Dynamic analyzer
阅读：1026发布：2021-05-29
专利汇可以提供Dynamic analyzer专利检索，专利查询，专利分析的服务。并且A dynamic analyzer for evaluation of voltage-current related properties in an external system and, in a particular application, to a unique potentiostat employed in performing electrochemical analysis of corrosion phenomena in a test cell. The dyanamic analyzer has an isolation amplifier to sense electrode potential in the test cell with an output in a voltage loop including a triangular wave voltage sweep generator, an offset voltage source and a voltage comparator (error signal amplifier). The potentials in the voltage loop are summed, and the resultant error signal drives a power amplifier which passes regulated current flow between electrodes in the test cell. As a result, the cell''s current-induced electrode potential precisely ''''tracks'''' the sweep voltage. The current, changing direction of flow as well as magnitude, is monitored by a bipolar log converter having voltage output + OR - V log I. This bipolar voltage (linear function) is applied to an absolute value circuit which inverts one polarity of the bipolar voltage and ''''sets'''' the unipolar voltages to conform to the decade relationship of log I. The unipolar voltage and sweep voltage (linear function) are applied to the X axis and Y axis, respectively of an X-Y plotter which produces (on semilog charts) a direct graphical comparison of the voltage-current relationship (linear versus log I functions with zero crossing capability) in the test cell. In this dynamic analyzer, the voltage sweep generator, the log converter, and an absolute value circuit are unique subcombinations and can be employed separately and apart from the dynamic analyzer with good results.，下面是Dynamic analyzer专利的具体信息内容。
1. A dynamic analyzer comprising: a. a plurality of terminals forming an interface between the analyzer and an external system having voltage-current related properties; b. an input circuit including a pair of said terminals and an output means for producing a first voltage signal representative of the potential difference between said terminal pair; c. voltage sweep generator means providing a linear sweep voltage signal from a first magnitude to a second magnitude; d. current source means having an output circuit for passing bidirectional output current between a pair of said terminals whereby a polarization voltage is induced at said first mentioned terminal pair, and said current source means having an input circuit for receiving an input voltage signal for controlling the magnitude of said output current in said output circuit; e. error signal amplifier means for generating a second voltage signal indicating the difference between said first voltage signal from said output circuit and said linear sweep voltage signal in an input circuit of said error signal amplifier; said second voltage signal being applied to said input circuit of said current source means for effecting a bidirectional flow of output current in the output circuit thereof whereby said potential difference between said first mentioned terminal pair precisely tracks said linear sweep voltage signal; f. log converter means sensing said output current in said output circuit of said current source means and providing a continuous potential signal having a polarity representative of the flow direction of the output current and said potential signal having a magnitude representative of the logarithm of the magnitude of the output current, and said potential signal changing polarity upon a change in the flow direction of said output current; and g. readout means for providing a readout of said linear sweep voltage signal with said potential signal for a selected period of time.
2. a control network having means for providing the control current signal of certain magnitude to said integrator and said control current signal produced in response to a control signal voltage of a fixed magnitude but alternately of positive and negative polarity in conformity with said control current signal in the input circuit of said integrator, said control network including means for regulating the magnitude and direction of current flow of said control current signal whereby the rate of increasing or decreasing in sweep voltage signal and the magnitude thereof in said output circuit of said integrator are adjustable;
2. The analyzer of claim 1 wherein said potential signal from said log converter means is applied to absolute value circuit means for producing a unipolar voltage output signal whereby said output current can change direction of flow as well as magnitude over several decades and said unipolar potential output signal is directly readable as said output current when said unipolar voltage and said linear sweep voltage signal are presented on semilog cycle readout recording media.
