Benefication of saline minerals

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the beneficiation of saline minerals and, more specifically, trona. The invention further relates to a dry process for recovering saline minerals from an ore containing saline minerals and impurities.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many saline minerals are recognized as being commercially valuable. For example, trona, borates, potash and sodium chloride are mined commercially. After mining, these minerals need to be beneficiated to remove naturally occurring impurities.

With regard to trona (Na₂ CO₃.NaHCO₃.2H₂ O), high-purity trona is commonly used to make soda ash, which is used in the production of glass and paper. Naturally-occurring trona, or crude trona, is found in large deposits in the western United States, such as in Wyoming and California, and also in Egypt, Kenya, Botswana, Tibet, Venezuela and Turkey. Crude trona ore from Wyoming is typically between about 80% and about 90% trona, with the remaining components including shortite, quartz, dolomite, mudstone, oil shale, kerogen, mica, nahcolite and clay minerals.

The glass and paper making industries generally require soda ash produced from trona having a purity of 99% or more. In order to obtain such a high purity, wet beneficiation processes have been used. Such processes generally involve crushing the crude trona, solubilizing the trona, treating the solution to remove insolubles and organic matter, crystallizing the trona, and drying the trona which may subsequently be calcined to produce soda ash. Alternatively, the crude trona can be calcined to yield crude sodium carbonate, which is then solubilized, treated to remove impurities, crystallized and dried to produce sodium carbonate monohydrate.

Not all industries which use trona require such a highly purified form of trona. For example, certain grades of glass can be produced utilizing trona having less than 97% purity. For this purpose, U.S. Pat. No. 4,341,744 discloses a dry beneficiation process which is less complex and less expensive than the above-described wet beneficiation process. Such a dry beneficiation process generally includes crushing the crude trona, classifying the trona by particle size, electrostatically separating certain impurities, and optionally magnetically separating other impurities. Such a process can yield trona having up to about 95% to 97% purity, depending on the quantity and type of impurities present in the crude trona ore.

There are uses for trona, for example, in certain applications in the glass industry, requiring a purity of at least 97%, yet not needing a purity over 99%. The known dry beneficiation processes typically do not consistently produce such a purity. Consequently, these industries generally use trona purified by the more expensive and complex wet beneficiation processes.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a dry process for the beneficiation of saline minerals and in particular, trona, resulting in higher purities than existing dry beneficiation processes and which is simpler and less expensive than known wet beneficiation processes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is embodied in a process for recovering a high-purity saline mineral from an ore containing the saline mineral and impurities. The process generally includes separating a first portion of impurities from the ore by a density separation method, electrostatically separating a second portion of impurities from the ore, magnetically separating a third portion of impurities from the ore.

In one embodiment, the density separation step can include air tabling or dry jigging to separate impurities having a different density than the saline mineral. In another embodiment, the process of the present invention is used for beneficiating trona from an ore containing trona and impurities. In this embodiment, the first portion of impurities removed by the density separation step comprises shortite.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a process is provided for the production of purified soda ash for production of caustic soda by the lime-soda process. The process generally includes the steps of separating a first portion of impurities from a trona-containing ore by a density separation method, electrostatically separating a second portion of impurities from the ore, magnetically separating a third portion of impurities from the ore. The product of the above-mentioned separation processes is used to produce caustic soda. The process further includes solubilizing aluminum hydroxide in bauxite by contacting the bauxite with the caustic soda to produce a solution and recovering alumina from the solution.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present process is a dry beneficiation process for recovering saline minerals from an ore containing the saline mineral and impurities. The process includes separating a first portion of impurities from the ore by density separation. The process can further include electrostatically separating a second portion of impurities from the ore, and/or magnetically separating a third portion of impurities from the ore. The present process can alternatively include crushing the ore to achieve liberation of impurities and/or sizing the crushed ore into fractions before the separating steps. The present invention provides a process that beneficiates saline minerals to a higher purity than prior known dry beneficiation processes.

The process of the present invention is designed to recover saline minerals from naturally occurring ores to produce commercially valuable purified minerals. As used in the mineral processing industry, the term "saline mineral" refers generally to any mineral which occurs in evaporite deposits. Saline minerals that can be beneficiated by the present process include, without limitation, trona, borates, potash, sulfates, nitrates, sodium chloride, and preferably, trona.

The purity of saline minerals within an ore depends on the deposit location, as well as on the area mined at a particular deposit. In addition, the mining technique used can significantly affect the purity of the saline minerals. For example, by selective mining, higher purities of saline minerals can be achieved. Deposits of trona ore are located at several locations throughout the world, including Wyoming (Green River Formation), California (Searles Lake), Egypt, Kenya, Venezuela, Botswana, Tibet and Turkey (Beypazari Basin). For example, a sample of trona ore from Searles Lake has been found to have between about 50% and about 90% by weight (wt. %) trona and a sample taken from the Green River Formation in Wyoming has been found to have between about 80 and about 90 wt. % trona. The remaining 10 to 20 wt. % of the ore in the Green River Formation sample comprised impurities including shortite (1-5 wt. %) and the bulk of the remainder comprises shale consisting predominantly of dolomite, clay, quartz and kerogen, and traces of other impurities. Other samples of trona ore can include different percentages of trona and impurities, as well as include other impurities.

The present process includes removing a first portion of impurities from an ore containing saline minerals by a density separation method. Density separation methods are based on subjecting an ore to conditions such that materials of different densities physically separate from each other. Thereby, certain impurities having a different density than the desired saline mineral can be separated. The density separation step of the present invention is most preferably a dry process, however, wet density separation processes, such as heavy media separation, can be used as well. In dry density separation processes, the need for processing in a saturated brine solution, solid/brine separation, and drying of the product is eliminated. Consequently, the process according to the present invention is much cheaper and less complex. Any known density separation technique could be used for this step of the present invention, including air tabling or dry jigging.

As discussed above, density separation is conducted by subjecting an ore to conditions such that materials of different densities separate from each other. The mineral stream having materials of varying densities is then separated by a first or rougher pass into a denser and a lighter stream, or into more than two streams of varying densities. Typically, in the case of beneficiating trona, trona is recovered in the lighter stream. The purity of a saline mineral recovered from density separation can be increased by reducing the weight recovery of the recovered stream from the feed stream. At lower weight recoveries, the recovered stream will have a higher purity, but the rougher stage process will also have a reduced yield because more of the desired saline mineral will report to the impurity stream. Such a "high purity" process may be beneficial in that it requires less subsequent processing (e.g., separation) of the ore and, in addition, may be of higher value because it can be used in other applications where high purity saline minerals are required.

In the case of beneficiating trona, for example, the weight recovery (weight of trona recovered/weight of trona in the feed stream) from the density separation step is between about 65% and about 95%. More preferably, the weight recovery is between about 70% and about 90% and, most preferably, the weight recovery is about 80%.

In an alternative embodiment, the impurity stream from density separation can go through one or more scavenger density separation step(s) to recover additional trona to improve the overall recovery. The scavenger separation is similar to the above-described density separation step. The scavenger step recovers a portion of the impurity stream from the rougher pass having the saline mineral in it and combines that portion with the above-described recovered stream to increase the overall yield from density separation or recycles it to other steps in the process, with or without further size reduction.

In a further alternative embodiment, the recovered stream from the rougher pass density separation can go through one or more cleaning density separation steps to further remove impurities from the recovered stream and improve the purity of the final product. The cleaning step is similar to the above-described density separation process in that impurities are removed from the stream by density separation. In both scavenging and cleaning passes, the feed stream into those passes can undergo further size reduction, if desired, for example, to achieve higher liberation.

With regard to the beneficiation of trona, which has a density of 2.14, impurities that are removed during the density separation step of the present invention include shortite, having a density of 2.6, dolomite, having a density of 2.8-2.9 and pyrite, having a density of 5.0. Each of these is separable from the trona ore because of differences in density from trona. By practice of the present invention, of the total amount of shortite, dolomite, pyrite and, if present, potentially valuable heavy minerals in the trona ore, the density separation step can remove at least about 10 wt. % and more preferably, about 50 wt. %, and most preferably, about 90 wt. % of the heavy impurity.

