BETA-SERUM DAIRY PRODUCTS, NEUTRAL LIPID-DEPLETED AND/OR POLAR LIPID-ENRICHED DAIRY PRODUCTS, AND PROCESSES FOR THEIR PRODUCTION |
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| 申请号 | EP05801035.6 | 申请日 | 2005-10-12 | 公开(公告)号 | EP1814399B1 | 公开(公告)日 | 2016-05-18 |
| 申请人 | Fonterra Co-Operative Group Limited; | 发明人 | FLETCHER, Katrina; CATCHPOLE, Owen; GREY, John, Bertram; PRITCHARD, Mark; | ||||
| 摘要 | |||||||
| 权利要求 | |||||||
| 说明书全文 | The present invention provides methods for preparing infant formulas comprising beta-serum. Commercially available infant formulas are typically produced using non-human milk. However the nutritional composition of human milk differs in some respects to that of non-human milk (such as cow, sheep, buffalo or goat). Non-human whole milk such as cow, goat or sheep milk, contains a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids than human milk and is deficient in linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids that are essential for normal infant growth and development. Also, butyric acid which is found in milk fat may cause putrid vomit in infants. Therefore standard infant formulas are typically produced using low-fat dairy products such as skim milk. Using a reduced-fat dairy product means undesirable components in milk fat are not included in the infant formula, but it also means that phospholipid and (glyco)sphingolipid levels are significantly lower than those in human milk. Research over the last 5-10 years has shown that increasing phospholipid and (glyco)sphingolipid levels in infant formulations to levels found in human milk (particularly ganglioside GM3, ganglioside GD3, ceramides and sphingomyelin) may lead to:
It is therefore desirable to produce an infant formula containing sufficient levels of desirable lipids while minimising or eliminating undesirable ingredients. One means currently used to achieve this is to add lipid-containing extracts and other individual ingredients to a base formulation thereby producing an infant formula with the desired nutritional profile. The lipid extracts may be produced using conventional extraction solvents (for example Another means used to achieve this goal is to include buttermilk in infant formulas. Buttermilk is the aqueous by-product stream produced during one of three processes:
Infant formulas containing buttermilk contain lesser amounts of undesirable components of milk fat than non-human milk, but higher levels of phospholipids and (glyco)sphingolipids than reduced-fat dairy products. However, the levels of these desirable lipids are not high enough for buttermilk to be used in a whey-dominant infant formula in order to achieve phospholipid and (glyco)sphingolipid levels similar to those in human milk. Supercritical extraction using carbon dioxide as the solvent is known to extract neutral lipids from buttermilk powders. One possible way to provide a suitable product would be to separate the protein components from the lipid components in a dairy product. Dimethyl ether (DME) has previously been used in the extraction of lipids from raw egg yolk ( WO 2004/066744 describes the extraction of lipids from an aqueous dairy stream using near critical extraction where dimethyl ether is the solvent. Published European patent application Published Japanese patent application Published Chinese patent application Published Japanese application Attempts to extract lipids from dairy powder streams with high lactose contents (where high is at least 30% by mass of the total powder) by extraction using liquefied dimethyl ether have been unsuccessful. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide improved or alternative dairy products that can be used in infant formulations, and/or to at least provide the public with a useful choice. The invention is defined by the claims. Any subject-matter not falling within the scope of the claims is for information purposes only. The term "beta-serum" as used herein means an aqueous dairy ingredient separated from dairy streams containing greater than 60% fat which have been through phase inversion from an oil-in-water to a water-in-oil emulsion. Cream is the preferred starting material for the production of beta-serum. For example beta-serum is produced during the production of butter-oil (also known as anhydrous milk fat or AMF) from cream as shown in The term "low-lactose" means that the lactose content is less than or equal to 30% (on a dry weight basis). More preferably, the lactose content is less than or equal to 25% (on a dry weight basis). More preferably, the lactose content is less than or equal to 20% (on a dry weight basis). Most preferably, the lactose content is less than or equal to 10% (on a dry weight basis). The term "infant formula" as used herein includes formulas designed for infants 0-12 months old, formulas designed for infants 6-12 months old (follow-on-formula) and formulas designed for toddlers and young children (1-7 years, growing-up milks / milk powders). According to the present invention, there is provided a method for preparing an infant formula comprising beta-serum, the method comprising isolating beta-serum from a dairy stream containing greater than 60% fat, the dairy stream being obtained after phase inversion of cream from an oil-in-water to a water-in-oil emulsion during production of butter oil or anhydrous milk fat from cream and providing the beta-serum as an ingredient in the infant formula. Preferably, the infant formula comprises:
Advantageously, the infant formula comprises:
Conveniently, the infant formula comprises:
Preferably, the infant formula comprises:
Preferably, the infant formula further comprises 2 - 4% of at least one of the following:
Conveniently, the infant formula provides between 2700 and 3000 kJ/L. The products, compositions and infant formulas of the present invention may be for administration to provide health benefits. For example, the following health benefits are contemplated:
The inventors have discovered that the levels of phospholipids and gangliosides in beta-serum make it suitable to be used in the fortification of infant formulas. The inventors have also discovered that dairy products which are high in fat but low in lactose (including low-lactose beta-serum) may be processed to reduce the levels of neutral lipids, or increase the levels of polar lipids, or both, thus creating products which are even more suitable in the fortification of infant formulas. The processes described in the invention utilise processing and extraction techniques which do not leave toxic residues, therefore further processing of the final dairy product is not required. Additionally, the use of ultrafiltration and near critical extraction with carbon dioxide as the solvent means it should be easier to obtain regulatory approval for the use of this product as there is minimal or no solvent residue in the product compared with the use of conventional solvents such as acetone and ethanol. Additionally conventional solvents extensively denature proteins, making the use of these solvents unsuitable for producing dairy products for infant formula applications. The term "dairy" as used herein means of, containing, or concerning milk and its products. It includes milk produced by humans, cows, buffalo and goats but is not limited to these animals. Every substance has its own "critical" point at which the liquid and vapour state of the substance become identical. Above but close to the critical point of a substance, the substance is in a fluid state that has properties of both liquids and gases. The fluid has a density similar to a liquid, and viscosity and diffusivity similar to a gas. The term "supercritical" as used herein refers to the pressure-temperature region above the critical point of a substance. The term "subcritical" as used herein refers to the pressure-temperature region equal to or above the vapour pressure for the liquid, but below the critical temperature. The term "near critical" as used herein encompasses both "supercritical" and "subcritical" regions, and refers to pressures and temperatures near the critical point.
The following Examples further illustrate practice of the invention. Any examples not falling within the scope of the claims are for information purposes only. This example shows that the extraction of lipids from powder with high concentrations of whey proteins results in very low yields of lipid. Whey protein concentrate powders containing 80.26 % by mass protein, 6.83 % by mass lipid, and 3.57% moisture were extracted with the near critical solvents carbon dioxide, propane, and dimethyl ether (DME). The solvent, pressure, temperature, mass of solids used, mass of solvent used, and extract solids and lipid yields are given in table 1. This example shows that extraction of neutral lipids is possible from beta serum powder with standard lactose content, but that the yield is significantly less than with powders where the lactose content has been reduced. The protein and total phospholipid content of the final powder are low. Beta serum powders with the following compositions were extracted with supercritical CO2 at 300 bar and 313 K: batch 1 total protein 29.4 %, lactose 42.5 %, total fat 19.7 %, moisture 3.1 % and ash 6 %; batch 2 total protein 31.7 %, lactose 44.6 %, total fat 20.6 %, moisture 2.3 % and ash 6.1 %. The total fat is made up of neutral lipids, phospholipids, gangliosides, ceramides and cerebrosides, such as lactosylceramide. The fat extraction results, and mass of phospholipids in the extract are shown in table 2. Only neutral lipids are extracted by supercritical CO2 as the other types of fat, and especially phospholipids, are not soluble in this solvent. The powder compositions after extraction were: batch 1 total protein 32.0 %, lactose 47.9 %, total fat 13.6 %, moisture 3.8 %, and ash 3 %; batch 2 total protein 34.2 %, lactose 44.2 %, total fat 11.3 %, moisture 3.5 %, and ash 6.3 %. The powder from batch 2 was tested for whey protein denaturation. It was assumed that the casein proteins were not denatured. A representative sample of powder was taken, and mixed with water to give approximately 3 % whey proteins in solution. The caseins were precipitated at pH 4.6 with hydrochloric acid, and removed from solution by centrifuging. The composition of the remaining soluble whey proteins was determined by reverse phase chromatography. The soluble whey proteins decreased from 13.43 g/100 g of protein in the feed to 8.39 g/100 g of protein in the extracted powder. There was a very large decrease in native (undenatured) beta-lactoglobulin. Denaturation of the protein makes the powder less suitable for infant formula than those products described in Example 3. This example shows that extraction of neutral lipids with greater than 90 % yield is possible from low lactose beta serum powders. The reduction in lactose content of the beta serum was carried out by ultrafiltration to a volume concentration factor of 8. The protein and