula were made in sterile, cation adjusted Mueller-Hinton Broth (Remel). An inoculum volume of 100 µl was added to wells containing 100 µl of broth with 2-fold serial dilutions of drug. All inoculated microdilution trays were incubated in ambient air at 35° C for 18-24 hours. Following incubation, the lowest concentration of the drug that prevented visible growth was recorded as the MIC. Performance of the assay was monitored by the use of laboratory quality-control strains against tobramycin, that has a defined MIC spectrum, in accordance with NCCLS guidelines. Female Balb/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 ml of a bacterial suspension containing approximately 100 times the dose that would kill 50% of animals (LD50) of P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 or E. coli ATCC 25922. At one and five hours post infection, the test compound was injected intravenously in doses ranging from 5 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg, five mice per group. Mice were observed for 5 days, and the dose of compound resulting in survival of 50% of mice (ED50) was calculated. Checkerboard experiments can be performed to assess potential interactions between primary drug of interest (#1) and other related antibacterials (#2). P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, S. aureus ATCC 29213 and other organisms can be used as challenge strains as well as selected clinical isolates. Broth microdilution format can be used to assess the activity of drug #1 and test compound alone and in combination. Two-fold dilutions of the two compounds to be tested (each bracketing the expected MIC value) are used. The fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) was calculated as the MIC of compound #1 in combination with a second compound, divided by the MIC of compound #1 alone. A summation FIC (∑FIC) was computed for each drug combination as the sum of the individual FICs of compound #1 and #2. Synergy was defined as an ∑FIC ≤ 0.5, indifference as an ∑FIC between 0.5 and 4, and antagonism as ΣFIC > 4. The lowest ΣFIC was used for the final interpretation of drug combination studies.
Examples below marked with * do not form part of the present invention but are included for reference purposes. Each of the Example compounds of Table 1 was synthesized and assayed as described above. Many of the Example compounds 1-1307 displayed an IC50 value of less than 10 µM with respect to LpxC. Many of these compounds displayed an IC50 value of less than or equal to 1 µM or less than or equal to 0.1 µM. Many of these compounds exhibited IC50 values of less than or equal to 0.050 µM, less than or equal to 0.030 µM, less than or equal to 0.025 µM, or less than or equal to 0.010 µM. It should be understood that the organic compounds according to the invention may exhibit the phenomenon of tautomerism. As the chemical structures within this specification can only represent one of the possible tautomeric forms, it should be understood that the invention encompasses any tautomeric form of the drawn structure. Examples marked with * do not form part of the present invention and are included for reference purposes. |
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