In an alternative embodiment, impurities removed during the density separation process can be recovered as a product for commercial use. For example, in the beneficiation of trona, the impurities removed during the air tabling step can comprise as much as 90% shortite. Such shortite may be acceptable, for example, for certain applications in the glass industry. The acceptability of the shortite in the glass industry will depend upon the consistency and the relative lack of iron in the product. In addition, for some trona deposits, potentially valuable heavy minerals may be present. Such minerals can be separated in the method and recovered.

The present invention further includes removing a second portion of impurities by an electrostatic separation method. Electrostatic separation methods are based on subjecting the ore to conditions such that materials of different electrical conductivities separate from each other. The electrostatic separation of the present invention can be accomplished by any conventional electrostatic separation technique. U.S. Pat. No. 4,341,744 discloses standard electrostatic separation processes suitable for use in the present invention in col. 4, line 62 through col. 6, line 32, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. As discussed in the above-identified patent, saline mineral ore particles are first differentially electrified and then separated into a recovered stream from an impurity stream by various electrostatic separation processes.

As noted above for the density separation step, the impurity stream from the rougher pass of an electrostatic separation process can go through a scavenger step to improve the overall recovery. The scavenger step recovers a saline mineral-containing portion of the impurity stream from the rougher pass through electrostatic separation and combines it with the above-described recovered stream to increase the overall yield of the electrostatic separation step or otherwise cycles it to other steps in the process. Furthermore, the recovered stream from the rougher pass of the electrostatic separation can go through one or more electrostatic cleaning steps to further remove impurities from the recovered stream and improve the purity of the final product.

For example, electrostatic separation can be used to separate trona from impurities having a higher electrical conductivity, such as shale, mudstone or pyrite. It should be appreciated, however, that electrostatic separation could also be used to separate impurities that have a lower electrical conductivity than the saline mineral being recovered. By practice of the present invention, utilizing electrostatic separation can remove at least about 10 wt. %, more preferably, about 50 wt. %, and most preferably, about 90 wt. % of the more conductive mineral impurities from the material being treated by electrostatic separation.

The present process further includes a magnetic separation step which subjects the ore to conditions such that materials of different magnetic susceptibilities separate from each other into a recovered stream and an impurity stream. The magnetic separation step can be accomplished by any conventional technique, such as induced roll, cross-belt, or high intensity rare earth magnetic separation methods. Preferably, induced roll is used in the present invention for the finer fractions and high intensity rare earth magnets are used for the coarser fractions. With regard to the beneficiation of trona, typical impurities that can be removed during the magnetic separation step include shale which has a higher magnetic susceptibility than trona. By practice of the present invention, the use of an induced roll magnetic separation technique can remove at least about 5 wt. %, more preferably, about 50 wt. %, and most preferably about 90 wt. % of the shale from the material being treated by magnetic separation.

As noted above for the density and electrostatic separation steps, the impurity stream from the rougher pass of the magnetic separation process can go through one or more scavenger steps to improve the overall recovery. The scavenger step recovers a portion of the impurity stream from the rougher pass through magnetic separation and combines it with the above-described recovered stream or recycles it to the process with or without further size reduction to increase the overall yield of the magnetic separation step. Furthermore, the recovered stream from magnetic separation can go through one or more magnetic cleaning steps to further remove impurities from the recovered stream and improve the purity of the final product.

It should be appreciated that the above-identified process steps could be performed in any order. Preferably, however, the density separation is performed first, followed by electrostatic separation and finally magnetic separation.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, the saline mineral-containing ore can be crushed to achieve liberation of impurities prior to the separation steps. The crushing step of the present invention can be accomplished by any conventional technique, including impact crushing (e.g., cage or hammer mills), jaw crushing, roll crushing, cone crushing, autogenous crushing or semiautogenous crushing. Autogenous and semi-autogenous crushing are particularly beneficial because the coarse particles of ore partially act as the crushing medium, thus requiring less cost in obtaining grinding media. Moreover, because saline minerals are typically soft, these methods are suitable for use in the present process. In addition, these two crushing methods allow for the continuous removal of crushed material and high grade potentially saleable dust.

In general, crushing to smaller particle size achieves better liberation of impurities and thus, improved recovery. However, if the particle size after crushing is too fine, there may be adverse effects upon subsequent separation steps. In addition, over-crushing is not needed for many applications of the present invention and merely increases the costs associated with the crushing step. It has been found that acceptable liberation for the present process can be achieved by crushing the ore to at least about 6 mesh. Preferably, the particle size range after crushing is from about 6 to about 100 mesh and, more preferably, from about 6 to about 65 mesh.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the ore is sized into size fractions prior to the separation steps. Each size fraction is subsequently processed separately. In general, the narrower the range of particle size within a fraction, the higher the efficiency of removal of impurities. On the other hand, a larger number of fractions will increase the efficiency, but may increase the cost of the overall process. The use of between 3 and 10 fractions has been found to be acceptable. Preferably, the number of fractions is between 4 and 10 and, more preferably, the number of fractions is 8. Any conventional sizing technique can be used for the present process, including screening or air classification. For dividing into 8 fractions, the fractions typically have the following particle size ranges: 6 to 8 mesh; 8 to 10 mesh; 10 to 14 mesh; 14 to 20 mesh; 20 to 28 mesh; 28 to 35 mesh; 35 to 48 mesh; 48 to 65 mesh (Tyler mesh).

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the ore is dried prior to the separation processes set forth above. The drying step removes surface moisture from the ore to better enable the ore to be separated. Drying can be accomplished by any conventional mineral drying technique, including rotary kiln, fluid bed or air drying. The ore can be dried to less than about 2%, and preferably less than about 1% surface moisture content. During the drying process, it is preferred that the saline mineral is not raised to such a temperature for such a period of time that is it calcined. In the case of trona, the drying temperature should remain below about 40 degrees centigrade to avoid calcination.

In still another embodiment of the present invention, a de-dusting step is added to the basic beneficiation process to remove fines before the electrostatic and magnetic separation steps. De-dusting can be particularly important before electrostatic separation because the dust can otherwise interfere with effective electrostatic separation. Such a de-dusting step can be conducted before, during or after one or more of the crushing, sizing and/or density separation steps. The fines produced during the processing of trona are relatively high purity trona and are useful in several industrial applications. For example, trona recovered by de-dusting can have a purity of greater than about 94%, preferably greater than about 96% and more preferably greater than about 98%. Fines can be collected in de-dusting steps by use of a baghouse, or other conventional filtering device, and sold as purified trona without further processing.

The present invention provides a process for the separation of saline minerals from an ore utilizing a dry beneficiation technique, resulting in a high purity product, typically greater than 85% purity, produced at low cost compared to wet beneficiation processes. Utilizing the above-described process, trona having about 98.8% purity from an ore containing 90% trona has been obtained, compared to less than about 97% purity for the prior art dry beneficiation processes. The purity of recovered product can be greater than about 97%, preferably greater than about 97.5%, and more preferably greater than about 98%. In addition, by utilizing selective mining techniques and lower weight recoveries for the separation steps, higher purities can be obtained.

Utilizing the process of the present invention, recoveries of greater than about 55% can be obtained. More preferably, recoveries are greater than about 65% and, most preferably, greater than about 75%. In the case of trona, the resulting trona product can be used in many applications, especially those requiring a purity of about 97.5% or greater, such as in certain areas of the glass industry.