2. a pair of transistors comprising PNP and NPN types with their bases at circuit common and their collectors connected to said input of said differential input amplifier receiving the output current;
2. a unity gain inverting amplifier having one input at circuit common and a second input connected to said second resistance, said amplifier having a feedback loop between its output and said second input with a diode therein to provide said amplifier with unity gain when said potential signal is positive and said output being the negative value of said potential signal, a second diode connecting said output through a third resistance to the first resistance and a current summing point, whereby current can flow only from said output to said summing point when said potential signal is positive in value;
3. a voltage follower amplifier having a first input connected to said summing point and a second input at circuit common, and an output connected in a feedback loop to said summing point and a voltage output signal terminal, a source of positive potential connected through a resistance network to said summing point whereby current can flow from said potential source to said summing point;
3. a voltage biasing network connected between positive and negative terminals of said DC power supply means and said transistors having their emitters connected between said positive and negative terminals whereby a current flow between the collector-emitter junctions places said transistors into a conducting condition for nonlinear potential-current conversion;
3. The analyzer of claim 1 wherein said output circuit of said isolation amplifier includes an offset potential source means whereby a third voltage signal can be summed with said first voltage signal and said linear sweep voltage signal in the input circuit of said error signal amplifier means.
3. a bistable differential amplifier having an output connected to said control network and providing therein thE control signal voltage, said differential amplifier providing in its output circuit the control signal voltage with alternate successive positive and negative polarities in response to successive switching signals applied to said bistable differential amplifier, and said control signal voltage being of alternate positive and negative polarity responsive to each successively applied switching signal;
4. comparator means including a logic circuit producing said successive switching signals, and each signal thereof corresponding in timing to the triangular wave sweep voltage signal reaching one of a pair of predetermined voltage limits and the signals being of alternative positive and negative polarity with a fixed relationship to each of said predetermined voltage limits, and said comparator means having differential amplifiers with inputs from predetermined first and second reference voltages for said triangular wave sweep voltage signal and other inputs from the output circuit of said integrator means, said differential amplifiers having outputs connected to said logic circuit including means for generating signals of positive or negative polarity in response to said inputs of said differential amplifiers of said comparator means sensing the triangular wave sweep voltage signal reaching one of said first and second voltage magnitudes, and the polarity of said succession of switching signals correlated to which of said first and second voltage magnitude limits is reached, and
4. The analyzer of claim 1 wherein said voltage sweep generator means provides a linear sweep voltage signal beginning at a first voltage and changing at a selected uniform rate to a second voltage and then changing at the same uniform rate to the first voltage.
4. a pair of diode series connected between said emitters of said transistors and the common junction between said diodes being connected to the output of said differential input amplifier Forming a feedback loop current, and said diodes selectively gating said output current through one of said collector-emitter junctions into said feedback loop for conversion of said output current into a potential whose polarity is determined by which transistor has conducted said output current;
4. said resistance network being adjusted to provide a current to the summing point in a certain ratio to the output current applied to said log converter, and said feedback loop of said voltage follower amplifier being adjusted whereby said voltage output signal is set to a certain relationship with the change in magnitude of several decades by said current signal; and h. readout means for comparing said triangular wave sweep voltage signal with said unipolar voltage output signal for a selected period of time, said readout means including a x-y plotter with one axis as a linear scale representative of said triangular wave sweep voltage signal and as a second axis a multicycle logarithmic scale representative of said unipolar voltage output signal whereby the sweep voltage signal is directly correlated to the output current between said test and third electrodes for changes in output current magnitude over several decades.
5. a sweep voltage reference source providing said first and second reference voltages in said comparator means; d. a current source means having an output circuit for passing output current between said test specimen and third electrodes whereby a polarization voltage is induced at said test specimen electrode relative to said reference electrode, and said current source means having an input circuit for receiving an input voltage signal for controlling the magnitude of said output current passing in said output circuit; e. error signal amplifier means for generating a second voltage signal indicating the difference between said first voltage signal from said isolation amplifier and said sweep voltage signal in an input circuit of said error signal amplifier, said second voltage signal being applied to said input circuit of said current source means for effecting bidirectional flow of output current in the output circuit thereof whereby said potential difference between said reference and test specimen electrodes precisely tracks said triangular wave sweep voltage signal and said current magnitude varies between first and second finite values and passes through zero in directional reversal between said values; f. log converter means sensing said output current in said output circuit of said current source means and providing a potential signal representative of said bidirectional output current between said test specimen and third electrodes; said log converter means comprising:
5. a resistance bridge connected between said emitters of said transistors producing a potential signal corresponding in polarity to the potential induced by one of the collector-emitter junctions; and
5. The analyzer of claim 4 wherein said first and third voltages are of zero magnitude in said linear sweep voltage signal provided by said voltage sweep generator means.
