Apparatus and method for adjusting gain of photomultiplier type scintillation detectors
阅读：995发布：2023-05-11
专利汇可以提供Apparatus and method for adjusting gain of photomultiplier type scintillation detectors专利检索，专利查询，专利分析的服务。并且Photomultiplier type scintillation detectors are normalized, or adjusted to constant gain characteristics, independent of the high voltage applied to the photomultiplier. The normalized photomultiplier circuit is particularly useful in coincidence counting in liquid scintillation spectrometry, especially where the circuit is of the summation type. The inventive system has special application to apparatus for externally standardizing the spectrometer output to compensate for sample quench effects.，下面是Apparatus and method for adjusting gain of photomultiplier type scintillation detectors专利的具体信息内容。
1. A method of normalizing a spectrometer having (1) a pair of photomultiplier tube circuits responsive to scintillations from radioactivity decay events for producing electrical signals proportional in amplitude to the energy of corresponding decay events, each of said circuits comprising (a) a photomultiplier having an anode, a cathode, and a sequential array of dynodes, (b) a voltage divider network interconnecting said dynodes, and (c) means for applying a high voltage across said network to establish progressively higher potentials at said dynodes relative to the cathode, (2) means for amplifying the signals from said circuit, (3) discriminator means for passing only a selected amplitude band of amplified signals therethrough, and (4) means for counting discriminated amplified signals as a measure of the activity level of a radionuclide, the improvement comprising: 1. disposing a radionuclide near each of said photomultipliers, said radionuclide having predetermined count-producing characteristics, 2. counting the counts produced by said radionuclide, and 3. adjusting each of said voltage divider networks independent of one another and independent of said high voltage to thereby independently adjust the gain of each of said photomultiplier tube circuits to produce a count substantially equal to said predetermined count so that said spectrometer is thereby compensated for changes in gain characteristics of said photomultipliers with time.
2. adjusting the response of only one of said event-responsive means and then only the other of said event-responsive means to produce counts at said counting means substantially equal to said predetermined count wherein said adjustment of one of said event-responsive means is independent of the adjustment of said other event-responsive means.
2. A method of normalizing a scintillation spectrometer having (1) a pair of means responsive to radioactivity decay events for producing electrical signals proportional in amplitude to the energy of corresponding decay events (2) means for amplifying the signals from said event-responsive means, (3) discriminator means for passing only a selected amplitude band of amplified signals therethrough, (4) circuit means adapted to selectively respond to simultaneous signals of both said event-responsive means or to signals of one of said event-responsive means and for delivering an output signal, and (5) means for counting said output signals as a measure of the number of said decay events, which method comprises the steps of:
2. means for applying a voltage to each of said pair of event-responsive means,
2. means for amplifying the signals from said photomultiplier tube circuits,
2. counting the counts produced by said radionuclide, and
2. means for applying high voltage to each of said event-responsive means,
2. means for amplifying the signals from each of said circuits,
2. first and second means for separately amplifying the electrical signals from said first and second photomultiplier tube means,
2. first logic means responsive to simultaneous signals from said first and second photomultiplier tube means and for producing a coincidence signal,
2. means for amplifying the electrical signals from said first and second photomultiplier tube means,
2. first logic means responsive to simultaneous signals from said first and second photomultiplier tube means and for producing a coincidence signal,
3. means for summing the electrical signals from said first and second photomultiplier tube means and for producing a first summation signal,
3. discriminator means for passing only a selected amplitude band of amplified signals therethrough,
3. means for summing the electrical signals from said first and said second photomultiplier tube means and for producing a first summation signal,
3. discriminator means connected to at least one of said amplifying means for passing only a selected amplitude band of amplified signals therethrough,
3. means for applying the signals from each of said event-responsive means,
3. discriminator means for passing only a selected amplitude band of amplified signals therethrough,
3. A scintillation spectrometer comprising:
3. means for amplifying signals from each of said pair of event-responsive means,
3. adjusting each of said voltage divider networks independent of one another and independent of said high voltage to thereby independently adjust the gain of each of said photomultiplier tube circuits to produce a count substantially equal to said predetermined count so that said spectrometer is thereby compensated for changes in gain characteristics of said photomultipliers with time.
3. discriminator means for passing only a selected amplitude band of amplified signals therethrough,
4. means for counting discriminated amplified signals as a measure of the activity level of a radionuclide,
4. Spectrometer of claim 3 including a plurality of discriminator means, one of said discriminator means being operative to produce counts when determining the activity level of an unknown sample and the other of said means being operative to produce counts when said radionuclide having predetermined count-producing characteristics is disposed near said event-responsive means.
4. discriminator means for passing only a selected amplitude band of amplified signals therethrough,
4. circuit means for selectively responding to simultaneous signals of both said photomultiplier tube circuits or to signals of one of said circuits and for delivering an output signal,
4. discriminator means for passing only a selected amplitude band of amplified signals therethrough,
4. logic means responsive to discriminated simultaneous signals from said first and said second amplifying means,
4. means for amplifying said first summation signal,
4. means for counting selected amplified signals as a measure of radioactivity,
4. at least one amplification-discrimination means for amplifying said summation signal and for passing only a selected band of amplified summation signals therethrough,
5. second logic means responsive to simultaneous signals from said first logic means and said amplification-discrimination means,
5. means for disposing near said first and second photomultiplier tube means (i) a series of samples of known activity and varying degrees of quench, (ii) a quenched unknown sample, and (iii) a quenched unknown sample and a gamma-emitting standard, to correct for counting efficiency in said quenched unknown sample, and
5. discriminator means for passing only a selected band of amplified summation signals therethrough,
5. means for counting said discriminated simultaneous signals as a measure of the activity of a radionuclide,
5. circuit means adapted to selectively respond to simultaneous signals from both of said event-responsive means or to signals from one of said event-responsive means and for delivering an output signal,
5. means for counting said output signals as a measure of the number of said decay events, and
5. means for counting discriminated amplified signals as a measure of the number of said decay events,
5. means for disposing a radionuclide having predetermined count-producing characteristics near said photomultipliers, said radionuclide producing counts at said counting means, and