It has been found that the above-identified process for beneficiating trona is also particularly adaptable for use in the production of caustic for use in alumina production. By transporting beneficiated and calcined trona ore to alumina processing facilities and producing caustic from the beneficiated trona, the total cost for caustic can be significantly below that of caustic currently used in the alumina industry. For this application, the trona-containing ore is beneficiated and the resulting beneficiated trona is calcined to produce soda ash (Na₂ CO₃). The soda ash is then converted to caustic soda by conventional processes at an alumina plant and can then be used in conventional alumina processing. For example, the Bayer process can be used in which caustic soda is mixed with bauxite to solubilize the aluminum hydroxide in the bauxite to produce a sodium aluminate solution. Alumina hydrate can be precipitated from the solution and calcined to remove water therefrom.

The foregoing description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. Furthermore, the description is not intended to limit the invention to the form disclosed herein. Consequently, variations and modifications commensurate with the above teachings, and the skill or knowledge of the relevant art, are within the scope of the present invention. The embodiment described hereinabove is further intended to explain the best mode known for practicing the invention and to enable others skilled in the art to utilize the invention in such, or other, embodiments and with various modifications required by the particular applications or uses of the present invention. It is intended that the appended claims be construed to include alternative embodiments to the extent permitted by the prior art.

EXAMPLES 1-8

Eight samples of trona-containing ore from Bed 17 of the Green River Formation in Wyoming were beneficiated in accordance with the present invention. Each of the samples was crushed to -10 mesh on a roll crusher. The samples were allowed to air dry until they attained a constant weight (about 24 hours). The samples were subsequently screened at 20 mesh, 35 mesh, 65 mesh and 150 mesh Tyler. Each of the four 150 plus size fractions was then subjected to electrostatic separation to generate a conductive and non-conductive stream. The non-conductive stream resulting from the electrostatic separation regime for each of the size fractions was subjected to high intensity magnetic separation to generate a magnetic and non-magnetic stream. The resulting non-conductive/non-magnetic streams from each of the size fractions were then subjected to a density separation step. A heavy liquid separation was used for density separation in these examples. The heavy liquid used was a mixture of acetylene tetrabromide and kerosene. Since the saline mineral being beneficiated was trona, having a specific gravity of 2.14; the major impurity was shortite, having a specific gravity of 2.6; and other impurities having a specific gravity lighter than 2.0 were present, density separations were made at specific gravities of 2.0 and 2.3 to generate a 2.0×2.3 fraction which is the trona fraction.

The data generated from the foregoing beneficiation processes is shown in Tables 1-8. As can be seen from the Tables, the purity of trona recovered ranged from 95.3 in Example 2 to 98.8 in Example 3 (shown as soluble % in 2.0×2.3 S.G. separation). In addition, the effectiveness of the density separation in improving trona purity can be seen by comparing the Soluble % in the "Plus 65 mesh trona" line (before density separation) with the Soluble % in the "2.0×2.3 S.G." line (after density separation).

                                  TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Electrostatic and Magnetic Separation of Trona-containing Waste Rock;Sample 1     Weight Percent  Assay              Beneficiated                     Insoluble                            SolubleFraction  Fraction          Sample              Product                     %  Distr.                            %  Distr.__________________________________________________________________________10 × 20 meshconductive stream     86.4 41.7       93.8                        44.6                            6.2                               21.2magnetic stream     2.0  1.0        67.3                        0.7 32.7                               2.6non-conductive/     11.6 5.6 24.6   69.5                        4.4 30.5                               14.0non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          48.3       90.5                        49.8                            9.5                               37.720 × 35 meshconductive stream     56.9 12.1       91.9                        12.6                            8.1                               8.0magnetic stream     9.5  2.0        83.6                        1.9 16.4                               2.7non-conductive/     33.6 7.1 31.3   83.2                        6.8 16.8                               9.8non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          21.2       88.2                        21.3                            11.8                               20.535 × 65 meshconductive stream     28.6 3.9        91.5                        4.1 8.5                               2.7magnetic stream     19.1 2.6        87.0                        2.6 13.0                               2.8non-conductive/     52.2 7.1 31.3   85.3                        6.9 14.7                               8.6non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          13.6       87.4                        13.6                            12.6                               14.165 × 150 meshconductive stream     50.8 3.7        87.8                        3.7 12.2                               3.7magnetic stream     8.9  0.7        82.7                        0.6 17.3                               0.9non-conductive/     40.3 2.9 12.9   77.4                        2.6 22.6                               5.4non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          7.3        83.2                        6.9 16.8                               10.0Minus 150 mesh 9.6        77.4                        8.4 22.6                               17.7Plus 65 mesh trona          19.9       80.1                        18.1                            19.9                               32.4Trona Prod., Calc.          22.8              100.0  79.7                        20.7                            20.3                               37.8Trona + minus  32.4       79.0                        29.2                            21.0                               55.5150 Calc.Sample Calc.   100.0      87.8                        100.0                            12.2                               100.0Heavy Liquid Density Separation of Plus 65 Mesh Non-Magnetic/Non-Conductive Sample 1<2.0 S.G. 0.2  0.0        -- --  -- --2.0 × 2.3 S.G.     19.0 3.8        3.4                        0.1 96.6                               29.8>2.3 S.G. 80.8 16.1       98.3                        18.0                            1.7                               2.5Total     100.0          19.9       80.1                        18.1                            19.9                               32.4__________________________________________________________________________

                                  TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Electrostatic and Magnetic Separation of Trona-Containing Waste Rock;Sample 2     Weight Percent  Assay              Beneficiated                     Insoluble                            SolubleFraction  Fraction          Sample              Product                     %  Distr.                            %  Distr.__________________________________________________________________________10 × 20 meshconductive stream     57.6 27.6       87.7                        40.9                            12.3                               8.3magnetic stream     3.7  1.8        68.1                        2.0 31.9                               1.4non-conductive/     38.7 18.6              49.4   19.1                        6.0 80.9                               36.9non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          47.9       60.4                        48.9                            39.6                               46.620 × 35 meshconductive stream     30.0 3.7        81.3                        5.0 18.7                               1.7magnetic stream     15.9 2.0        62.9                        2.1 37.1                               1.9non-conductive/     54.1 6.6 17.7   46.7                        5.2 53.3                               8.7non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          12.3       59.6                        12.4                            40.4                               12.235 × 65 meshconductive stream     45.8 9.1        82.8                        12.8                            17.2                               3.9magnetic stream     13.5 2.7        69.3                        3.2 30.7                               2.0non-conductive/     40.7 8.1 21.6   47.7                        6.5 52.3                               10.4non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          20.0       66.7                        22.5                            33.3                               16.365 × 150 meshconductive stream     22.0 1.6        82.9                        2.2 17.1                               0.7magnetic stream     20.1 1.5        74.3                        1.8 25.7                               0.9non-conductive/     57.9 4.2 11.2   42.0                        3.0 58.0                               6.0non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          7.3        57.5                        7.1 42.5                               7.6Minus 150 mesh 12.5       43.6                        9.2 56.4                               17.3Plus 65 mesh trona          33.4       31.6                        17.8                            68.4                               56.0Trona Prod., Calc.          37.6              100.0  32.7                        20.8                            67.3                               62.0Trona + minus  50.1       35.5                        30.0                            64.5                               79.3150 Calc.Sample Calc.   100.0      59.2                        100.0                            40.8                               100.0Heavy Liquid Density Separation of Plus 65 MeshNon-Magnetic/Non-Conductive Sample 2<2.0 S.G. 6.0  2.0        -- --  -- --2.0 × 2.3 S.G.     63.0 21.0       4.7                        1.7 95.3                               49.1>2.3 S.G. 31.0 10.3       92.3                        16.1                            7.7                               6.9Total     100.0          33.4       31.6                        17.8                            68.4                               56.0__________________________________________________________________________

