Lactobacillus isolates having anti-inflammatory activities and uses of the same |
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| 申请号 | US12340081 | 申请日 | 2008-12-19 | 公开(公告)号 | US07901926B2 | 公开(公告)日 | 2011-03-08 |
| 申请人 | Tu-Wen Yu; Jun-Sheng Li; Feng-Ching Hsieh; Ching-Pei Chen; Tsuei-Yin Huang; Ying-Chen Lu; | 发明人 | Tu-Wen Yu; Jun-Sheng Li; Feng-Ching Hsieh; Ching-Pei Chen; Tsuei-Yin Huang; Ying-Chen Lu; | ||||
| 摘要 | Disclosed herein are two Lactobacillus isolates having anti-inflammatory activities and beneficial probiotic properties, i.e., Lactobacillus sakei GMNL-76 and Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-89, which were deposited in the Biosource Collection and Research Center (BCRC) of the Food Industry Research and Development Institute (FIRDI) under accession numbers BCRC 910355 and BCRC 910340 and in the China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC) under accession numbers CCTCC M 207153 and CCTCC M 207154, respectively. The two Lactobacillus isolates and their sub-cultured offspring can be used in the preparation of a variety of food products, and in the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions for treating and/or alleviating diseases associated with inflammation, such as rheumatoid arthritis. | ||||||
| 权利要求 | What is claimed is: |
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| 说明书全文 | This application claims priority of Taiwanese application no. 097115882, filed on Apr. 30, 2008. 1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to two Lactobacillus isolates having anti-inflammatory activities and beneficial probiotic properties, namely Lactobacillus sakei GMNL-76 and Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-89, which were deposited in the Biosource Collection and Research Center (BCRC) of the Food Industry Research and Development Institute (FIRDI) under accession numbers BCRC 910355 and BCRC 910340, respectively, and in the China Center for Type Culture collection (CCTCC) under accession numbers CCTCC M 207153 and CCTCC M 207154, respectively. The two isolates and their sub-cultured offspring can be used in the preparation of a variety of food products, and in the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions for treating and/or alleviating diseases associated with inflammation, such as rheumatoid arthritis. 2. Description of the Related Art Cytokines are known to be involved in numerous important biological processes, including inflammation, tissue repair, cell growth, fibrosis, angiogenesis, and immune response. Therefore, cytokines play an important role in autoimmune diseases. M. Feldmann et al. investigated the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis by analyzing cytokine expression and regulation in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue (M. Feldmann et al. (1996), Annu. Rev. Immunol., 14:397-440). According to M. Feldmann et al., cytokines are divided into four main classes: (1) proinflammatory cytokines; (2) immunoregulatory cytokines; (3) chemotactic cytokines; and (4) mitogenic cytokines. Proinflammatory cytokines are a group of molecules produced by T-helper 1 cells (Th1 cells for short) and having the ability to regulate delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Cartilage destruction observed in rheumatic diseases has been widely recognized to have been caused by activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). MMPs are generated by activated macrophages and fibroblasts that are responsive to proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1 or TNF-α). M. Feldmann et al. further reported that injection of IL-1 or TNF-α into collagen-immunized mice or rats, or local injection of IFN-γ into footpads of collagen type II-immunized mice would promote the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis and exacerbates the disease (M. Feldmann et al. (1996), supra). Immunoregulatory cytokines (also referred to as anti-inflammatory cytokines) are a group of molecules generated by T-helper 2 cells (Th2 cells for short) and having the ability to inhibit inflammatory reaction, including IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β). In an article by G. Garcia et al. (G. Garcia et al. (1999), Journal of Autoimmunity, 13:315-324), it is reported that the two immunoregulatory cytokines, TGF-β and IL-10, not only inhibit production of proinflammatory cytokines that will induce MMPs, they will also induce production of natural inhibitors of MMPs (i.e., tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases, TIMPs). G. Garcia et al. further pointed out that IL-10 was known to have the ability to inhibit production of IFN-γ from Th1 cells and production of a variety of cytokines from other leukocyte populations. IL-10 inhibited production of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-8 and G-CSF (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor) from macrophages, and production of IL-1, TNF, IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP1α), and macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (MIP1β) from polymorphonuclear cells. Most of these cytokines and chemokines are associated with the pathological process of rheumatoid arthritis (G. Garcia et al. (1999), supra). These study results reveal that proinflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α and IFN-γ) associated with Th1 cells promote inflammation and aggravate rheumatoid arthritis, whereas immunoregulatory cytokines (such as IL-10 and IL-4) associated with Th2 cells can not only inhibit production of proinflammatory cytokines but also induce production of TIMPs to thereby reduce cartilage destruction. Jae-Seon So reported that oral administration of Lactobacillus casei suppressed collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and reduced paw swelling, lymphocyte