Use of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone for potentiating body and mouthfeel of foods and beverages
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Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone is an intense sweetener which at low concentrations is several hundred times sweeter than sucrose (G.E. Dubois et al: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 1981, 24, 408-428; G.A. Crosby et al. New sweeteners. In: CRC Handbook of Food Additives, T.E. Furia Ed., Boca Raton, CA: CRC Press, 1980, Vol.2, 203-216; G.E. Inglett et al: Journal of Food Science , 1969, 34, 101-103; D.G. Guadagni et al: Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1974, 25, 1199-1205; G.E. Dubois et al: Science, 1977, 195, 397-399; G.E. Dubois et al: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1977, 25, 763-772; H. Beerens: Annales des Falsifications et de l'Expertise Chimique, 1981, 74, 261-271; M.J. Chicouri: LaboPharma, Problèmes et Techniques, 1981, 310, 471-474). It has a pleasant, sweet taste and lacks any bitter or metallic aftertaste (S.S. Schiffman et al: Physiology and Behaviour, 1979, 23, 1-9).
The relative sweetness of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone like that of other intense sweeteners decreases with increasing concentration. Thus, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone is about 1800 times sweeter than sucrose at or near the threshold of organoleptic perception. As concentration increases, the sweetness of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone decreases relatively to that of sucrose. In comparison with a 5% sucrose solution, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone is about 250 times sweeter (D.G. Guadagni et al: Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1974, 25, 1199-1205). However, in other studies, a higher sweetness of 1000 and 600 times than that of sucrose was reported at sucrose concentrations of 5 and 8.5% respectively (L. Krbechek et al: Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 1968, 16, 108-112; G.E. Inglett et al: Journal of Food Science, 1969, 34, 101-103, G.E. Dubois et al: Science, 1977, 195, 397-399; S.S. Schiffman: Physiology and Behaviour, 1979, 23, 1-9).
For the application of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone in certain soft drinks it may be relevant that caffeine enhances the sweetness of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (S.S. Schiffman et al: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour, 1986, 24, 429-432).
For the assessment of the organoleptic properties of an intense sweetener, the taste quality and the time/intensity profile are as important characteristics as the mere sweetness potency. The time/intensity profile of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone is characterized by a slightly delayed onset but a rather long duration of sweetness perception (G.A. Crosby et al In: Developments in Sweeteners, C.A.M. Hough et al (Ed), 1, 135-164. Applied Science Publishers Ltd, London, 1979; G.E. Dubois et al: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1981, 29, 1269-1276). At higher concentrations, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone was reported to have a lingering menthol-, or licorice-like aftertaste (G.A. Crosby et al. New sweeteners. In: CRC Handbook of Food Additives, T.E. Furia (Ed), Boca Raton, CA. CRC Press, 1980, Vol. 2, 203-216). However, modifications of the sensory properties of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone are possible by admixture of bulk sweeteners, certain flavours, or other taste modifying food additives such as glutamates, amino acids or nucleotides (J.D. Higginbotham, Recent developments in non-nutritive sweeteners. In: Developments in Sweeteners, T.H. Grenby et al (Ed), London, Applied Science Publishers Ltd. 1983, 2, 119-155; U.S. Patent No. 4 254 155; U.S. Patent No. 4 085 232; Swiss Patent No. 592418; Japanese Patent No. 80-46699).
When two or more sweeteners are combined, the effective sweetness of the mixture can be different from that found when they are tasted individually. If the sweetness intensity of the mixture is greater than the sum of the sweetness of the components, then the sweeteners are acting synergistically (A.I. Bakal, Mixed sweetener functionality. In: Alternative sweeteners. L. O'Brien et al (Ed), New York. Marcel Dekker Inc., 325-346,1986). Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone has been shown to act in this way in mixtures with saccharin (U.S. Patent No. 3 653 923), saccharin and cyclamate (G.E. Inglett et al: Journal of Food Science,1969,34, 101-103) and acesulfame-K (U.S. Patent No. 4 158 068).
US-A-4,001,453 discloses sweetening compositions containing as a sweetener one part of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, naringin, dihydrochalcone or hesperetin dihydrochalcone glucoside and two parts of glucono-δ-lacton, gluconic acid or their acceptable salts. This composition avoids the delay in the onset of the sweetening action of a sweetening agent of the dihydrochalcone type.
The present invention relates to a novel use of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone. In the context of experiments on the use of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone in foods, it was found surprisingly that with the addition of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, even at very low levels at which it is no longer perceived as sweet, the body and mouthfeel of various food products could be improved. This effect could be achieved in both sweet or not sweet foods and beverages. Other non-caloric sweeteners did not have such an effect.