                                  TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________Electrostatic and Magnetic Separation of Trona-Containing Waste Rock;Sample 3     Weight Percent  Assay              Beneficiated                     Insoluble                            SolubleFraction  Fraction          Sample              Product                     %  Distr.                            %  Distr.__________________________________________________________________________10 × 20 meshconductive stream     26.1 13.2       30.1                        50.8                            69.9                               10.0magnetic stream     4.4  2.2        4.6                        1.3 95.4                               2.3non-conductive/     69.5 35.2              58.8   2.4                        10.8                            97.6                               37.3non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          50.6       9.7                        63.0                            90.3                               49.620 × 35 meshconductive stream     24.9 4.0        25.0                        12.7                            75.0                               3.2magnetic stream     5.8  0.9        5.6                        0.7 94.4                               1.0non-conductive/     69.3 11.1              18.5   3.0                        4.3 97.0                               11.7non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          16.0       8.6                        17.7                            91.4                               15.935 × 65 meshconductive stream     12.3 1.3        21.3                        3.7 78.7                               1.1magnetic stream     4.0  0.4        6.6                        0.4 93.4                               0.4non-conductive/     83.7 9.1 15.2   4.1                        4.8 95.9                               9.5non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          10.9       6.3                        8.8 93.7                               11.165 × 150 meshconductive stream     27.5 1.8        8.2                        1.9 91.8                               1.8magnetic stream     3.9  0.3        4.4                        0.1 95.6                               0.3non-conductive/     68.7 4.4 7.4    3.6                        2.0 96.4                               4.6non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          6.5        4.9                        4.0 95.1                               6.7Minus 150 mesh 16.0       3.2                        6.6 96.8                               16.8Plus 65 mesh trona          55.4       2.8                        19.8                            97.2                               58.4Trona Prod., Calc.          59.8              100.0  2.9                        21.9                            97.1                               63.1Trona + minus  75.9       2.9                        28.4                            97.1                               79.9150 Calc.Sample Calc.   100.0      7.8                        100 92.2                               100Heavy Liquid Density Separation of Plus 65 MeshNon-Magnetic/Non-Conductive Sample 3<2.0 S.G. 0.2  0.1        -- --  -- --2.0 × 2.3 S.G.     96.1 53.2       1.2                        8.2 98.8                               57.1>2.3 S.G. 3.7  2.1        44.5                        11.7                            55.5                               1.4Total     100.0          55.4       2.8                        19.8                            97.2                               58.4__________________________________________________________________________

                                  TABLE 4__________________________________________________________________________Electrostatic and Magnetic Separation of Trona-Containing Waste Rock;Sample 4     Weight Percent  Assay              Beneficiated                     Insoluble                            SolubleFraction  Fraction          Sample              Product                     %  Distr.                            %  Distr.__________________________________________________________________________10 × 20 meshconductive stream     11.7 6.4        11.3                        22.3                            88.7                               5.9magnetic stream     6.3  3.5        3.0                        3.2 97.0                               3.5non-conductive/     82.0 45.0              68.3   1.9                        26.3                            98.1                               45.6non-magneticTotal     100.0          54.8       3.1                        51.8                            96.9                               54.920 × 35 meshconductive stream     15.4 2.2        14.3                        9.5 85.7                               1.9magnetic stream     10.8 1.5        5.4                        2.5 94.6                               1.5non-conductive/     73.8 10.3              15.7   2.6                        8.3 97.4                               10.4non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          14.0       4.7                        20.3                            95.3                               13.835 × 65 meshconductive stream     18.7 1.4        11.1                        4.9 88.9                               1.3magnetic stream     2.1  0.2        10.5                        0.5 89.5                               0.1non-conductive/     79.2 6.0 9.2    3.8                        7.1 96.2                               6.0non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          7.6        5.3                        12.5                            94.7                               7.565 × 150 meshconductive stream     17.9 1.1        7.0                        2.3 93.0                               1.0magnetic stream     4.4  0.3        2.5                        0.2 97.5                               0.3non-conductive/     77.7 4.6 6.9    3.0                        4.2 97.0                               4.6non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          5.9        3.7                        6.7 96.3                               5.8Minus 150 mesh 17.7       1.6                        8.7 98.4                               18.0Plus 65 mesh trona          61.3       2.2                        41.7                            97.7                               66.6Trona Prod., Calc.          65.9              100.0  2.3                        45.9                            97.8                               78.7Trona + minus  83.6       2.1                        54.6                            97.9                               84.6150 Calc.Sample Calc.   100.0      3.2                        100.0                            96.8                               100.0Heavy Liquid Density Separation of Plus 65 MeshNon-Magnetic/Non-Conductive Sample 4<2.0 S.G. 0.4  0.0        -- --  -- --2.0 × 2.3 S.G.     98.6 60.5       2.0                        37.3                            98.0                               61.2>2.3 S.G. 1.0  0.6        23.3                        4.4 76.7                               5.3Total     100.0          61.3       2.2                        41.7                            97.7                               66.6__________________________________________________________________________

                                  TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________Electrostatic and Magnetic Separation of Trona-Containing Waste Rock;Sample 5     Weight Percent  Assay              Beneficiated                     Insoluble                            SolubleFraction  Fraction          Sample              Product                     %  Distr.                            %  Distr.__________________________________________________________________________10 × 20 meshconductive stream     23.0 10.9       37.8                        48.0                            62.2                               7.4magnetic stream     5.2  2.5        3.8                        1.1 96.2                               2.6non-conductive/     71.9 34.2              56.2   3.0                        11.9                            97.0                               36.3non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          47.6       11.0                        61.0                            89.0                               46.420 × 35 meshconductive stream     21.3 3.7        25.7                        11.0                            74.3                               3.0magnetic stream     10.2 1.8        5.2                        1.1 94.8                               1.8non-conductive/     68.5 11.9              19.5   3.5                        4.8 96.5                               12.5non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          17.3       8.4                        16.9                            91.6                               17.435 × 65 meshconductive stream     19.8 2.2        17.0                        4.4 83.0                               2.0magnetic stream     5.9  0.7        7.4                        0.6 92.6                               0.7non-conductive/     74.3 8.4 13.8   4.6                        4.5 95.4                               8.7non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          11.3       7.2                        9.5 92.8                               11.465 × 150 meshconductive stream     19.7 1.6        11.0                        2.1 89.0                               1.6magnetic stream     3.4  0.3        3.8                        0.1 96.2                               0.3non-conductive/     76.8 6.4 10.5   4.4                        3.3 95.6                               6.7non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          8.3        5.7                        5.5 94.3                               8.6Minus 150 mesh 15.5       4.0                        7.2 96.0                               16.3Plus 65 mesh trona          54.5       3.4                        21.2                            96.5                               64.3Trona Prod., Calc.          60.8              100.0  3.5                        24.5                            96.6                               72.0Trona + minus  76.3       3.6                        31.7                            96.4                               80.5150 Calc.Sample Calc.   100        8.6                        100 91.4                               100Heavy Liquid Density Separation of Plus 65 MeshNon-Magnetic/Non-Conductive Sample 5<2.0 S.G. 0.3  0.2        -- --  -- --2.0 × 2.3 S.G.     92.6 50.4       2.5                        14.6                            97.5                               53.8>2.3 S.G. 7.1  3.9        20.2                        9.1 79.8                               10.5Total     100.0          54.5       3.4                        21.2                            96.5                               64.3__________________________________________________________________________