6. The analyzer of claim 1 wherein said input circuit of said current source means includes a current limiter means whereby the rate of change does not exceed a predetermined value in said output current magnitude in the output circuit of said current source means.
6. means for providing as an output a scaler indicia of said potential signal from said resistance bridge which indicia is the directional and magnitude function of said output current applied to said differential input amplifier; g. an absolute value circuit means for producing a unipolar voltage output signal from the potential signal produced by said log converter means, said absolute value circuit means comprising:
7. The analyzer of claim 1 wherein said readout means is an x-y plotter having as one axis a linear scale representative of said linear sweep voltage signal and as a second axis a multicycle logarithmic scale representative of said potential signal from said log converter tracking bidirectional current flow in the output circuit of said current source means.
8. The analyzer of claim 7 wherein said potential signal from said log coNverter means is applied to an absolute value circuit means for producing a unipolar voltage output signal whereby said output current from said current source means can change direction of flow as well as magnitude over a plurality of decades and said unipolar voltage output signal is directly readable as current magnitude on the multicycle logarithmic scale on the second axis of said x-y plotter.
9. The analyzer of claim 1 wherein said isolation amplifier is included in said output means of said input circuit forming a low impedance voltage loop with said error signal amplifier means, said offset potential source means and said current source means forming a series voltage signal loop wherein the sum of the first and second voltage signals and linear sweep voltage signal is substantially zero.
10. The analyzer of claim 1 wherein said voltage sweep generator means comprises: a. an integrator receiving a control current signal and providing responsively in an output circuit a linear sweep voltage signal changing in magnitude at a uniform rate,, said control current signal having a directional flow correlated to the linear sweep voltage increasing or decreasing at a uniform rate; b. a control network providing the control current signal to said integrator in response to a control signal voltage of fixed magnitude but having a positive or negative polarity corresponding to the directional flow of said current signal; c. a sweep voltage reference source for providing first and second reference voltages; d. comparator means for sampling the linear sweep voltage signal and comparing same with said first and second reference voltages, and generating several switching signals of a polarity indicative of which of said first and second reference voltages is reached by the sweep voltage signal; and e. a bistable amplifier means for producing the positive and negative control signal voltages applied to said control network, and said bistable amplifier means changing polarity in the control signal voltage on each successive switching signal, and the switching signal correlated to the positive and negative control signal voltages whereby the linear sweep voltage signal changes successively to increase and decrease in magnitude between said first and second reference voltages.
11. The analyzer of claim 1 wherein said log converter means comprises: a. a differential input amplifier having one input receiving the bidirectional output current and another input connected to circuit common of a DC power supply means, and an output providing a voltage representative of said output current; b. rectifier means series connected and at their common junction being connected to said input of said differential input amplifier receiving said output current; c. a voltage biasing network for providing a current flow through the rectifier means thereby placing said rectifier means into a conducting condition for nonlinear potential-current conversion; d. an output circuit series connected across said rectifier means and the common junction thereof being connected to the output of said differential input amplifier thereby forming a feedback loop wherein said output current is passed through one of said rectifier means to the output of said differential input amplifier for creating a potential in the output circuit; and e. means for providing from said potential a potential signal representing said bidirectional output current.
12. The analyzer of claim 11 wherein said rectifier means are PNP and NPN transistors interconnected for passing said output current through one of their collector-emitter junctions.
13. The analyzer of claim 2 wherein said absolute value circuit means comprises: a. an input circuit having in series-parallel first, second and third resistances of equal magnitude and a fourth resistance of one-half the magnitude of said first, second or third resistances, said input circuit receiving said bipolar pOtential signal from said log converter between said first and second resistances; b. a unity gain inverting amplifier having one input at circuit common of a power supply means and a second input connected to a current summing point between said second resistance and fourth resistances, said amplifier having a feedback loop between its output and said second input with a diode therein to provide a unity gain for said amplifier when said potential signal is positive and thereby said output becoming the negative value of said potential signal, a second diode connecting said output to between said third and fourth resistances whereby current can flow only from said output to said summing point only when said potential signal is positive in value; c. a voltage follower inverting amplifier having a first input connected to said summing point and a second input at circuit common, and an output connected in a feedback loop to said summing point and voltage output terminal whereby a negative potential signal produces a positive value of said potential signal in said third and fourth resistances by current flow therethrough to said summing point; and d. said current flow through said resistances to said summing point being adjusted in a certain ratio to the bidirectional current signal applied to said log converter thereby providing said unipolar potential output signal.