total phospholipid contents of the final powder are high. Low lactose beta serum powders with the following compositions were extracted with supercritical CO2 at 300 bar and 313 K: batch 3 low lactose total protein 48.3 %, lactose 14.4 %, total fat 30.1 %, moisture 3.0 % and ash 4.8 %; batch 4 total protein 52.0 %, lactose 7.8 %, total fat 31.9 %, moisture 2.7 % and ash 4.8 %. The fat extraction results, and mass of phospholipids in the extract are shown in table 3. Only neutral lipids are extracted by supercritical CO2 as the other types of fat, and especially phospholipids, are not soluble in this solvent. The powder compositions after extraction were: batch 3 total protein 57.3 %, lactose 15.1 %, total fat 18.7 %, total phospholipids 14.4 %, moisture 4.1 %, and ash 5.7 %; batch 4 total protein 61.6 %, lactose 10.1 %, total fat 21.9 %, total phospholipids 16.8 %, moisture 4.5 %, and ash 5.6 %. Batches 3 and 4 extracted with supercritical CO2 also had enhanced levels of gangliosides at ~ 0.7 % by mass. The remaining difference between the total fat in the residual powder, and the phospholipid and ganglioside content, is made up of mostly ceramides and cerebrosides, especially lactosylceramide. The powder from batches 3 (low lactose) and 4 (very low lactose) were tested for protein denaturation to ensure that it was suitable for use in infant formula as per example 2. The soluble whey proteins increased from 12.20 g/100 g of protein in the feed to 13.57 g/100 g of protein in the extracted powder for batch 3; and from 12.44 g/100 g of protein in the feed to 12.94 g/100 g of protein in the extracted powder for batch 4. The lack of denaturation of the protein, and the high protein and phospholipid contents of the extracted low lactose powders make them very suitable for infant formula. This example shows that the extraction of phospholipids in high yield from beta serum powder that has been pre-extracted with supercritical CO2 is only possible when the lactose content of the powder has been reduced; and that dimethyl ether extraction temperature influences the extraction yield. The example also shows that it is possible to control the final phospholipids content in the powder after extraction by controlling the extraction temperature. Partially defatted powder batches 2 (standard lactose content, feed mass 4318.7 g), 3 (low lactose, feed mass 2952.6 g) and 4 (very low lactose, feed mass 2668.2 g) produced in examples 2 and 3 were re-extracted with dimethyl ether at 40 bar and 293 K using 12.236, 13.828 and 5.117 kg respectively; and then re-extracted with dimethyl ether at 40 bar and 323 K using 13.037, 10.962 and 6.965 kg respectively. The extraction yield results are shown in table 4 The total lipid extract also contained significant levels of ganglioside, at 2.5 % by mass for batch 4 at 293 K; and 1 % by mass for batch 4 at 323 K. The protein contents of all powders increased relative to the feed after dimethyl ether extraction. The powder compositions after CO2 and dimethyl ether extractions were: batch 2 total protein 34.6 %, lactose 47.1 %, total fat 8.9 %, total phospholipids 6.3 %, moisture 2.7 %, and ash 6.7 %; batch 3 total protein 64.4 %, lactose 17.9 %, total fat 8.4 %, total phospholipids 5.7 %, moisture 3.6 %, and ash 5.4 %; batch 4 total protein 73.2 %, lactose 8.7 %, total fat 7.6 %, moisture 4.3 %, and ash 5.1 %. Both powders had significant levels of gangliosides, at approximately 0.4 % by mass. The remaining difference between the total fat in the residual powder, and the phospholipid and ganglioside content, is made up of mostly ceramides and cerebrosides, especially lactosylceramide. The powder from batches 2 (standard lactose content), 3 (low lactose) and 4 (very low lactose) after supercritical CO2 and dimethyl ether extraction were tested for protein denaturation as per example 2. The soluble whey proteins decreased from 13.43 g/100 g of protein for batch 2 to 8.00 g/100 g of protein in the DME extracted powder. The soluble whey proteins increased from 12.20 g/100 g of protein in the feed to 15.23 g/100 g of protein in the extracted powder for batch 3; and from 12.44 g/100 g of protein in the feed to 16.98 g/100 g of protein in the extracted powder for batch 4. The lack of protein denaturation, and the high protein and phospholipid contents of the extracted low lactose powders make them very suitable for infant formula. Extraction with dimethyl ether has had the unexpected effect of increasing the apparent whey protein solubility, which is initially diminished by the removal of lactose from the feed. This example shows that the extraction of both neutral lipids and phospholipids in high yield from beta serum powder is only possible when the lactose content of the powder has been reduced when using dimethyl ether as the solvent without previously extracting the powder with supercritical CO2; and that dimethyl ether extraction temperature influences the extraction yield. The example also shows that it is possible to control the final phospholipids content in the powder after extraction by controlling the extraction temperature. Batch 2 (standard lactose content, feed mass 4245.6 g) with composition as given in example 2; and batches 3 (low lactose, feed mass 3407.5 g) and 4 (very low lactose, feed mass 3204.4 g) with compositions as given in example 3 were extracted with dimethyl ether at 40 bar and 273293 K using 13.426, 12.666 and 13.938 kg respectively; and then re-extracted with dimethyl ether at 40 bar and 