                                  TABLE 6__________________________________________________________________________Electrostatic and Magnetic Separation of Trona-Containing Waste Rock;Sample 6     Weight Percent  Assay              Beneficiated                     Insoluble                            SolubleFraction  Fraction          Sample              Product                     %  Distr.                            %  Distr.__________________________________________________________________________10 × 20 meshconductive stream     28.3 14.1       18.0                        47.7                            82.0                               12.2magnetic stream     4.4  2.2        2.8                        1.1 97.2                               2.2non-conductive/     67.3 33.4              57.3   2.1                        13.2                            97.9                               34.5non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          49.7       6.6                        62.0                            93.4                               49.020 × 35 meshconductive stream     17.5 2.7        21.4                        10.8                            78.6                               2.2magnetic stream     6.7  1.0        3.8                        0.7 96.2                               1.0non-conductive/     75.8 11.6              19.9   3.0                        6.5 97.0                               11.9non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          15.3       6.3                        18.1                            93.7                               15.135 × 65 meshconductive stream     13.0 1.1        16.2                        3.5 83.8                               1.0magnetic stream     6.0  0.5        6.7                        0.7 93.3                               0.5non-conductive/     81.0 7.1 12.3   2.8                        3.8 97.2                               7.3non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          8.8        4.8                        7.9 95.2                               8.965 × 150 meshconductive stream     16.5 1.3        6.6                        1.6 93.4                               1.3magnetic stream     4.2  0.3        3.6                        0.2 96.4                               0.3non-conductive/     79.3 6.1 10.5   2.2                        2.5 97.8                               6.3non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          7.7        3.0                        4.3 97.0                               7.9Minus 150 mesh 18.5       2.2                        7.7 97.8                               19.1Plus 65 mesh trona          52.1       2.4                        23.5                            97.6                               60.1Trona Prod., Calc.          58.3              100.0  2.4                        26.0                            97.6                               71.3Trona + minus  76.8       2.3                        33.7                            97.7                               79.2150 Calc.Sample Calc.   100.0      5.3                        100.0                            94.7                               100.0Heavy Liquid Density Separation of Plus 65 MeshNon-Magnetic/Non-Conductive Sample 6<2.0 S.G. 0.4  0.2        -- --  -- --2.0 × 2.3 S.G.     98.8 51.5       2.0                        19.4                            98.0                               53.3>2.3 S. G.     0.8  0.4        52.5                        4.1 47.5                               6.8Total     100.0          52.1       2.4                        23.5                            97.6                               60.1__________________________________________________________________________

                                  TABLE 7__________________________________________________________________________Electrostatic and Magnetic Separation of Trona-Containing Waste Rock;Sample 7     Weight Percent  Assay              Beneficiated                     Insoluble                            SolubleFraction  Fraction          Sample              Product                     %  Distr.                            %  Distr.__________________________________________________________________________10 × 20 meshconductive stream     0.0  0.0           0.0    0.0magnetic stream     15.8 5.0        34.1                        16.5                            65.9                               3.6non-conductive/     84.2 26.3              34.6   9.7                        24.9                            90.3                               26.5non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          31.3       13.6                        41.3                            86.4                               30.220 × 35 meshconductive stream     0.0  0.0           0.0    0.0magnetic stream     8.0  1.7        29.3                        4.8 70.7                               1.3non-conductive/     92.0 19.3              25.3   7.7                        14.5                            92.3                               19.9non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          21.0       9.4                        19.2                            90.6                               21.235 × 65 meshconductive stream     0.0  0.0           0.0    0.0magnetic stream     11.4 2.2        23.7                        5.1 76.3                               1.9non-conductive/     88.6 17.0              22.3   6.4                        10.6                            93.6                               17.8non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          19.2       8.4                        15.7                            91.6                               19.665 × 150 meshconductive stream     0.0  0.0           0.0    0.0magnetic stream     6.5  0.9        21.1                        1.9 78.9                               0.8non-conductive/     93.5 13.6              17.8   7.6                        10.0                            92.4                               14.0non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          14.5       8.5                        12.0                            91.5                               14.8Minus 150 mesh 14.0       8.7                        11.8                            91.3                               14.2Plus 65 mesh trona          62.7       8.2                        49.9                            91.9                               78.1Trona Prod., Calc.          76.3              100.0  8.1                        60.0                            91.8                               77.5Trona + minus  90.2       8.2                        71.8                            91.8                               92.4150 Calc.Sample Calc.   100.0      10.3                        100.0                            89.7                               100.0Heavy Liquid Density Separation of Plus 65 MeshNon-Magnetic/Non Conductive Sample 7<2.0 S.G. 0.2  0.1        -- --  -- --2.0 × 2.3 S.G.     93.0 58.3       4.2                        23.8                            95.8                               62.2>2.3 S.G. 6.8  4.3        63.0                        26.1                            37.0                               15.9Total     100.0          62.7       8.2                        49.9                            91.9                               78.1__________________________________________________________________________

                                  TABLE 8__________________________________________________________________________Electrostatic and Magnetic Separation of Trona-Containing Waste Rock;Sample 8     Weight Percent  Assay              Beneficiated                     Insoluble                            SolubleFraction  Fraction          Sample              Product                     %  Distr.                            %  Distr.__________________________________________________________________________10 × 20 meshconductive stream     18.8 6.2        35.0                        23.6                            65.0                               4.5magnetic stream     1.3  0.4        28.7                        1.4 71.3                               0.4non-conductive/     79.9 26.5              40.9   4.4                        12.6                            95.6                               27.9non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          33.2       10.5                        37.6                            89.5                               32.720 × 35 meshconductive stream     13.6 3.0        45.7                        15.0                            54.3                               1.8magnetic stream     2.1  0.5        40.9                        2.1 59.1                               0.3non-conductive/     84.3 18.9              29.2   6.3                        12.9                            93.7                               19.5non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          22.4       12.4                        30.0                            87.6                               21.635 × 65 meshconductive stream     10.0 1.1        50.2                        5.9 49.8                               0.6magnetic stream     3.2  0.3        48.9                        1.8 51.1                               0.2non-conductive/     86.7 9.3 14.4   6.9                        7.0 93.1                               9.6non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          10.8       12.6                        14.7                            87.4                               10.465 × 150 meshconductive stream     12.7 1.5        22.1                        3.6 77.9                               1.3magnetic stream     2.5  0.3        32.0                        1.0 68.0                               0.2non-conductive/     84.8 10.0              15.4   3.6                        3.9 96.4                               10.6non-magneticstreamTotal     100.0          11.8       6.7                        8.5 93.3                               12.1Minus 150 mesh 21.9       3.9                        9.2 96.1                               23.2Plus 65 mesh trona          54.7       5.5                        32.5                            94.5                               57.0Trona Prod., Calc.          64.7              100.0  5.2                        36.4                            94.8                               67.6Trona + minus  86.6       4.9                        45.6                            95.1                               90.8150 Calc.Sample Calc.   100.0      9.2                        100.0                            90.8                               100.0Heavy Liquid Density Separation of Plus 65 MeshNon-Magnetic/Non-Conductive Sample 8<2.0 S.G. 0.3  0.2        -- --  -- --2.0 × 2.3 S.G.     97.0 53.1       2.0                        11.5                            98.0                               57.3>2.3 S.G. 2.7  1.5Total     100.0          54.7       5.5                        32.5                            94.5                               57.0__________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE 9

An ore sample containing trona, recovered from Bed 17 of the Green River Formation in Wyoming, was beneficiated using the process described below and the results are represented by the data in Table 9. The ore was a commercially available trona-containing material identified as T-50, available from Solvay Minerals S.A., Green River, Wyo. The T-50 material has a trona purity of about 95% and a size range of 20×150 mesh Tyler.

The ore sample was first classified using a screening process to divide the ore sample into three size fractions: +35 mesh, 35×65 mesh, and -65 mesh. After screening, the +35 mesh and 35×65 mesh fractions were each separated on an air table into three density fractions: ultra-heavy, heavy and light.

After air tabling, each of the density fractions which were air tabled, and the -65 mesh size fraction that was not air tabled, were electrostatically separated by a high tension separator. To improve trona recovery, as seen in Table 9, the light and heavy density fractions from the +35 mesh size fraction were combined and electrostatically separated together. Similarly, the light and heavy density fractions from the 35×65 mesh size fraction were electrostatically separated together. Electrostatic separation was further performed on the ultra-heavy fraction from the +35 mesh size fraction, the ultra-heavy fraction from the 35×65 mesh size fraction, and the -65 mesh size fraction that was not air tabled. Each of the above-identified electrostatic separation processes divided the sample into three electrostatic fractions: conductors, middlings, and non-conductors. The respective weights and weight percentages of each electrostatic fraction are listed in the three columns of data in Table 9, as noted above.