14. A dynamic analyzer comprising: a. a plurality of terminals forming an interface between the analyzer and an external system having voltage-current related properties; b. isolation amplifier means having an input circuit including a pair of said terminals and an output circuit in which is produced a first voltage signal representative of the potential difference between said terminal pair; c. a voltage sweep generator means providing a triangular wave sweep voltage signal; d. a current source means having an output circuit for passing output current between a pair of said terminals whereby a polarization voltage is induced in said input circuit of said isolation amplifier, and said current source means having an input circuit for receiving an input voltage signal for controlling the magnitude of said output current passing in said output circuit; e. error signal amplifier means for generating a second voltage signal indicating the difference between said first voltage signal from said isolation amplifier and said sweep voltage signal in an input circuit of said error signal amplifier; said second voltage signal being applied to said input circuit of said current source means for effecting bidirectional flow of output current in the output circuit thereof whereby said potential difference between said first mentioned terminal pair precisely tracks said triangular wave sweep voltage signal and said current magnitude varies between first and second finite values and passes through zero in directional reversal between said values; f. log converter means sensing said output current in said output circuit of said current source means for providing a continuous potential signal having a polarity representative of the flow direction of the output current and said potential signal having a magnitude representative of the logarithm of the magnitude of the output current, and said potential signal changing polarity upon a change in the flow direction of said output current; and g. readout means for presenting said triangular wave sweep voltage signal with said potential signal for a selected period of time.
15. The analyzer of claim 14 wherein said potential signal from said log converter means is applied to an absolute value circuit means for producing a unipolar voltage output signal whereby said output current can change direction of flow as well as magnitude over several decades with zero current between reversal in directional flow and said unipolar voltage output signal is directly readable in comparison to said sweep voltage signal when said unipolar voltage outPut signal and said sweep voltage signal are presented on semilog cycle readout recording media.
16. The analyzer of claim 14 wherein said output circuit of said isolation amplifier includes an offset potential source means whereby a third voltage signal can be summed with said first voltage signal and said triangular wave sweep voltage signal in the input circuit of said error signal amplifier means.
17. The analyzer of claim 14 wherein said voltage sweep generator means provides a triangular wave sweep voltage signal which increases and decreases at the same uniform rate between selected voltage values.
18. The analyzer of claim 17 wherein said triangular wave sweep voltage signal provided by said voltage sweep generator means begins and ends in each cycle at a zero magnitude of voltage.
19. The analyzer of claim 14 wherein said input circuit of said current source means includes a current limiter means whereby the rate of change does not exceed a predetermined value in said output current magnitude passing in the output circuit of said current source means.
20. The analyzer of claim 15 wherein said readout means is a x-y plotter having as one axis a linear scale representative of said triangular wave sweep voltage signal and as a second axis a multicycle logarithmic scale representative of said unipolar voltage output signal from said absolute value circuit means tracking bidirectional output current in the output circuit of said current source means.
21. The analyzer of claim 20 wherein said potential signal from said log converter means is applied to an absolute value circuit means for producing a unipolar voltage output signal whereby said output current from said current source means can change in direction of flow as well as magnitude over a plurality of decades and said unipolar voltage output signal is directly readable as the logarithm of said output current over a like number of decades on a multicycle logarithmic scale as the second axis of said x-y plotter.
22. The analyzer of claim 14 wherein said isolation amplifier has an output circuit forming a low impedance voltage loop with said error signal amplifier, said offset potential source means and said current source means forming a series voltage signal loop wherein the sum of the voltage signals in said low impedance voltage loop is substantially zero.
23. The analyzer of claim 14 wherein the external system is an electrochemical cell and includes reference, test specimen and third electrode, a pair of said terminals in the input circuit of said isolation amplifier are connected to said reference and test specimen electrodes and another pair of said terminals in the output circuit of said current source means are connected to said test specimen and third electrodes.
