Outer thermal insulating composite wall with supporters for outer walls
专利汇可以提供Outer thermal insulating composite wall with supporters for outer walls专利检索，专利查询，专利分析的服务。并且An outer thermal insulating composite wall with supporters (1-5) for outer walls is disclosed. An inner end of the supporter (1-5) is fixed with a main structure (10) and a base wall body (1). The supporter (1-5) is a cantilever steel truss having an oblique pole. A thermal insulating layer (3) is provided in the base wall body (1). Steel bars (4) are provided out of the thermal insulating layer (3) and connected to the supporters (1-5). Metal nets are fixed with the steel bars (4). The steel bars (4) and the metal nets are provided in a protective layer (8) which is connected to the thermal insulating layer (3). The steel bars (4) and the main structure (10) or the base wall body (1) are fixed via inside and outside tension connected wires (9). The outer thermal insulating composite wall for the outer walls saves consumption of labor and welding materials and has convenient construction without damaging concrete moulds.，下面是Outer thermal insulating composite wall with supporters for outer walls专利的具体信息内容。
This is a U.S. National Stage under 35 U.S.C 371 of the International Application PCT/CN2012/000178, filed Feb. 15, 2012, which claims priority under U.S.C. 119(a-d) to CN 201110054483.X filed on Mar. 8, 2011, CN201110118063.3 filed on May 9, 2011, and CN 201110166966.9 filed on Jun. 21, 2011.
1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to an outer thermal insulating composite wall of buildings, and more particularly to an outer thermal insulating composite wall with supporters for outer walls.
2. Description of Related Arts
A thermal insulating wall of thin plasters is a wall thermal insulation technology dependent only on adhesive agents to realize binding, which is a single technique and inevitably has shortcomings in structure thereof, resulting in poor performance in fireproofing and structural safety. Compared to other conventional energy-saving wall technology, the thermal insulating wall of thin plasters has fewest heat bridges and best energy-saving thermal insulation performance; however, the heat bridges thereof are still too many. For example, firstly, a thermal insulating layer at sides of doors and windows is much thinner than a main wall body, so as to be a passage liable to lose heat; even if the windows are installed as a base wall body for improvements, heat resistance between outer corners of the base wall body and outside cold spots is still far less than that of the main wall body, and further if a ratio of window to wall is between 0.3 and 0.5, an increase of an average heat transfer coefficient of wall bodies is 0.1 to 0.2w/m2.k and thus the average heat transfer coefficient of wall bodies can hardly be below 0.4 w/m2.k. Openings like doors and windows are similar to a neck of a person. In cold winter, the neck needs to be wrapped by a wool scarf. However, sticking thin plates of thermal insulating boards around the windows of the thermal insulating wall of thin plasters is similar to wrapping a silk scarf around the neck, which means that much heat is still lost. Secondly, when stuff including curtain wall decorations, sun shields, advertisement boards and solar panels are installed on the outer wall, structure connectors can be connected to the base wall body only by passing through the thermal insulating layer, which further adds much heat transfer and affects energy-saving and thermal insulation; thereby the average heat transfer coefficient of wall bodies can hardly be below 0.7 w/m2.k.
The other conventional energy-saving walls have more heat bridges than the thermal insulating wall of thin plasters, such as a sandwiched thermal insulating wall, a block thermal insulating wall and a thermal insulating wall having mineral wool contained within light steel skeletons which are installed on a frame structure. The mentioned conventional thermal insulating walls not only have more heat bridges at the doors and windows than the thermal insulating wall of thin plasters, but also further have heat bridges at concrete projecting eaves around building. Thus the conventional thermal insulating walls are similar to a person only wearing cotton clothes and cotton trousers and leaving waist thereof, i.e., the concrete projecting eaves, exposed. Even if thermal insulating thin bars are boned to the concrete projecting eaves, the concrete projecting eaves still have far less heat resistance than the main wall body and too many heat bridges. The sandwiched thermal insulating wall also has too many heat bridges; even if expanded polystyrene (EPS) boards thereof are as thick as 300 mm, the average heat transfer coefficient of walls thereof still fails to reach 0.4 w/m2.k.