infiltration, and destruction of cartilage tissue. Lactobacillus casei administration reduced type II collagen (CII)-reactive proinflammatory molecules (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and Cox-2) by CD4+ T cells. Lactobacillus casei administration also reduced translocation of NF-κB into nucleus and CII-reactive Th1-type IgG isotypes IgG2a and IgG2b, while up-regulating IL-10 levels (Jae-Seon So et al. (2008), Mol. Immunol., 45(9):2690-2699; Epub Feb. 19, 2008). If rheumatoid arthritis can be treated/alleviated through administration of Lactobacillus isolates, a safe and inexpensive drug might be developed for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. To achieve the aforesaid objective, the Applicants have screened two Lactobacillus isolates from gastrointestinal tract specimens of adult subjects from Taiwan. The two Lactobacillus isolates are phylogenetically different from known strains of their respective species, and possess anti-inflammatory activities that can stimulate generation of large amounts of IL-10 and relatively small amounts of IFN-γ and/or TNF-α. Therefore, these Lactobacillus isolates are anticipated to be useful in treating diseases associated with inflammation, including, but not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis. Accordingly, in a first aspect, the present invention provides an isolated strain of Lactobacillus sp. having anti-inflammatory activity, wherein the isolated strain is (i) a deposited strain selected from:
(ii) a subcultured offspring of the deposited strain (i). In a second aspect, the present invention provides a food product comprising an edible material and the isolated strain of Lactobacillus sp. according to the present invention. In a third aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition having anti-inflammatory activity, which comprises the isolated strain of Lactobacillus sp. according to the present invention. In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating an inflammation-associated disease in a subject, including administering the isolated strain of Lactobacillus sp. according to the present invention to the subject in need of the treatment. Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent in the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which: Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic chronic disease. However, clinically used drugs are unable to effectively treat rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, long-term use of such medications may induce undesirable side effects. In addition, prior studies have indicated that proinflammatory cytokines (such as IFN-γ and TNF-α) promote inflammation so that rheumatoid arthritis worsens. Immunoregulatory cytokines associated with Th2 cells (such as IL-10 and IL-4) can inhibit production of proinflammatory cytokines and can reduce cartilage destruction through inducing production of TIMPs. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis may be achieved by regulating secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines and proinflammatory cytokines. Lactic acid bacteria, particularly bacterial strains of the genus Lactobacillus, are well known and widely used probiotic microbes. They have been proven to have many probiotic effects on the host, for example, improving the balance of normal intestinal microflora, preventing diarrhea, reducing the risk of colon cancer, stimulating normal development and functions of gastrointestinal epithelial cells, promoting the synthesis of vitamins and the production of enzymes, and preventing and treating vaginosis. Therefore, the Applicants attempted to find Lactobacillus isolates with beneficial anti-inflammatory activity from lactic acid bacteria, which are considered as probiotic microorganisms, for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Accordingly, gastrointestinal tract specimens obtained from healthy adult subjects of Taiwan were used as separated original sources of Lactobacillus isolates. The isolates were respectively co-cultured with monocytes of experimented animals so as to stimulate the monocytes to secret cytokines. Using IL-10 and IFN-γ as screening markers, two Lactobacillus isolates, i.e., GMNL-76 and GMNL-89, having the ability to stimulate the monocytes to secrete large amounts of IL-10 and a relatively small amount of IFN-γ and/or TNF-α were obtained. The two Lactobacillus isolates thus obtained were tested for purposes of characterization, and were identified and designated as Lactobacillus sakei and Lactobacillus reuteri, respectively. Lactobacillus sakei GMNL-76 and Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-89 were respectively deposited in the Biosource Collection and Research Center (BCRC) of the Food Industry Research and Development Institute (FIRDI) (331 Shih-Pin Road, Hsinchu city 300, Taiwan, R.O.C.) on Jun. 14, 2007, and Nov. 14, 2006, under accession numbers BCRC 910355 and BCRC 910340, respectively. These isolates were also deposited in the China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC) (Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China) under the Budapest Treaty on Nov. 19, 2007 under accession numbers CCTCC M 207153 and CCTCC M 207154, respectively. When Lactobacillus sakei GMNL-76 and Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-89 according to the present invention were fed to rats with collagen-induced arthritis, a rise of IL-10 and a reduction of IFN-γ and TNF-α in rat serum were observed. This indicates that Lactobacillus sakei GMNL-76 and Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-89 according to the present invention have the ability to alleviate arthritis in rats. Compared with known strains of Lactobacillus sakei BCRC 12933 and BCRC 17500, and known strains of Lactobacillus reuteri BCRC 14625, BCRC 16090, BCRC 16091, BCRC 17476, and BCRC 17478, the ability of Lactobacillus sakei GMNL-76 and Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-89 to stimulate IL-10 secretion by monocytes in vitro is better than that of other known strains of the species to which they belong. In view of the beneficial biological activities mentioned above, the two Lactobacillus isolates or their sub-cultured offspring are anticipated to have potential in the treatment of diseases associated with inflammation. Accordingly, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating an inflammation-associated disease. The pharmaceutical composition comprises: (i) at least one deposited strain selected from:
(ii) a sub-cultured offspring of the deposited strain (i). The present invention also provides a method for treating an inflammation-associated disease in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need of the treatment one of the isolated Lactobacillus strain and a sub-cultured offspring thereof. According to the present invention, the inflammation-associated disease is selected from rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and psoriasis. (Eveline Trachsel et al. (2007), Arthritis Research & Therapy, 9(1): R9, Published online Jan. 29, 2007. doi: 10.1186/ar2115; Suchita Nadkarni et al. (2007), The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 204:33-39; Richard O Williams et al. (2007), Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 7:412-417). In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the inflammation-associated disease is rheumatoid arthritis. In the pharmaceutical composition according to this invention, the aforesaid Lactobacillus isolate or sub-cultured offspring thereof may be formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, and made into a dosage form suitable for oral administration using techniques known in the art of drug-making. In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the pharmaceutical composition is a dosage form selected from the group consisting of the following: solution, suspension, emulsion, powder, tablet, pill, syrup, lozenge, troche, chewing gum, capsule, slurry and the like. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle” refers to a vehicle that, when administered to a subject, will not result in an allergic reaction or other undesirable effects in the subject. According to the invention, the pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle includes one or more of the following: solvent, emulsifier, suspending agent, decomposer, binding agent, excipient, stabilizing agent, chelating agent, diluent, gelling agent, preservative, lubricant and the like. In addition, the Lactobacillus sakei GMNL-76 and Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-89 according to the present invention are also found to have resistance to bile salts and gastric acid, and are therefore suitable for use as gastrointestinal probiotics. For example, these two isolates and their sub-cultured offspring can be used as food additive components which, according to known methodologies, may be added during preparation of the food ingredients, or may be added after fermentation of the food ingredients if participation of the same in the fermentation process is not desired, so as to be formulated with any edible material into food products suitable for ingestion by humans or animals. The present invention also provides a food product, which comprises the aforesaid Lactobacillus isolate or the offspring thereof and an edible material. Edible materials suitable for the present invention include, but are not limited to: fluid milk products, e.g., milk and concentrated milk; fermented milk, e.g., yogurt, sour milk, frozen yogurt, and lactic acid bacteria-fermented beverages; milk powder; ice cream; cream cheeses; dry cheeses; soybean milk; fermented soybean milk; vegetable-fruit juices; fruit juices; sports drinks; confectionery; jelly; candies; infant formulas; health foods; animal feeds; dietary supplements, etc. In addition, the food product according to the present invention may be in the form of instant food products that contain lyophilized or spray-dried isolated strain powders that can be directly consumed. For the preparation of relevant food products, reference can be made to, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,872,565 B2, U.S. Pat. No. 7,244,424 B2, U.S. Pat. No. 7,270,994 B2, U.S. Pat. No. 7,172,777 B2, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,872,411 B1. The food product according to the present invention may further comprise at least one probiotic microbes. As used herein, the terms “probiotic microbes” and “probiotics” are used interchangeably, and refer to preparations of live microorganisms. These microorganisms may remain and survive in the gastrointestinal tract after being ingested by a human or an animal, and can exert a preventive or therapeutic effect. Probiotic microorganisms suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, Lactobacillus sp., Bifidobacterium sp., Streptococcus sp., yeasts, and their combinations. Preferably, the Lactobacillus sp. is selected from the group consisting of the following: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus bifidus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus caucasicus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus gasseri, and their combinations. Preferably, the Bifidobacterium sp. is selected from the group consisting of the following: Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium lactis, and their combinations. Preferably, the Streptococcus sp. is selected from the group consisting of the following: Streptococcus thermophilus, Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus diacetylcatis, and their combinations. Preferably, the