24. The analyzer of claim 14 wherein said voltage sweep generator means comprises: a. an integrator receiving a control current signal and providing responsively in an output circuit a linear sweep voltage signal following a triangular wave between first and second voltage magnitudes; b. a control network providing the control current signal to said integrator in response to a control signal voltage of fixed magnitude and positive or negative in polarity; c. a sweep voltage reference source for providing first and second reference voltages corresponding to the first and second voltage magnitudes; d. comparator means for sampling the linear sweep voltage signal and comparing same with the first and second reference voltages, and said comparator means generating several switching signals of a polarity indicative of which of the first and second reference voltages is approached by the linear sweep voltage signal; and e. bistable amplifier means receiving the several switching signals from said comparator means and producing the control signal voltage applied to said control network with a fixed magnitude but changing in polarity on each successive switching signal whereby said linEar sweep voltage is a triangular wave between first and second voltage magnitudes.
25. The analyzer of claim 24 wherein said comparator means includes a logic circuit producing successive switching signals, and each signal thereof corresponding in timing to the linear sweep voltage signal reaching one of said first and second voltage magnitudes, and the pulses being of alternate positive and negative polarity with a fixed relationship to each of said first and second voltage magnitudes.
26. The analyzer of claim 25 wherein said comparator means also includes differential amplifiers with outputs connected to said logic circuit having means for generating signals of positive or negative polarity in response to said inputs of said differential amplifiers sensing the linear sweep voltage signal reaching one of said first and second voltage magnitudes, and the polarity of said several switching signals correlated to which of said first and second reference voltage magnitudes is reached.
27. The analyzer of claim 24 wherein said comparator means includes a pair of differential amplifiers each having one input connected to the output circuit of said integrator and each having another input receiving one of said first and second reference voltages, the outputs of said differential amplifiers connected to a logic circuit, said logic circuit receiving output signals from said differential amplifiers which signals change in magnitude as the linear sweep voltage signal approaches one of said first and second voltage magnitudes, said logic circuit producing said successive several switching signals of alternate positive and negative polarity with a fixed relationship to each of said first and second voltage magnitudes and each signal corresponding in timing to the linear sweep voltage signal reaching one of said first and second voltage magnitudes.
28. The analyzer of claim 27 wherein said logic circuit comprises a pair of rectifier means connected for series current flow between the outputs of said differential amplifiers and a switching signal output circuit connected to the junction of said rectifier means and biasing means in series with each rectifier means and the output of both rectifier means are biased into either a conducting or non-conducting state for all output signals from said differential amplifiers as the linear sweep voltage signal is between said first and second voltage magnitudes, and for output signals from said differential amplifiers as the linear sweep voltage reaches one of said first and second voltage magnitudes, one said rectifier means is biased into a conduction state and the other said rectifier means is biased into a nonconducting state whereby each of said switching signals is applied to said switching signal output circuit, and said each switching signal being timed to the linear sweep voltage signal reaching one of said first and second voltage magnitudes and the polarity of each said switching signal having a fixed relationship to which of said first and second voltage magnitudes has been reached by the linear sweep voltage signal. signal.
29. The analyzer of claim 14 wherein said log converter means comprises: a. a differential input amplifier having one input receiving said output current and another input connected to circuit common of a DC power supply means, and an output providing a voltage representative of said output current; b. a pair of transistors comprising PNP and NPN types with their bases at circuit common and their collectors connected to said input of said differential input amplifier receiving the output current; c. a voltage biasing network for providing a current flow from said DC power supply means through the collector-emitter junctions of said transistors thereby placing said transistors into a conducting condition for nonlinear potential-current conversion; d. a pair of diodes series connected between the emitters of said transistors and at the common junction of said diodes connectEd to the output of said differential input amplifier thereby forming a feedback loop wherein said output current is passed through one of said collector-emitter junctions and a diode to the output of said differential input amplifier for creating a potential signal; and e. means for providing an output of said potential signal representing the direction of flow and proportional to the logarithm of the magnitude of the output current.
30. The analyzer of claim 29 wherein the voltage biasing network of said log converter means includes a pair of shunting resistances in parallel with said transistors whereby the current flows through the collector-emitter junctions and through said shunting resistances are in a ratio of at least 1 to 1,000 so that the current flow through the collector-emitter junctions remains substantially constant.