The conventional energy-saving thermal insulating walls commonly have many passages for losing heat, i.e., the heat bridges, which restricts reduction of global greenhouse gas emission.
In order to solve an existing conflict between the thermal insulation and the fireproofing and the structural safety of the conventional arts and improve the thermal insulation of the walls, the inventor has following inventions about the wall technology.
Firstly, a Chinese patent 200410002698.7 titled anti-seismic thermal insulating composite wall with supporters and outer protecting layer of reinforced cement;
secondly, a Chinese patent 200610153289.6 titled binding thermal insulating composite wall with supporters;
thirdly, a Chinese patent application 201019185057.2 titled outer thermal insulating composite wall with supporters for outer walls, which put forward heat separation broken bridges of openings of doors and windows to eliminate or reduce loss of heat around the openings. However the above inventions have following problems.
1. The above inventions all have a common member, i.e., supportive cantilever, shaped steel supportive cantilever or concrete supportive cantilever.
As showed in
(1) The shaped steel supportive cantilever transfers too much heat, which affects energy saving and thermal insulation, and costs too many steel materials.
In the first invention, the steel supporter is used because of installing stone curtain wall decorations. Conventionally, installing the curtain wall decorations, the advertisement boards, protective fences against burglars, the sun shields and thick and heavy decorations on the thermal insulating composite walls, the structural connectors cause an increase of heat transfer, cost many steel materials and are liable to corrode; it is impossible to repair the thermal insulating composite walls unless the thermal insulating composite walls are opened, otherwise a service life thereof can hardly reaches 50 years. Thus the shaped supportive cantilever is replaced by the concrete supportive cantilever in the inventions afterwards.
(2) The concrete supportive cantilever brings inconvenience to construction work, affects construction speed, leads to high cost and is unfit for energy-saving modification works of existing buildings.
As showed in
Casting or prefabrication and installing of the concrete supportive cantilever bring inconvenience to the construction work and cost labor, time and materials.
Each standard width needs about 3 concrete supportive cantilevers; a 10,000 square meters building has about 3,000 square meters outer walls and thus needs about 1500 to 1800 openings on formworks. If the concrete supportive cantilever is cast via the formworks, the steel bars of the supportive cantilever are anchored in the concrete, which can greatly damage the formworks, costs labor and time and is unfit for casting via the formworks. If the same number of the concrete supportive cantilevers is prefabricated, a site for the prefabrication and transportation are required and a back end of the concrete supportive cantilever needs steel plates to be welded with pre-provided steel plates of the main structure of the building. Supposing that a cross section of the concrete supportive cantilever is 100×120 mm and the steel plates after welding has an area of 120×140 mm, three steel plates, including one of the main structure and two at two ends of the supportive cantilever, have a total area of 0.0456 m2, which means a huge cost of steel materials, a lot of welding and troubles in the construction work; and thus the prefabrication thereof lacks feasibility. As a result, the casting and the prefabrication of the concrete supportive cantilever turn out to be inconvenient, to affect the construction speed and to cost high.
The above problem of the concrete supportive cantilever restricts the composite walls of the above inventions of the inventor from being widely promoted and becomes a first problem for the present invention to solve.
2. Fireproof structures and precautions of the wall technologies of the above inventions remains to be perfected.
In Europe, wall thermal insulation system is classified into decoration materials and the plaster protective layer is free of requirement of fire resistance limit, which is also adopted in China. The thermal insulating wall with thin plasters is widely applied in Europe and China. However, undoubtedly, the thermal insulating wall with thin plasters has organic thermal insulating materials and thus is defected in fireproofing, which may expose a country to an extremely passive and endangered situation especially when accidents such as war and terrorism happen and threaten national defense strategic safety thereof. Thus some countries disapprove the thermal insulating wall with thin plasters and still construct non-energy-saving buildings, or use the other conventional energy-saving thermal insulating wall having more heat bridges as mentioned above, which is against global greenhouse gas emission reduction.