The present invention relates therefore to the use of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone not simply as a sweetener, but as an enhancer of body and mouthfeel properties of foods and beverages. So far, such effects could only be obtained either with the addition of bulk sweeteners (e.g. sucrose) at concentrations at which sweetness was also perceived or with non-sweet bulking agents such as maltodextrins (W.M. Nicol. In: Sugar, Science and Technology,1979, Applied Science London, p. 227; A. Salant. In: Handbook of Food Additives, 2nd Ed., CRC Press, Ohio, p. 533, 1975; U.S. Patent No. 3 684 529; U.S. Patent No. 3 773 526; U.S. Patent No. 3 743 518; U.S. Patent No. 3 695 898; U.S. Patent 3 704 138; M.G. Lindley. In: Developments in Sweeteners 2, Applied Science, London, p. 240, 1983).
However, in order to achieve the desired effect, sucrose, maltodextrin and other similar products had to be used at substantial concentrations which added a significant amount of calories to the final product. Using the present invention, it is now possible to obtain an improved body and mouthfeel without adding calories at the same time. This is particularly important for the preparation of low-calorie soft drinks and calorie-reduced confectionery, yoghurts, desserts and sauces.
Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone is able to mimic the body and mouthfeel of sucrose in different foods and beverages, even at concentrations as low as 5 ppm or lower, i.e. down to 0.1 ppm. In foods which are sweet and traditionally formulated with sucrose, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone may be used according to the present invention in order to improve body and mouthfeel also in combination with intense sweeteners, which themselves lack such body and mouthfeel enhancing properties. Using neohesperidin dihydrochalcone in this way, product quality can be dramatically enhanced.
The present invention is illustrated by the following examples. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
A standard diet cola formulation was developed and sweetened with aspartame. A test formulation was also prepared which was identical to the standard, but contained an additional 1 ppm neohesperidin dihydrochalcone. The benefits of using neohesperidin dihydrochalcone at this level were then assessed by an expert panel of sensory assessors.
Dilute 1 part of the above syrup with 5.5 parts of carbonated water.
Comparisons of the standard and neohesperidin dihydrochalcoine containing formulations by expert panel assessment yielded the following:
- a. Standard formulation of good quality sweetness, but somewhat thin and watery mouthfeel.
- b. Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone formulation had improved mouthfeel and body compared to the standard. Sweetness quality was perceived as being more sucrose-like. In addition, this formulation had enhanced flavour with spicy notes more intense.
A standard low calorie tonic water formulation was developed and sweetened solely with aspartame. A test formulation was also prepared containing 1 ppm neohesperidin. The benefits of using neohesperidin dihydrochalcone were then assessed by expert sensory panel.
Dilute 1 part of syrup with 5.5 parts of carbonated water. Comparisons of the standard and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone containing formulations yielded the following concensus opinions:
- a. Standard product of good, though somewhat thin and watery sensory quality.
- b. Product containing neohesperidin dihydrochalcone had improved mouthfeel, more body, more sucrose-like sweetness quality. Flavour notes were also enhanced.
A standard sucrose-free chocolate dessert formulation was developed and sweetened with a blend of acesulfame-K and saccharin. A test formulation with 1 ppm neohesperidin dihydrochalcone added was also prepared and the products compared by an expert sensory panel of assessors.
Sensory comparison of these two products yielded the consensus view that the neohesperidin dihydrochalcone containing product had a much improved mouthful, enhanced creaminess, enhanced flavour, more chocolate notes, and improved (more sucrose-like) sweetness quality.
The same formulation was also prepared with neohesperidin dihydrochalcone present at supra-threshold levels. A blend of acesulfame-K/neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (0.0180/0.0013%) was found to be equi-sweet with the acesulfame-K/saccharin product. On sensory comparison of these two products, the acesulfame-K/neohesperidin dihydrochalcone product was found to have an improved sweetness profile, improved mouthfeel, much smoother, creamier and having more body.
A standard sugar free boiled sweet formulation was developed using isomalt and maltitol syrup as bulk sweeteners with acesulfame-K as intense sweetener. A test product was also prepared containing an additional 1 ppm neohesperidin dihydrochalcone. These products were then compared by expert sensory panel.
Sensory assessment showed the neohesperidin dihydrochalcone containing samples to be of enhanced flavour which was fuller and fruitier and to have a more balanced flavour and sweetness profile, to be more sugar-like and to have improved mouthfeel.
A standard tomato ketchup formulation was developed and sweetened with a blend of acesulfame-K and aspartame. A test formulation to which had been added neohesperidin dihydrochalcone at 2 ppm was then compared by expert sensory panel to the standard.
Sensory assessment by expert panel showed that the ketchup containing neohesperidin dihydrochalcone had an enhanced tomato flavour, a fuller and rounder flavour, a smoother mouthfeel, considered to be more like that of a sucrose containing tomato ketchup.
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