The non-conductors and middlings from each of the above-referenced electrostatic separation processes were individually magnetically separated utilizing an induced roll magnetic separator. The conductors from each of the electrostatic separation processes were not subjected to magnetic separation. The magnetic separation process separated each incoming sample into two fractions: magnetic and non-magnetic. The weights and weight percentages of each magnetically separated fraction are listed in the three columns of data in Table 9, as described above.

The cumulative products of the entire recovery process are represented by the data in the third column at the end of Table 9. The data represents the weight percentage of non-magnetic, non-conductor material recovered from the combined light and heavy density fractions and from the ultra-heavy density fraction. As can be seen from the Table, 91.3% of the original sample was recovered as non-magnetic, non-conductive material. The trona purity of the recovered material was determined. The trona product from the lights plus heavies had a purity of 98.2%. The trona product from the ultra-heavies, which contained the shortite, had a purity of 88.9%. Comparison of these purities illustrates the benefit of removing shortite.

              TABLE 9______________________________________Density, Electrostatic and Magnetic Separation ofTrona Ore; Sample 9     Weight     (g, unless     otherwise            Weight Percent                          PuritySeparation  noted    Fraction*                         Sample**                                (% trona)______________________________________SCREENINGplus 35 mesh       362 lb   36.8     36.835 × 65 mesh       482 lb   49.0     49.0minus 65 mesh       140 lb   14.2     14.2Total       984 lb   100.0    100.0AIR TABLE SEPARATIONSplus 35 meshUlt. Heavy  1605     4.2      1.5Heavy       1814     4.7      1.7Lights      34960    91.1     33.5Total       38379    100.00   36.835 × 65 meshUlt. Heavy  800      2.4      1.2Heavy       1603.5   4.7      2.3Lights      31560    92.9     45.5Total       33963.5  100.0    49.0minus 65 mesh not air tabledHIGH TENSION ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATIONS (HT)plus 35 mesh air table lights + heaviesCond.       190.8    7.4      2.6Midd        230.5    8.9      3.1Non-Cond.   2159.5   83.7     29.5Total       2580.8   100.0    35.335 × 65 mesh air table lights + heaviesCond.       90.4     4.5      2.2Midd        199.3    10.0     4.8Non-Cond.   1709.5   85.5     40.9Total       1999.2   100.0    47.8plus 35 mesh air table ultra heaviesCond.       467.3    29.2     0.4Midd        188.7    11.8     0.2Non-Cond.   943      59.0     0.9Total       1599     100.0    1.535 × 65 mesh air table ultra heaviesCond.       97       12.1     0.1Midd        106.8    13.4     0.2Non-Cond.   595      74.5     0.9Total       798.8    100.0    1.2minus 65 meshCond.       23.4     1.4      0.2Midd        96.9     6.0      0.9Non-Cond.   1500.6   92.6     13.2Total       1620.9   100.0    14.2HIGH INTENSITY MAGNETIC SEPARATIONS (HI)plus 35 mesh Non Cond. from lights + heaviesHI Mag.     22.6     1.0      0.31HI Non Mag. 2136.0   99.0     29.19Total       2158.6   100.0    29.5035 × 65 mesh Non Cond. from lights + heaviesHi Mag.     61.1     4.1      1.67HI Non Mag. 1438.1   95.9     39.23Total       1499.2   100.0    40.90plus 35 mesh Non Cond. from ultra heaviesHI Mag.     11.2     1.2      0.01HI Non Mag. 931.7    98.8     0.90Total       942.9    100.0    0.9135 × 65 mesh Non Cond. from ultra heaviesHI Mag.     53.1     8.9      0.08HI Non Mag. 541.7    91.1     0.78Total       594.8    100.0    0.86minus 65 mesh Non Cond.HI Mag.     59.9     3.5      0.46HI Non Mag. 1649.0   96.5     12.71Total       1708.9   100.0    13.17plus 35 mesh HT Mid from lights + heaviesHI Mag.     15.6     7.8      0.25HI Non Mag. 183.8    92.2     2.90Total       199.4    100.0    3.1535 × 65 mesh HT Mid from lights + heaviesHI Mag.     13.8     6.0      0.29HI Non Mag. 216.9    94.0     4.48Total       230.7    100.0    4.77minus 65 mesh HT MidHI Mag.     11.8     12.2     0.02HI Non Mag. 85.1     87.8     0.16Total       96.9     100.0    0.18plus 35 mesh HT Mid from ultra heaviesHI Mag.     7.6      4.0      0.01HI Non Mag. 181.2    96.0     0.15Total       188.8    100.0    0.1535 × 65 mesh HT Mid from ultra heaviesHI Mag.     6.9      6.5      0.05HI Non Mag. 100.0    93.5     0.80Total       106.9    100.0    0.85CUMULATIVE PRODUCTSRecovered from lights + heaviesPrimary non mag, non conductor                 81.13    99.2Scav. non mag, non conductor                 7.54     94.4Subtotal              88.67    98.0Recovered from ultra heaviesPrimary non mag, non conductor                 1.68     85.0Scav. non mag, non conductor                 0.94     95.7Subtotal              2.62     88.9Total non mag, non conductor (incl. -65                 91.30    97.7mesh)Total conductor       5.56     55.2Total HI magnetics    3.14     80.3Head Calc. from all test products                 100.00   94.8______________________________________ *Based on feed to separation as 100% **Based on original sample as 100%

EXAMPLE 10

This example illustrates beneficiation of trona using air tabling, electrostatic separation and magnetic separation, and demonstrates a relationship between breadth of size fractions and effectiveness of air tabling as the density separation method by comparison with heavy liquid separation.

A sample of bulk trona from Bed 17 of the Green River Formation in Wyoming was crushed to -6 mesh. The sample was subsequently sized into size fractions of 6×10 mesh, 10×20 mesh, 20×35 mesh, 35×65 mesh (Tyler mesh). Each of the plus 65 mesh size fractions was then subjected to initial density separation on an air table (Rougher Pass). The Rougher Pass light fractions were subsequently sent through a cleaner pass and for the 6×10 mesh fraction, the heavy fraction was sent to a scavenger pass. The resulting separations are shown in Table 10.1.

Each of the size fractions was then subsequently beneficiated using either magnetic separation (in the case of 6×10 mesh fraction) or electrostatic separation and magnetic separation. The portions of material from each separation reporting to various product streams are shown in Table 10.1.

The non-magnetic, in the case of the 6×10 mesh fraction, and the non-magnetic/non-conductive fractions were then further analyzed by conducting a second density separation based on heavy liquid separation to identify what portion of impurities which are separable by density separation had not been removed in the earlier air tabling step. The results of this analysis are shown in Table 10.2. The column entitled ">2.3 S.G., %" identifies the total amount of material separated from the beneficiated ore by the additional heavy liquid density separation step. Additionally, that column shows subcolumns titled "Plus" and "Minus." These two subcolumns represent a breakdown of the "Total" percentage of material which is greater than 2.3 S.G. which falls into either the coarser or finer portion of the particular stream. For example, the 6×10 mesh fraction was broken down into a 6×8 mesh fraction and an 8×10 mesh fraction. Thus, by comparing the "Plus" and "Minus" subcolumns of the ">2.3 S.G., %," it can be seen that inefficiency in the air tabling density separation tended to be at smaller particle sizes within each size fraction because most of the higher specific gravity material left by air tabling was in the smaller particle sizes (the "Minus" subcolumn).