yeast is selected from the group consisting of the following: Candida Kefyr, Saccharomyces florentinus, Saccharomyces cereviseae, and their combinations. Materials and Methods A. Source and Preparation of Tested Strains Applicants obtained specimens from gastrointestinal tracts of a number of healthy adults at the China Medicine University Hospital (Taichung, Taiwan) in January 2002. About 400 isolated strains of Lactobacillus were screened from the specimens. In order to search for probiotics that have potential in treating rheumatoid arthritis, Applicants analyzed the isolated strains for anti-inflammatory activities, using IL-10 as a screening marker. A Bacto Lactobacilli MRS broth medium (DIFCO, Cat. No. 0881) was inoculated with a tested strain, followed by anaerobic culture at 37° C. for 12 to 18 hours. The resultant bacterial culture was centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 15 minutes. After removal of the supernatant, the precipitate was washed thrice in 1× phosphate buffered saline (PBS), followed by suspension in 1×PBS. The concentration of the resultant bacterial solution was adjusted to 1˜5×109 cells/mL (the number of bacteria was counted using OD600, OD600=1.00=5.0×108 cells/mL) using 1×PBS, and the bacterial solution thus adjusted was used as a stock solution for 10-fold serial dilution to obtain testing solutions of 108, 107, 106, 105, 104, 103, 102, 101 cells/mL. B. Preparation of Mouse Spleen Monocytes: Female BALB/c mice of 6-8 weeks old were sacrificed using CO2, and the spleens were taken out and were ground using a sterilized glass rod. The spleen tissues obtained after grinding were subjected to density gradient centrifugation (720 g×20 min, below 4° C.) with Ficoll-Paque™ PLUS (17-1441-03, Amersham Biosciences) at a volume ratio of 1:1. Thereafter, red blood cells were removed to thereby obtain mouse spleen monocytes, and the concentration of the cells were adjusted to 4×106 cells/mL using an RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). C. Evaluation of IL-10 Secretion by Mouse Spleen Monocytes Stimulated by Lactobacillus Isolates: To each well of a 96-well culture plate was added 100 μL of 4×106 cells/mL samples of the spleen monocytes prepared in Item B. The samples were divided into an experimental group, a normal control group, and a positive control group. In the experimental group, each well was further added with 20 μL of the testing bacterial solution prepared in Item A. In the normal control group, each well was further added with 20 μL RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% FBS. In the positive control group, each well was further added with 20 μL of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (Escherichia coli, serotype O55:B5, Sigma). After incubation in an incubator (37° C., 5% CO2) for a period of 24 hours, the culture solution in each well was drawn out and centrifuged. 100 μL of the supernatant was taken out for conducting an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using Mouse IL-10 OptEIA™ Set (BD Biosciences, Cat. No. 555252). The experiment was repeated twice for each group. The concentration of IL-10 was calculated by substituting the OD405 values obtained with ELISA into the following equation, and was expressed in ELISA unit (%) ELISA unit(%)=[(A−C)/(B−C)]×100 where: A=OD405 value of Lactobacillus isolates; B=OD405 value of the positive control group; and C=OD405 value of the normal control group. Result: Of all the experimented strains, 46 strains stimulated higher IL-10 secretion by mouse spleen monocytes. The experimental results are shown in Table 1. According to the experimental results in Table 1, and taking into consideration factors such as growth rate of the tested strains, number of bacteria, utility in terms of mass production, etc., the Applicants selected GMNL-19, GMNL-76, GMNL-78, GMNL-89, GMNL-94, GMNL-101, and GMNL-161 for further experimentation to evaluate the abilities of these strains to stimulate secretion of IL-10 and IFN-γ by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (human PBMCs). Materials and Methods: A. Preparation of Human PBMCs: Human white blood cell concentrate (Tainan blood donation center) that has been inspected to be suitable for experimentation purposes were subjected to density gradient centrifugation (720 g, 20 min) at 4° C. with Ficoll-Paque™ PLUS (17-1441-03, Amersham Biosciences) at a volume ratio of 1:1. Thereafter, the red blood cells were removed to thereby obtain human PBMCs, and the cell concentration was adjusted to 4×106 cells/mL using an RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% FBS. B. Evaluation of IL-10 Secretion by Human PBMCs Stimulated by Lactobacillus Isolates: The evaluation of the ability of Lactobacillus isolates GMNL-19, GMNL-76, GMNL-78, GMNL-89, GMNL-94, GMNL-101, and GMNL-161 to stimulate secretion of IL-10 by human PBMCs is essentially based on the operating procedure described in connection with Item C of Example 1. The difference resides in that a 20 μL testing bacterial solution having a concentration of 1×108 cells/mL was used as the experimental group, and 100 μL of samples of the human PBMCs prepared in Item A, and Human IL-10 OptEIA™ Set (BD Biosciences, Cat. No. 555157) were used. C. Evaluation of Secretion of IFN-γ by PBMCs Stimulated by Lactobacillus Isolates: The ability of Lactobacillus isolates GMNL-19, GMNL-76, GMNL-78, GMNL-89, GMNL-94, GMNL-101, and GMNL-161 to stimulate secretion of IFN-γ by human PMBCs was analyzed in accordance with the following description. To each well of a 96-well culture plate was added 100 μL of the samples of human PBMCs. The samples were divided into an experimental group and a normal control group. In the experimental group, 20 μL of the testing bacterial solution (1×107 cells/mL) prepared in Item A of Example 1 was further added to each well. In the normal control group, 20μ of RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% FBS was further added to each well. After incubation in an incubator (37° C., 5% CO2) for a period of 24 hours, the culture solution in each well was centrifuged. 