323 K using 15.727, 11.673 and 11.123 kg respectively. The extraction yield results are shown in table 5 The protein contents of all powders increased relative to the feed after dimethyl ether extraction. The powder compositions after dimethyl ether extractions were: batch 2 total protein 34.8 %, lactose 44.2 %, total fat 16.3 %, phospholipids 8.3 %, moisture 2.3 %, and ash 6.2 %; batch 3 total protein 65.1 %, lactose 15.3 %, total fat 8.3 %, phospholipids 6.7 %, moisture 2.2 %, and ash 5.3 %; batch 4 total protein 73.3 %, lactose 8.8 %, total fat 8.3 %, total phospholipids 6.8 %, moisture 2.6 %, and ash 5.2 %. For batches 3 and 4, the difference between the total fat and phospholipids content is made up of gangliosides, ceramides and cerebrosides. The powder from batches 2 (standard lactose content), 3 (low lactose) and 4 (very low lactose) after dimethyl ether extraction were tested for protein denaturation as per example 2. The soluble whey proteins increased from 13.43 g/100 g of protein to 14.38 g/100 g for batch 1; from 12.20 g/100 g of protein in the feed to 15.47 g/100 g of protein in the extracted powder for batch 3; and from 12.44 g/100 g of protein in the feed to 15.55 g/100 g of protein in the extracted powder for batch 4. The lack of protein denaturation and the high protein content of the DME extracted low lactose powders make them suitable for a wide range of food applications, especially sports nutrition. Extraction with dimethyl ether has had the unexpected effect of increasing the apparent whey protein solubility, which is initially diminished by the removal of lactose from the feed. The extraction yield of total lipids and phospholipids is very low for powder with high lactose contents (batch 2) when using dimethyl ether alone as the extraction solvent. The high content of neutral lipids makes this powder less suitable for infant formula. The phospholipid content of human milk typically ranges from 200-400 mg/L ( According to Table 6 shows the phospholipid contents of:
These products are derived from bovine milk. Product A (beta-serum powder) was produced using the method illustrated in The total lipid content was measured by a modified Röse-Gottlieb method where the lipid extracts were vacuum evaporated and freeze-dried cf. oven drying (low temperature drying minimises the phospholipid hydrolysis that occurs during oven drying due to the presence of ammonia in the lipid extracts). The total phospholipid content was calculated by multiplying the phosphorus content of the modified Röse-Gottlieb fat extract by 25.5 (refer Individual phospholipids were measured by 31P NMR. Table 7 shows the percentage of each product (A, B, C, D and E) that needs to be added to infant formula on a powder basis in order to increase the "total" ganglioside (ganglioside GD3 plus ganglioside GM3) content of ready-to-feed (RTF) infant formula (IF) by 16 mg/L. The assumptions are that the baseline levels of these components in standard infant formula are 0%, that the infant formula powder is reconstituted to 13% total solids, and that the density of the RTF IF is 1.0 kg/L. The beta serum product addition rates shown in Table 7 also increase the individual phospholipid contents of the infant formula to levels greater than those found in human milk, the only exception being product E, where the added PE and PS levels are slightly lower than those found in human milk (base levels of these components in standard infant formula would probably compensate for these shortfalls). Note that product D could be used instead of soy lecithin, which is commonly used to instantise infant formulas, thereby making them easier to reconstitute.
These target levels meet the ANZFA energy requirements of infant formula (2700-3000 kJ/L). The difference between the sum of the protein, carbohydrate and fat levels and the 13% total solids target was assumed to be the vitamin and mineral premixes, antioxidants, lecithin (used to instantise the final infant formula), and possibly nucleotides/nucleosides. These components typically amounted to about 3% of the powdered infant formula. The oil mix used in preparing infant formulas typically comprises a blend of vegetable oils in order to achieve a fatty acid profile close to that of human milk. Vegetable oils that are commonly used in infant formula are high oleic palm olein, high oleic sunflower oil, high oleic safflower oil, coconut oil and soy oil. Furthermore, many of the premium brands also contain fish/microalgal and fungal oils as sources of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid respectively.
The above examples are illustrations of practice of the invention. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the invention may be carried out with numerous variations and modifications. For example temperatures and pressures for the extractions may be varied as can the protein and lactose contents of the starting materials. Also, it will be appreciated that the dairy products of the present invention may also be used in products for dermatological or general nutritional benefit in the consumer, including sports nutrition and food for the elderly. The term "comprising" as used in this specification means 'consisting at least in part of, that is to say when interpreting statements in this specification which include that term, the features, prefaced by that term in each statement, all need to be present but other features can also be present. |
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