The columns titled "Insoluble Assay" and "Soluble Assay" provide data on the portion of each stream which is insoluble (i.e., impurity) before heavy liquid separation ("Total" subcolumn) and after heavy liquid separation ("<2.3 S.G." subcolumn). Thus, for example, the purity of products resulting from beneficiating ore using air tabling can be seen in the "Total" subcolumn of the "Soluble Assay" column for each of the different streams. This purity can be compared with the subsequent column, having a higher purity, which identifies the purity of the beneficiated material with the subsequent heavy liquid separation to indicate a theoretical purity based on perfect density separation. In addition, the improvement in trona purity between the non-magnetic/non-conductive product which was not air tabled and the non-magnetic/non-conductive product which was air tabled can be seen by comparing the "Total Non-Magnetic/Non-Conductive from Untabled Feed" line with the "Total Non-Magnetic/Non-Conductive from Cleaner Lights" line in the "Cumulative Products" section of Table 10.2.

              TABLE 10.1______________________________________Data from Air Table Tests on Bulk Trona SampleCrushed to Minus 6 Mesh            Weight, % ofProduct            Feed   Size Fraction                                Sample6 × 10 MESHRougher PassHeavies            17.7   17.7       7.9Lights             82.3   82.3       36.7Feed Calc.         100.0  100.0      44.6Scavenger PassHeavies            2.8    3.1        0.2Lights             97.2   17.2       7.7Feed Calc.         100.0  20.3       7.9Cleaner PassHeavies            1.5    1.2        0.6Lights             98.5   81.1       36.2Feed Calc.         100.0  82.3       36.710 × 20 MESHRougher PassHeavies            7.6    7.6        0.9Lights             92.4   92.4       11.4Feed Calc.         100.0  100.0      12.3Cleaner PassHeavies            2.5    2.3        0.3Lights             97.5   90.1       11.1Feed Calc.         100.0  92.4       11.420 × 35 MESHRougher PassHeavies            7.8    7.8        1.0Lights             92.2   92.2       11.3Feed Calc.         100.0  100.0      12.3Cleaner PassHeavies            6.8    6.3        0.8Lights             93.2   85.9       10.6Feed Calc.         100.0  92.2       11.335 × 65 MESHRougher PassHeavies            3.8    3.8        0.2Lights             96.2   96.2       5.4Feed Calc.         100.0  100.0      5.6Cleaner PassHeavies            0.7    0.7        0.0Lights             99.3   95.5       5.3Feed Calc.         100.0  96.2       5.4MINUS 65 MESH (not air tabled)       25.2TOTAL FEED CALC.                     100.0______________________________________

                                  TABLE 10.2__________________________________________________________________________Data from Electrostatic and Induced Roll Separation on Air TableProductsFeed Crushed to minus 6 mesh            Weight                      Insoluble                                                 Soluble            Percent                   >2.3 S.G., %                              >2.3 S.G., Dist., %                                        Assay, % of                                                 Assay, % ofProduct          Feed               Sample                   Plus                      Minus                          Total                              Plus                                 Minus                                     Size                                        Total                                            <2.3 SG                                                 Total                                                     <2.3__________________________________________________________________________                                                     SG6 × 10 MESHNot TabledMag              9.0               4.0Non Mag          91.0               40.6                   0.47                      0.74                          1.21                              100.0                                 100.0                                     100.0                                        3.8 2.3  96.2                                                     97.7Feed Calc.       100.0               44.6Rougher LightsMag              12.2               4.5Non Mag          87.8               32.2                   0.17                      0.86                          1.03                              28.7                                 92.3                                     67.6                                        3.2 2.3  96.8                                                     97.7Feed Calc.       100.0               36.7Scavenger LightsMag              4.6               0.4Non Mag          95.4               7.3 1.02                      2.26                          3.28                              39.3                                 55.3                                     49.0                                        6.7 2.4  93.3                                                     97.6Feed Calc.       100.0               7.7Cleaner LightsMag              11.6               4.2Non Mag          88.4               32.0                   0.1                      0.86                          0.96                              16.8                                 91.6                                     62.5                                        3.2 2.3  96.8                                                     97.7Feed Calc.       100.0               36.210 × 20 MESHNot TabledCond.            20.6               2.5Mag              1.7               0.2Non Mag/Non Cond.            77.6               9.6 0.6                      1.32                          1.92                              100.0                                 100.0                                     100.0                                        5.1 3.1  94.9                                                     96.9Feed Calc.       100.0               12.3Rougher LightsCond.            15.0               1.7Mag              2.4               0.3Non Mag/Non Cond.            82.6               9.4 0.06                      0.52                          0.58                              9.9                                 38.8                                     29.8                                        3.6 3.1  96.4                                                     96.9Feed Calc.       100.0               11.4Cleaner LightsCond.            9.9               1.1Mag              2.1               0.2Non Mag/Non Cond.            88.0               9.8 0.01                      0.55                          0.56                              1.7                                 42.6                                     29.8                                        3   2.5  97  97.5Feed Calc.       100.0               11.120 × 35 MESHNot TabledCond.            18.2               2.2Mag              2.9               0.4Non Mag/Non Cond.            78.9               9.7 0.62                      2.24                          2.86                              100.0                                 100.0                                     100.0                                        5.4 3.1  94.6                                                     96.9Feed Calc.       100.0               12.3Rougher LightsCond.            15.8               1.8Mag              2.3               0.3Non Mag/Non Cond.            81.9               9.3 0.15                      1.93                          2.08                              23.1                                 82.2                                     69.4                                        4.7 3.1  95.3                                                     96.9Feed Calc.       100.0               11.3Cleaner LightsCond.            14.2               1.5Mag              2.8               0.3Non Mag/Non Cond.            83.0               8.8 0.1                      0.71                          0.81                              14.6                                 28.8                                     25.7                                        4.4 3.1  95.6                                                     96.9Feed Calc.       100.0               10.635 × 65 MESHNot TabledCond.            8.6               0.5Mag              5.5               0.3Non Mag/Non Cond.            85.9               4.8 3.18                      3.09                          6.27                              100.0                                 100.0                                     100.0                                        9.2 3.5  90.8                                                     96.5Feed Calc.       100.0               5.6Rougher LightsCond.            10.0               0.5Mag              3.2               0.2Non Mag/Non Cond.            86.8               4.7 0.45                      2.44                          2.89                              13.8                                 77.0                                     44.9                                        5.3 2.6  94.7                                                     97.4Feed Calc.       100.0               5.4Cleaner LightsCond.            13.0               0.7Mag              4.8               0.3Non Mag/Non Cond.            82.2               4.4 0.24                      1.73                          1.97                              6.8                                 50.7                                     28.5                                        4.9 2.8  95.1                                                     97.2Feed Calc.       100.0               5.3CUMULATIVE PRODUCTSTotal NM/NC from Untabled Feed               64.7           100.0                                 100.0                                     100.0                                        4.6 2.6  95.4                                                     97.4Total NM/NC from Rou. + Scav.               62.9           36.9                                 99.1                                     76.2                                        4.0 2.6  96.0                                                     97.4Lights              55.6           20.7                                 78.1                                     57.0                                        3.7 2.6  96.3                                                     97.4Total NM/NC from Rou. Lights               54.9           11.3                                 58.9                                     41.4                                        3.5 2.5  96.5                                                     97.5Total NM/NC from Cl. Lights__________________________________________________________________________ NOTE: The >2.3 sink products from the non mag., non cond. were screened at intermediate mesh sizes to determine the recoveries by particle size, i.e., the 6 × 10 m at 8 m, the 10 × 20 m at 14 m, the 20 × 35 m at 28 m, and the 35 × 65 m at 48 m.

EXAMPLE 11

This example illustrates beneficiation of trona using air tabling, electrostatic separation and magnetic separation, and demonstrates a relationship between breadth of size fractions and effectiveness of air tabling as the density separation method by comparison with heavy liquid separation.

A sample of bulk trona from Bed 17 of the Green River Formation in Wyoming was crushed to -10 mesh. The sample was subsequently sized into size fractions of 10×20 mesh, 20×35 mesh and 35×65 mesh (Tyler mesh). Each of the size fractions was then subjected to initial density separation on an air table (Rougher Pass). The size fractions were subsequently sent through a cleaner and for the 10×20 mesh fractions, a scavenger pass. The resulting separations are shown in Table 11.1.