100 μL of the supernatant removed therefrom was taken out for conducting IFN-γ ELISA using BD OptEIA™ Human IFN-γ ELISA Kit II (BD Biosciences, Cat. No. 550612). In addition, samples of human PBMCs were added with Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin (PHA, Sigma, Cat. No. L2769) at a ratio of 4×106 cells/mL to 10 μg/mL of PHA, and were cultured for a period of 48 hours. After centrifugation (720 g×20 min, 4° C.), the supernatant was taken out and stored in a freezer set to −80° C. The PHA-processed supernatant (100 mL) was used as an internal positive control when conducting an analysis of IFN-μ ELISA. 100 μL of mouse anti-human IFN-γ (BD Pharmingen™, Cat. No. 551221) diluted 1000-fold by a coating buffer (0.1 M Na2HPO4, 0.77 mM NaN3, pH 9.0) was added to each well of a 96-well culture plate (Nunc-Immuno™ 96 MicroWell™ Plates, MaxiSorp, Cat. No. 442404). The culture plate was agitated at 40 rpm at room temperature (25° C.) for 1 hour, followed by cultivation at 4° C. overnight. Thereafter, the culture plate was restored to room temperature, and the liquid in each well was removed. Each well was washed twice (3 min each) using a washing buffer (PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20), followed by addition of 200 mL of a blocking buffer (PBS containing 3% Bovine Serum Albumin) to each well. The culture plate was allowed to stand at room temperature for 2 hours, followed by removal of the blocking buffer and washing with the washing buffer twice. 100 μL of the sample to be tested was added to each well, and was allowed to react at 4° C. overnight. Thereafter, the liquid in each well was removed, and each cell was washed twice with a washing buffer (PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20). Subsequently, 100 mL of biotin mouse anti-human IFN-γ (BD Pharmingen™, Cat. No. 554550) diluted 2000 times with a diluent buffer (PBS containing 1% BSA) was added to each well, and was allowed to react at room temperature for 2 hours. After the liquid in each well was removed, each well was washed twice with a washing buffer (PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20). Thereafter, 100 mL of Streptavidin-Alkaline phophatase (Streptavidin-AP, BD Pharmingen™, Cat. No. 554065) diluted 2000 times with a diluent buffer (PBS containing 1% BSA) was allowed to react at room temperature for 1 hour. After the liquid in each well was removed, each cell was washed four times with a washing buffer (PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20), followed by addition of 100 mL freshly prepared p-Nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) solution to each well. The culture plate was placed in a dark place at room temperature and allowed to react for 30 minutes. Thereafter, the absorbance at 405 nm was read for each well using ELISA Microplate Reader (Bio-Rad, Model 550). This experiment was repeated twice for each group. The concentration of IFN-γ was calculated by substituting the OD405 values obtained with ELISA into the following equation, and was expressed in ELISA unit (%): ELISA unit(%)=[(A−C)/(B−C)]×100 where: A=OD405 value of Lactobacillus isolates; B=OD405 value of the internal positive control group; and C=OD405 value of normal control group. Result: The results of IL-10 and INF-γ secretion by human PBMCs stimulated by Lactobacillus isolates GMNL-19, GMNL-76, GMNL-78, GMNL-89, GMNL-94, GMNL-101, and GMNL-161 are respectively shown in Tables 2 and 3. It can be seen from Table 2 that, of all the Lactobacillus isolates, GMNL-76 and GMNL-89 stimulated the highest amount of secretion of IL-10 by human PBMCs. This indicates that the ability of these Lactobacillus isolates to stimulate secretion of IL-10 by human PBMCs is the highest. It is further apparent from Table 3 that, of all the Lactobacillus isolates, GMNL-78 stimulated the least amount of secretion of IFN-γ by human PBMCs, with GMNL-89 and GMNL-76 second thereto. This indicates that the ability of GMNL-78 to stimulate secretion of IFN-γ by human PBMCs is the lowest, and the abilities of GMNL-89 and GMNL-76 are likewise quite low. Proinflammatory cytokines (such as IFN-γ and TNF-α) are known to promote inflammation to result in aggravated rheumatoid arthritis, whereas immunoregulatory cytokines (such as IL-10) are known to be able to inhibit formation of proinflammatory cytokines. The Applicants therefore hypothesize that: if human or animal monocytes could be stimulated to secrete more immunoregulatory cytokines and less proinflammatory cytokines, rheumatoid arthritis conditions in human or animals could be improved. Furthermore, according to the results in Tables 2 and 3, the Applicants believe that Lactobacillus isolates GMNL-76 and GMNL-89 showed more potential for development, and were used in the animal tests described below. Materials and Methods: A. Animals: Male LEW/SsNNarl rats (6-week old, weighing about 200 to 250 g) purchased from the Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories (Taiwan) were used in the following experiments. All the animals were housed in a separate air-conditioned room maintained at a temperature of 25±1° C. and a relative humidity of 60±5%, and were given 12-hour lighting. The animals were allowed access to sufficient water and food, and were acclimatized to the test environment for a week. Animal handling and the experiment protocol conformed to the standards of the Laboratory Animal Committee, Taiwan. B. Preparation of Test Strains: Bacto Lactobacilli MRS broth media (DIFCO, Cat. No. 0881) were respectively