Irradiation equipment, for providing irradiation by synchrotron radiation when one end of the equipment is coupled to a synchrotron (2), a work chamber is disposed at the other end of the equipment, and a synchrotron radiation beam (1) is transmitted through the equipment, the irradiation equipment comprising:

a beam duct (3) disposed along a path for the synchrotron radiation beam (1), and

a multistage axial flow turbine (6) installed in the beam duct, the multistage axial flow turbine comprising a plurality of stators (61) and rotors (62) arranged alternately in an axial direction of the turbine (6), each stator having vanes (63) and a beam transmission hole (64) formed in its vane region, and each rotor (62) having vanes (65) and gaps (66) between adjacent vanes, a plurality of such beam transmission holes (64) being aligned in a direction of said synchrotron radiation beam (1), and a plurality of such gaps (66) being in positions aligned in the axial direction of the turbine, whereby the synchrotron radiation beam (1) can penetrate through the beam transmission holes (64) and gaps (66) of the multistage axial flow turbine (6) intermittently, with rotation of the rotors.

A method and a device relating to a transmission ion chamber (11). The transmission ion chamber includes four flat inner ion trapping electrodes (15 to 18) and four outer flat ion trapping electrodes (19 to 22). The transmission ion chamber is inserted in a beam of therapeutic rays. The inner electrodes are completely exposed to the beam, and the ion currents from these electrodes are used to cause the beam to be symmetric with reference to the centre line (14) of the primary collimator inserted in the beam. The characteristic feature of the invention is that the outer electrodes are exposed to the beam, on one hand, and are struck by the shadow of the primary collimator inserted in the beam, on the other hand. The ion currents from the outer electrodes are used to center the beam in relation to the centre line (14) after the beam first being caused to be symmetric in relation to the centre line (14).

The object of the present invention is to provide a material which has an excellent thermal conductivity as a thermal interface material even under the condition of high vacuum and has no risk of contaminating the interior of an apparatus and outgassing. The present invention is characterized in having a thickness of not more than 9.6 µm and not less than 50 nm and a thermal conductivity in the a-b surface direction at 25°C of not less than 1000 W/mK. It is preferred that a density be not less than 1.8 g/cm³ in the present invention. The graphite sheet of the present invention is preferably obtained by thermally treating a polymer film at a temperature of not less than 2900°C. The polymer film is preferably at least one kind selected from among polyamides, polyimides, polyquinoxalines, polyoxadiazoles, polybenzimidazoles and the like.

Method and kit for providing visual effects on fibres, for example human keratin fibres. In the method, fibres are provided coated with a composition. The composition comprises monomer(s) and optionally a cosmetically acceptable carrier. The monomer(s) are capable of forming a polymer after exposure to electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength of from 300 nm to 750 nm. The monomer(s) are selected from the group consisting of acrylates monomers, methacrylate monomers, acrylamide monomers, methacrylamide monomers, styrene monomers, vinyl pyrolidinone monomers, vinylpyrrolidone monomers, and mixtures thereof. The monomer(s) have a molecular weight in the range from 100 g/mol to 5000 g/mol. The monomer(s) have a functionality of between 1 and 100. The composition has a kinematic viscosity of from 0.5 cSt to 1500 cSt, measured at 23°C. In the method, a forming means is applied onto the fibres. The forming means orders the composition into a pattern and is permeable to UV radiation. In the method, the forming means is irradiated with electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength of from 300 nm to 750 nm and the the forming means is removed from the fibres.

There is provided an ultraviolet emitting material of one of types: (α) an ultraviolet-emitting material that is formed so as to include Mg_1-xZn_xO (0 < x < 0.55) with a rock-salt structure or Be_1-x-y-zMg_yZn_xCa_zO (0.45≤ y + z < 1, 0 < x ≤ 0.55) with a rock-salt structure; (β) an ultraviolet emitting material with a quantum well structure that includes a well layer that is formed of an Mg_1-xZn_xO (0 < x < 0.55) single crystal with a rock-salt structure and a barrier layer that is formed of an Mg_1-wZn_wO (0 ≤ w < 0.45, w < x) single crystal with a rock-salt structure; and (γ) an ultraviolet emitting material with a quantum well structure that includes a well layer and a barrier layer, each of which is formed of a Be_1-x-y-zMg_yZn_xCa_zO (0.5 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ x + z ≤ 0.5) single crystal with a rock-salt structure.

There is provided an ultraviolet emitting material of one of types: (α) an ultraviolet-emitting material that is formed so as to include Mg_1-xZn_xO (0 < x < 0.55) with a rock-salt structure or Be_1-x-y-zMg_yZn_xCa_zO (0.45≤ y + z < 1, 0 < x ≤ 0.55) with a rock-salt structure; (β) an ultraviolet emitting material with a quantum well structure that includes a well layer that is formed of an Mg_1-xZn_xO (0 < x < 0.55) single crystal with a rock-salt structure and a barrier layer that is formed of an Mg_1-wZn_wO (0 ≤ w < 0.45, w < x) single crystal with a rock-salt structure; and (γ) an ultraviolet emitting material with a quantum well structure that includes a well layer and a barrier layer, each of which is formed of a Be_1-x-y-zMg_yZn_xCa_zO (0.5 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ x + z ≤ 0.5) single crystal with a rock-salt structure.

A method and apparatus for aligning a laser beam (216) coincident with a charged particle beam (350). The invention described provides a method for aligning the laser beam through the center of an objective lens (214) and ultimately targeting the eucentric point of a multi-beam system (300). The apparatus takes advantage of components of the laser beam alignment system being positioned within and outside of the vacuum chamber (360) of the charged particle system.