31. The analyzer of claim 30 wherein the ratio of current flows is at least 1 to 100,000 in said log converter means.
32. The analyzer of claim 30 wherein a resistance bridge in said log converter means is connected between said emitters of said transistors to produce a potential signal corresponding to said potential created at one of said collector-emitter junctions by current flow.
33. The analyzer of claim 32 wherein a voltage follower differential amplifier in said log converter means receives said potential signal at one input and the other input is connected through a temperature compensating resistance to circuit common and in a feedback loop to the output thereof whereby the potential signal at said output is a potential signal representing the current signal and corrected for temperature errors in said resistance bridge before applying said potential signal to said means for providing a readout.
34. The analyzer of claim 29 wherein the voltage biasing network in said log converter means includes a four-arm resistance bridge, first and second arms in parallel with said transistors, and third and fourth arms in parallel with said first and second arms, the current flows through said collector-emitter junctions and through said first and second arms being in a ratio of at least 1 to 1,000 whereby the current flow through said collector-emitter junctions remains substantially constant, said third and fourth arms forming a resistance bridge to produce at the junction of said third and fourth arms a potential signal corresponding to said potential created at one of said collector-emitter junctions by current flow.
35. The analyzer of claim 34 wherein a voltage follower differential amplifier in said log converter means receives said potential signal at one input and the other input connected through a temperature compensating resistance to circuit common and in a feedback loop to the output thereof whereby the potential signal at said output is a potential signal representing the output current and corrected for temperature errors in said resistance bridge before applying said potential signal to said means for providing a readout.
36. The analyzer of claim 34 wherein said log converter means, a second pair of transistors comprising PNP and NPN types are connected emitter-emitter with like types mounted on a common chip with the first mentioned pair of transistors, and said second pair of transistors connected with their collectors to the junction of said first and second resistance arms and with their bases connected in reverse phase to the junctions of said first and third, and second and fourth resistance arms whereby a temperature change in one of the collector-emitter junctions produces an out-of-phase current through one of said first and second resistance arms of said bridge thereby compensating for a temperature induced-current variation in the nonlinear potential-current conversion into said potential signal at the collector-emitter junctions.
37. The analyzer of claim 15 wherein said absolute value circuit means comprises: a. an input circuit having like first and second resistances, said input circuit receiving said potential signal from said log converter means; b. a unity gain inverting amplifier having one input at circuit common and a second input connected to said second resistance, said amplifier having a feedback loop between its output and said second input with a diode therein to provide said amplifier with unity gain when said potential signal is positive and said output being the negative value of said potential signal, a second diode connecting said output through a third resistance to the first resistance and a current summing point, whereby current can flow only from said output to said summing point when said potential signal is positive in value; c. a voltage follower amplifier having a first input connected to said summing point and a second input at circuit common, and an output connected in a feedback loop to said summing point and a voltage output signal terminal, a source of positive potential connected through a resistance network to said summing point whereby current can flow from said potential source to said summing point; and d. said resistance network being adjusted to provide a current to the summing point in a certain ratio to the output current applied to said log converter means, and said feedback loop of said voltage follower amplifier being adjusted whereby said voltage output signal is set to a certain relationship with the change in magnitude of several decades by said output current applied to said log converter means.
38. The analyzer of claim 37 wherein said absolute value circuit means has said first and second resistances equal in magnitude and said third resistance branch is one-half the magnitude of either said first and second resistances whereby a positive potential signal in said input circuit causes the current flows in said first and second resistance to sum to the value of current flow to the summing point from said positive potential source, and a negative potential signal in said input circuit causes the current flow in said first resistance to be equal to the value of current flow to the summing point from said positive potential source.
39. A dynamic analyzer comprising: a. a plurality of electrodes forming an electrochemical cell having voltage-current related properties and said electrodes including reference, test specimen and third electrodes, adapted to be exposed to a corrodant; b. isolation amplifier means having an input circuit including said reference and test specimen electrodes and an output circuit in which is produced a first voltage signal representative of said half cell potential difference between said reference and test specimen electrodes; c. a voltage sweep generator means providing a triangular wave sweep voltage signal between first and second voltage magnitudes and comprising:
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