5. Spectrometer of claim 3 wherein said radionuclide is a gamma-emitting nuclide.
6. means for disposing near each of said pair of event-responsive means a radionuclide having predetermined count-producing characteristics, said radionuclide producing counts at said counting means, and
6. means operative when said circuit means responds to signals of one of said photomultiplier tube circuits for adjusting said voltage divider network independent of said high voltage to thereby adjust the gain of said photomultiplier tube circuit to a predetermined normal gain independent of the gain of the other photomultiplier tube circuit.
6. means for counting output signals from said circuit means as a measure of the number of decay events, and
6. means for adjusting each of the voltage divider networks independent of one another and independent of the high voltage applied across said networks to independently adjust the gain of said photomultiplier tube circuits and thereby produce a count at said counting means substantially equal to a predetermined normal count.
6. means for exposing a radionuclide having predetermined count-producing characteristics to said photomultiplier tube means, and
6. A scintillation spectrometer having provisions for adjusting the gain characteristics to compensate for gain changes with respect to time comprising:
6. second logic means responsive to simultaneous signals from said first logic means and said discriminator means,
6. means for adjusting the gain of one of said photomultiplier tube means independent of the gain of the other photomultiplier tube means.
6. means for counting said second simultaneous signals,
7. an additional amplification-discrimination means for amplifying said summation signal and for passing only a selected band of amplified summation signals therethrough,
7. means for counting simultaneous signals from said second logic means as a measure of the activity of a radionuclide,
7. means for adjusting the gain of each of said photomultiplier tube means independent of the other of said photomultiplier tube means to produce a count at said counting means substantially equal to said predetermined count.
7. Spectrometer of claim 6 wherein said gain adjusting means includes means for adjusting the voltage applied to at least one of said dynodes without affecting the voltage between preceding and succeeding dynodes.
7. means for adjusting each of said pair of radioactivity decay event-responsive means independent of one another and independent of the voltage applied to said event-responsive means to produce a count at said counting means substantially equal to said predetermined count.
7. means operative when said circuit means responds to signals of only one of said event-responsive means for adjusting the response of said event-responsive means to produce a count at said counting means substantially equal to a predetermined count wherein said adjusting means adjusts the response of one of said event-responsive means independent of the response of the other event-responsive means and independent of said high voltage.
8. means for disengaging one of said photomultiplier tubes and for counting amplified signals from said additional amplification-discrimination means and produced by the other tube as a measure of the gain of said one photomultiplier tube, and means for adjusting the gain of one of said photomultiplier tube means independent of the gain of the other photomultiplier tube means.
8. Spectrometer of claim 7 wherein said voltage dividing means comprises a potentiometer connecting said preceding and succeeding dynodes, with the potentiometer slider connected to said at least one of said dynodes.
8. means for exposing a radionuclide having predetermined count-producing characteristics to said photomultiplier tube means, and
9. means for adjusting the gain of each of said photomultiplier tube means independent of the other of said photomultiplier tube means to produce a count at said counting means substantially equal to said predetermined count.
9. Spectrometer of claim 7 including means for applying a biasing potential to said at least one dynode lower than that of the preceding dynode, whereby the gain of said photomultiplier is reduced to substantially 0.
10. A scintillation spectrometer comprising:
11. A scintillation spectrometer comprising:
12. Spectrometer of claim 11 including amplifying means and discriminator means associated with each of said photomultiplier tube circuits, and wherein said circuit means is subsequent to said amplifying and discriminator means.
13. Spectrometer of claim 11 including means for summing the signals from said photomultiplier tube circuits and for passing the summed signals to said amplifying means, and wherein said circuit means includes a simultaneous signal responsive means prior to said amplifying and discriminator means.
14. Spectrometer of claim 11 wherein said circuit means, when responsive to signals of one of said photomultiplier tube circuits, includes two discriminator means to pass selected amplitude bands, and wherein said counting means includes means for determining the ratio of signals passed through said bands as an indication of the gain of said photomultiplier tube circuits.
15. Spectrometer of claim 14 wherein said amplitude bands are integral channels.
16. Spectrometer of claim 11 wherein said gain adjusting means is independent of the high voltage applied to said photomultiplier.
17. Spectrometer of claim 11 including means for applying a biasing potential to one of said dynodes lower than that of the preceding dynode, whereby the gain of said photomultiplier tube circuit is reduced to substantially 0. 18. A coincident-counting scintillation spectrometer for detecting and measuring the activity of a radionuclide present in a sample, compRising:
19. A summation type, coincident counting, scintillation spectrometer for detecting and measuring the activity of a radionuclide in a sample, comprising:
20. A scintillation spectrometer having external standardization, comprising:
21. A scintillation spectrometer having external standardization, comprising:
22. Spectrometer of claim 21 wherein said additional amplification-discrimination means includes two integral discrimination channels, and said counting means includes means for determining the ratio of signals from said integral discrimination channels.
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