inoculated with Lactobacillus isolates GMNL-76 and GMNL-89. The isolates were cultured anaerobically at 37° C. until growth was saturated. After centrifugation at 3,000 g for 15 minutes, the precipitate was washed twice with 2 mL and 1 mL of 1×PBS (pH 7.2), respectively, followed by addition of 1 mL of PBS thereto. The concentration of the bacterial solutions was measured using OD600. The measured concentration was approximately 1.0×1010 cells/mL. The bacterial solution was stored at −80° C. for subsequent use. C. Induction of Arthritis: The induction of arthritis was conducted using a method that was slightly modified from that described by Y. Kameyama et al. in Bone 35 (2004) 948-956. Bovine type II collagen (CII for short) (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat. No. C1188) was dissolved in 0.05 M acetic acid to formulate a CII solution having a concentration of 2 mg/mL. A CII emulsion was formulated from 100 μL of CII solution and 100 μL complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Thereafter, 200 μL of the CII emulsion was injected subcutaneously into the tails of the rats. The rats were given a boost injection twenty-one days after the initial immunization. D. Feeding with Lactobacillus Isolates: The rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=6 per each group), including three experimental groups (GMNL-76 group, GMNL-89 group, and placebo group) and a control group. Except for the control group, arthritis induction was performed on the rats in all the other groups according to the method described in Item C of this example. For the GMNL-76 group and the GMNL-89 group, starting from the seventh day after the boost injection, the rats were fed with the bacterial solution (1.0×1010 cells/mL/day) prepared in Item B of this example. The rats in the placebo group and the control group were fed with reverse-osmosis (RO) water. After feeding for eight consecutive weeks, blood of the rats was collected by orbital bleeding for centrifugation. The resulting serum was used for measuring concentrations of IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α. In addition, all the rats were further used for the following evaluation of arthritis after orbital bleeding. E. Measurement of Concentrations of IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α: Evaluation of IL-10 concentration was essentially based on the operating procedure described in Item C of Example 1, except that the rat serum obtained in Item D of this example and a Rat IL-10 OptEIA™ Set (BD Bioscience PharMingen, San Diego, Calif., Cat. No. 2611KI) were used. Evaluation of IFN-γ concentration was essentially based on the operating procedure described in Item C of Example 2, except that the rat serum obtained in Item D of this example and a Rat IFN-γ OptEIA™ Set (BD Bioscience PharMingen, San Diego, Calif.) were used. Evaluation of TNF-α concentration was essentially based on the operating procedure described in Item C of Example 1, except that the rat serum obtained in Item D of this example and a BD OptEIA Rat TNF-α ELISA Kit (BD Bioscience PharMingen, San Diego, Calif.) were used. The OD405 values thus obtained were subsequently converted to concentrations expressed in pg/mL based on a correlation curve previously prepared by plotting different known concentrations of IL-10, IFN-γ or TNF-α standards versus their OD405 values. F. Evaluation of Arthritis: The evaluation of arthritis in the rats were based on the method described by Y. Kameyama et al. in Bone 35 (2004) 948-956. Specifically, changes, such as swelling and enlargement, in the joints of the four paws of each rat were recorded and quantified by scoring each paw on a scale from 0-4: 0, absence of arthritis symptoms; 1, swelling in one toe; 2, swelling in more than three toes; 3, swelling in the entire paw; 4, severe swelling and curling of all the joints, which prevent normal walking. G. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS statistics software (version 10.0). Since the total number of the tested animals was less than thirty, the experimental data was analyzed using a nonparametric statistical method (also known as Mann-Whitney U test) for evaluating differences between the control group, the GMNL-76 group, the GMNL-89 group, and the placebo group in terms of sample distribution. The experimental data was expressed in mean±standard deviation (statistical significance, P<0.05) Result: The concentrations of IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α in the serum of rats fed for eight consecutive weeks are respectively shown in Table 4 and in 1: All the data was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. 2: The scores of severity of arthritis for each rat were calculated by summing the total scores for the joints in the four paws. 3: *: p<0.05, compared with placebo group. It is apparent from Table 4 and Therefore, the Applicants hypothesize that: Lactobacillus isolates GMNL-76 and GMNL-89 can lower TNF-α secretion aside from lowering secretion of IFN-γ by Th1 cells to alleviate inflammation, thereby reducing secretion of MMPs to prevent further damage to cartilage in joint tissues. In addition, Lactobacillus isolates GMNL-76 and GMNL-89 can also increase the secretion of immunoregulatory cytokine, IL-10, to render the condition of inflammation controllable. Therefore, although joint damage caused by arthritis is irrevocable, through feeding with Lactobacillus isolates GMNL-76 and GMNL-89 of this invention, there is a reduction in inflammation-associated IFN-γ and TNF-α in the rat serum, while there is an increase in anti-inflammation-associated IL-10. This indicates that the arthritis condition in the rats was alleviated and did not aggravate. In order to identify the species of the Lactobacillus isolates GMNL-76 and GMNL-89 screened in the above