Each of the size fractions was then subsequently beneficiated using electrostatic separation and magnetic separation. The portions of material from each separation reporting to various product streams are shown in Table 11.1.

The non-magnetic/non-conductive fractions were then further analyzed by conducting a second density separation based on heavy liquid separation to identify what portion of impurities which are separable by density separation had not been removed in the earlier air tabling step. The results of this analysis are shown in Table 11.2. The column entitled ">2.3 S.G., %" identifies the total amount of material separated from the beneficiated ore by the additional heavy liquid density separation step. Additionally, that column shows subcolumns titled "Plus" and "Minus." These two subcolumns represent a breakdown of the "Total" percentage of material which is greater than 2.3 S.G. which falls into either the coarser or finer portion of the particular stream. For example, the 10×20 mesh fraction was broken down into a 10×14 mesh fraction and an 14×20 mesh fraction. Thus, by comparing the "Plus" and "Minus" subcolumns of the ">2.3 S.G., %," it can be seen that inefficiency in the air tabling density separation tended to be at smaller particle sizes within each size fraction because most of the higher specific gravity material left by air tabling was in the smaller particle size (the "Minus" column).

The columns titled "Insoluble Assay" and "Soluble Assay" provide data on the portion of each stream which is insoluble (i.e., impurity) before heavy liquid separation ("Total" subcolumn) and after heavy liquid separation ("<2.3 S.G." subcolumn). Thus, for example, the purity of products resulting from beneficiating ore using air tabling can be seen in the "Total" subcolumn of the "Soluble Assay" column for each of the different streams. This purity can be compared with the subsequent column, having a higher purity, which identifies the purity of the beneficiated material with the subsequent heavy liquid separation to indicate a theoretical purity based on perfect density separation. In addition, the improvement in trona purity between the non-magnetic/non-conductive product which was not air tabled and the non-magnetic/non-conductive product which was air tabled can be seen by comparing the "Total Non-Magnetic/Non-Conductive from Untabled Feed" line with the "Total Non-Magnetic/Non-Conductive from Cleaner Lights" line in the "Cumulative Products" section of Table 11.2.

              TABLE 11.1______________________________________Data from Air Table Tests on Bulk Trona SampleCrushed to Minus 10 Mesh       Weight, % ofProduct            Feed   Size Fraction                                Sample______________________________________10 × 20 MESHRougher PassHeavies            13.6   13.6       4.1Lights             86.4   86.4       26.3Feed Calc.         100.0  100.0      30.4Scavenger PassHeavies            8.2    1.8        0.3Lights             91.8   12.5       3.8Feed Calc.         100.0  14.3       4.1Cleaner PassHeavies            3.0    2.6        0.8Lights             97.0   83.8       25.5Feed Calc.         100.0  86.4       26.320 × 35 MESHRougher PassHeavies            1.3    1.3        0.3Lights             98.7   98.7       20.1Feed Calc.         100.0  100.0      20.4Cleaner PassHeavies            4.4    4.3        0.9Lights             95.6   94.4       19.2Feed Calc.         100.0  98.7       20.135 × 65 MESHRougher PassHeavies            13.0   13.0       1.1Lights             87.0   87.0       7.4Feed Calc.         100.0  100.0      8.5Cleaner PassHeavies            18.0   15.7       1.3Lights             82.0   71.3       6.1Feed Calc.         100.0  87.0       7.4MINUS 65 MESH (not air tabled)       40.7TOTAL FEED CALC.          100.0______________________________________

                                  TABLE 11.2__________________________________________________________________________Data from Electrostatic and Induced Roll Separations on Air TableProductsFeed Crushed to minus 10 mesh          Weight                      Insoluble Soluble          Percent                 >2.3 S.G., %                            >2.3 S.G., Dist., %                                      Assay, % of                                                Assay, % ofProduct        Feed             Sample                 Plus                    Minus                        Total                            Plus                               Minus                                   Size                                      Total                                          <12.3 SG                                                Total                                                    <2.3__________________________________________________________________________                                                    SG10 × 20 MESHNot TabledCond.          24.7             7.5Mag            1.6             0.5Non Mag/Non Cond.          73.7             22.4                 0.59                    1.19                        1.78                            100.0                               100.0                                   100.0                                      4.0 2.6   96.0                                                    97.4Feed Calc.     100.0             30.4Rougher LightsCond.          16.6             4.4Mag            3.6             0.9Non Mag/Non Cond.          79.8             21.0                 0.06                    0.7 0.76                            9.5                               55.1                                   40.0                                      2.7 2.4   97.3                                                    97.6Feed Calc.     100.0             26.3Scavenger LightsCond.          23.1             0.9Mag            3.7             0.1Non Mag/Non Cond.          73.1             2.8 0.51                    3.05                        3.56                            10.7                               31.8                                   24.8                                      6.5 2.3   93.5                                                    97.7Feed Calc.     100.0             3.8Cleaner LightsCond.          23.1             5.9Mag            3.7             1.0Non Mag/Non Cond.          73.1             18.6                 0.02                    0.63                        0.65                            2.8                               44.1                                   30.4                                      2.5 2.3   97.5                                                    97.7Feed Calc.     100.0             25.520 × 35 MESHNot TabledCond.          4.2             0.9Mag            9.7             2.0Non Mag/Non Cond.          86.1             17.6                 1.48                    1.61                        3.09                            100.0                               100.0                                   100.0                                      6.2 3.7   93.8                                                    96.3Feed Calc.     100.0             20.4Rougher LightsCond.          4.8             1.0Mag            10.1             2.0Non Mag/Non Cond.          85.1             17.1                 0.44                    1.72                        2.16                            29.0                               104.1                                   68.1                                      5.5 3.7   94.5                                                    96.3Feed Calc.     100.0             20.1Cleaner LightsCond.          4.6             0.9Mag            8.6             1.7Non Mag/Non Cond.          86.8             16.7                 0.23                    1.29                        1.52                            14.7                               76.0                                   46.7                                      4.7 3.9   95.3                                                    96.1Feed Calc.     100.0             19.235 × 65 MESHNot TabledCond.          10.8             0.9Mag            6.6             0.6Non Mag/Non Cond.          82.6             7.0 0.66                    1.8 2.46                            100.0                               100.0                                   100.0                                      5.4 2.8   94.6                                                    97.2Feed Calc.     100.0             8.5Rougher LightsCond.          12.5             0.9Mag            5.8             0.4Non Mag/Non Cond.          81.7             6.0 0.29                    1.33                        1.62                            37.8                               63.6                                   56.7                                      4.5 3.2   95.5                                                    96.8Feed Calc.     100.0             7.4Cleaner LightsCond.          13.3             0.8Mag            2.8             0.2Non Mag/Non Cond.          83.9             5.1 0.16                    1.56                        1.72                            17.7                               63.2                                   51.0                                      4.1 2.5   95.9                                                    97.5Feed Calc.     100.0             6.1CUMULATIVE PRODUCTSTotal NM/NC from Untabled             47.0           100.0                               100.0                                   100.0                                      5.0 3.0   95.0                                                    97.0FeedTotal NM/NC from Rou. +             46.9           27.3                               89.8                                   65.2                                      4.2 3.0   95.8                                                    97.0Scav.Lights            44.1           24.0                               77.2                                   56.3                                      4.0 3.0   96.0                                                    97.0Total NM/NC from Rou.             40.4           11.5                               61.0                                   41.5                                      3.6 3.0   96.4                                                    97.0LightsTotal NM/NC from Cl. Lights__________________________________________________________________________ NOTE: The >2.3 sink products from the non mag., non cond. were screened at intermediate mesh size to determine the recoveries by particle size, i.e. the 10 × 20 m at 14 m, the 20 × 35 m at 28 m, and the 35 × 65 m at 48 m.