examples, the following preliminary tests, 16S rDNA sequence analysis, and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis were conducted. Materials and Methods: A. Preliminary Tests: Items of the preliminary tests conducted against the Lactobacillus isolates GMNL-76 and GMNL-89 include: gram staining, morphological observation, catalase test, mobility, growth under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. B. 16S rDNA Sequence Analysis: Under sterile conditions, each of the isolates GMNL-76 and GMNL-89 was inoculated into 1 mL of Bacto Lactobacilli MRS broth medium (DIFCO, Cat. No. 0881), and cultured at 37° C. overnight. Thereafter, each of the bacterial solutions was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 1 minute, followed by removal of the supernatant. Each of the remaining precipitates was then suspended in 200 μL of ddH2O, followed by centrifugation at 13,000 rpm for 1 minute and removal of the supernatant. This step was repeated once. Finally, each of the cell precipitates thus obtained by centrifugation was suspended in 200 μL of ddH2O. The cell suspension containing the genomic DNA was subjected to a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed under the reaction conditions shown in Table 5 using a primer pair (PAF primer and 536R primer) having the following nucleotide sequence and designed for a 16S rDNA sequence of Lactobacillus reported in an article by P. S. M. Yeung et al. (2002) (J. Dairy Sci., 85:1039-1051). PAF primer 5′-agagtttgatcctggctcag-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 1) 536R primer 5′-gtattaccgcggctgctg-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 2) After completion of the PCR, the resultant PCR products were subjected to electrophoresis on 1.8% agarose gels to verify whether a PCR amplified product of about 500 bp was obtained, and the verified PCR product was recovered and purified from the agarose gels. Sequences for the purified PCR product were determined by Genomics BioSci & Tech. Co., Ltd., Taiwan, and the determined sequences were compared and analyzed using the software nucleotide-nucleotide BLAST on NCBI website. C. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Analysis: After analyzing and verifying the species of Lactobacillus isolates GMNL-76 and GMNL-89 using the 16S rDNA sequences, the genomic DNAs of Lactobacillus isolates GMNL-76 and GMNL-89 obtained in Item B of this example were used as templates, and a 10-mer primer Lac P2 having the following nucleotide sequence and reported by M. de Angelis et al. (2001) in Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67:2011-2020 was chosen for conducting PCR under the reaction conditions shown in Table 6. Lac P2 primer 5′-atgtaacgcc-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 3) After completion of PCR, the amplified products were subjected to electrophoresis on 1.8% agarose gels, followed by staining, observation under ultraviolet light, and picture-taking. In this experiment, seven strains of Lactobacillus strains were also purchased from the BCRC of the FIRDI, Taiwan, to serve as controls for purposes of comparison and analysis. The seven strains include: 1. Lactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei, BCRC 12933 (corresponding to ATCC 31063; isolated from pickled cabbage); 2. Lactobacillus sakei subsp. carnosus, BCRC 17500 (corresponding to LMG 17302; isolated from raw sausage); 3. Lactobacillus reuteri, BCRC 14625 (corresponding to ATCC 23272 and DSM 20016; isolated from human feces); 4. Lactobacillus reuteri, BCRC 16090 (corresponding to DSM 20015; isolated from manure); 5. Lactobacillus reuteri, BCRC 16091 (corresponding to DSM 20053; isolated from human feces); 6. Lactobacillus reuteri, BCRC 17476 (corresponding to JCM 1081; isolated from chicken intestine); and 7. Lactobacillus reuteri, BCRC 17478 (corresponding to JCM 2762; isolated from fermented molasses). Result: 1. Identification and Characterization of Lactobacillus Isolate GMNL-76: (i) According to the preliminary test results, this isolate is gram-positive, non-motile, catalase-negative, and oxidase-negative, and grows under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. (ii) The analysis results of the 16S rDNA sequence of this isolate are shown in (iii) The RAPD analysis results are shown in In view of the above identification results, the Lactobacillus isolate GMNL-76 according to this invention is believed to be a new isolate of Lactobacillus sakei. 2. Identification and Characterization of Lactobacillus Isolate GMNL-89: (i) According to the preliminary test results, this isolate is gram-positive, non-motile, catalase-negative, and oxidase-negative, and grows in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions; (ii) The analysis results of the 16S rDNA sequence of this isolate are shown in (iii) The RAPD analysis results are shown in In view of the above identification results, it is believed that the Lactobacillus isolate GMNL-89 according to this invention is a novel isolate of Lactobacillus reuteri. The Lactobacillus sakei GMNL-76 and Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-89 were respectively deposited in the Biosource Collection and Research Center (BCRC) of the Food Industry Research and Development Institute (FIRDI) (331 Shih-Pin Road, Hsinchu city 300, Taiwan, R.O.C.) on Jun. 14, 2007, and Nov. 14, 2006, under accession numbers BCRC 910355 and BCRC 910340, respectively. These isolates were also deposited in the China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC) (Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China) under the Budapest Treaty on Nov. 19, 2007 under accession numbers CCTCC M 207153 and CCTCC M 207154, respectively. To demonstrate that the ability to stimulate monocytes to secrete more IL-10 is a bioactivity specific to Lactobacillus isolates GMNL-76 and GMNL-89, these isolates were compared with seven known strains (i.e., Lactobacillus sakei BCRC 12933 and BCRC 17500, and Lactobacillus reuteri BCRC 14625, BCRC 16090, BCRC 16091, BCRC 17476, and BCRC 17478 purchased from FIRDI) in the following experiment. Materials and Methods: The evaluation of IL-10 concentration was essentially based on the operating procedure described in Item C of Example 1, and Lactobacillus isolates GMNL-76 and GMNL-89 according to this invention and the seven known strains were used to conduct the experiment. The OD405 values thus obtained were subsequently converted to concentrations expressed in pg/mL based on a correlation curve previously prepared by plotting different known concentrations of IL-10 standards versus their OD405 values. The experiment for each strain was repeated twice, and the experimental data was expressed in mean±standard deviation. Result: The following Table 7 shows the results of IL-10 secretion by rat spleen monocytes stimulated by GMNL-76, GMNL-89, and the seven known strains. It is evident from Table 7 that, of all the tested strains, Lactobacillus isolate GMNL-89 of the invention and the known strain BCRC 17476 have the highest abilities to stimulate rat spleen monocytes to secrete IL-10, with GMNL-76 second thereto. The experiment results shown in Table 7 also demonstrate that Lactobacillus isolates GMNL-89 and GMNL-76 of this invention are different from the other known strains belonging to the same species. To test the abilities of Lactobacillus GMNL-76 and GMNL-89 to survive the harsh environment of the human digestive tract after being ingested, an experiment to simulate the digestive process in the human digestive tract was conducted. Materials: 1. MRS Broth (pH=3) 55 g of MRS powder (BD, Cat. No. 288130) was dissolved in 1 L of RO water and sufficiently mixed, followed by adjustment of the pH value to 3 using 1 M HCl, and sterilization at 121° C. for 15 minutes. The resultant broth was put aside for subsequent use after cooling. 2. MRS Broth Medium Containing 0.2% (w/v) of Ox Gall: 55 g of MRS powder was dissolved in 1 L of RO water and sufficiently mixed so as to obtain a MRS broth medium, followed by sterilization at 121° C. for 15 minutes. When the temperature of the MRS broth medium dropped to about 45° C., 2 g of ox gall powder (Sigma) was added and sufficiently mixed so as to obtain a MRS broth medium containing 0.2% (w/v) of ox gall, which was subsequently filtered using a filter with a porosity of 0.45 μm. 3. MRS Agar Plate: 55 g of MRS powder was dissolved in 1 L of RO water. 15 g of agarose powder was added after the MRS powder was completely dissolved. The mixture thus formed was subsequently poured into a 1-L serum flask and was subjected to sterilization at 121° C. for 15 minutes. When the temperature of the mixture dropped to 45° C., about 15 to 20 mL of the mixture was added to each petri dish under sterile operating conditions. The resultant mixture was allowed to cool and coagulate for subsequent use. Methods: A. Acid Tolerance Test: 27 mL of the MRS broth medium (pH=3) was inoculated with 3 mL of the test bacterial solution obtained in Item A of Example 1 and was sufficiently mixed therewith, followed by incubation at 37° C. for 3 hours. Thereafter, 1 mL of the culture was taken and was subjected to serial dilution with sterile water, followed by a spread plate procedure (10−9˜10−1). Thereafter, the number of surviving bacteria was counted. B. Bile Salt Tolerance Test: After completion of the acid tolerance test, the remaining 29 mL of the culture was centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 15 minutes. The supernatant was removed, and 30 mL of sterile water was added to suspend the bacteria. Subsequently, centrifugation at 4,000 rpm was performed for 15 minutes, and the supernatant was removed, thereby removing the acidic MRS broth medium. Next, 30 mL of MRS broth medium containing 0.2% (w/v) of ox gall was used to disperse the bacteria, followed by incubation of the culture thus formed at 37° C. for 3 hours. Thereafter, 1 mL of the culture was taken and subjected to serial dilution using sterile water, and a spread plate procedure (10−9˜10−1) was performed. The number of surviving bacteria was counted. Result: The growth of Lactobacillus GMNL-76 and GMNL-89 after undergoing the simulated human digestive process is shown in the following table 8. It is apparent from Table 8 that, after the two Lactobacillus isolates of this invention were cultured in MRS broth medium (pH=3) for three hours, the viable bacteria count for Lactobacillus GMNL-76 is 1.83×105 CFU/mL after processing. As for Lactobacillus GMNL-89, the viable bacterial cell count is 6.83×108 CFU/mL. After the two Lactobacillus isolates were cultured in MRS broth medium containing 0.2% ox gall for three additional hours, the viable bacterial cell count did not drop, showing that the two Lactobacillus isolates had excellent survival rate in the MRS broth medium containing 0.2% ox gall. Such results indicate that Lactobacillus GMNL-76 and GMNL-89 were able to overcome the environmental pressure posed by the human digestive tract, and could reach and colonize the intestine(s) after ingestion. All patents and literature references cited in the present specification are hereby incorporated thereinto by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present description, including definitions, shall prevail. While the invention has been described with reference to the above specific embodiments, it is apparent that numerous modifications and variations can be made without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. It is therefore intended that this invention be limited only as indicated by the appended claims. |
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