The above inventions of the inventor include no fireproof structure and precaution, such as the concrete supportive cantilever without the requirement of the fire resistance limit and planting the steel bars in the existing buildings by using organic structural glue against the fire resistance limit requirement. If the supportive cantilever for hanging the outer protective layer has a lower fire resistance limit than the protective layer, the fireproof safety is affected; if no fireproof subzones are provided in the organic thermal insulating layer, when a fire accident happens, fire may spread in the thermal insulating layer, which is against an attempt to reduce fire losses.
How to provide an outer thermal insulating composite wall which is highly energy-saving, fireproof and safe in structure to globally promote an application of the energy-saving wall technology is a second problem for the present invention to solve.
3. Connectors for fixing inner metal meshes of the outer protective layer have poor rigidity and no fireproof capacity, according to the conventional energy-saving wall technologies except the inventions of the inventor.
For example, (1) in a thermal insulating wall technology with adhesive polystyrene granules, metal meshes are provided in protective layer and connected to a base wall body by using anchoring rivets to fix the metal meshes and the base wall body; (2) for outer thermal insulation of cast-in-site concrete, mould of an EPS board with a dovetail groove and cast-in-site concrete are fixed by using a plastic connecting bridge which is a 3 mm thick and 30 mm wide plastic plate having blocking openings at two ends and also used for fixing inner steel meshes of an outer protective layer with plasters. The anchoring rivets and the plastic connecting bridge are poorly rigid; especially when fire happens, the EPS board shrinks and melts and the anchoring rivets and the plastic connecting board readily melt. Thereby, the outer protective layer with plasters is endangered to peel off. It is indicated that the danger of the outer protective layer commonly exists in the conventional energy-saving thermal insulating wall technologies and remains to be solved.
4. A wall technology contributing to anti-seismic capacity of buildings remains to be explored.
5. An easy approach to vertical greening and installing solar panels on outer walls remains to be developed.
In order to provide a thermal insulating composite wall having good capacities of high efficiency, saving energy, fireproofing and structural safety, to facilitate construction and reduce constructive cost, to solve the problems of the above inventions of the inventor and to satisfy various requirements of construction on walls, an outer thermal insulating composite wall with supporters for the outer walls is provided in the present invention.
An object of the present invention is to provide an energy-saving thermal insulating wall technology, especially an outer thermal insulating composite wall with supporters for outer walls, to solve the above mentioned problems.
An outer thermal insulating composite wall with supporters for outer walls of the present invention includes a base wall body, a plurality of supporters, a thermal insulating layer, anti-tensile nets, steel bars, a protective layer, inside and outside tension connected wires and a main structure of a building. The base wall body can be a concrete wall, a load-bearing masonry wall, a non-load-bearing light masonry infilled wall, or a wall with steel skeletons, wood skeletons or bamboo and wood skeletons. The thermal insulating layer includes macromolecular thermal insulating materials, plant stalk plates, paper honeycomb plates, mineral wool, foam glass, foam cement, thermal insulating mortar or adhesive polystyrene granules, wherein an internal side and an external side of the thermal insulating layer can be made of two materials. The steel bars include longitudinal steel bars, horizontal steel bars and arc-shaped steel bars. The anti-tensile nets are metal nets, alkali-resistant netting fabrics or basalt fiber nets. The protective layer is made of cement mortar, fine aggregate concrete, modified cement mortar or modified aggregate concrete. The main structure is a concrete member or a steel member and includes girders, plates, pillars, walls and a base.
The supporter is a cantilever steel truss provided with an oblique pole. An inner end of the supporter is connected to the main structure or the base wall body. The supporters are provided at a certain interval on the main structure or the base wall body. The thermal insulating layer is fixed at an external side of the base wall body and the main structure. The protective layer is provided at an external side of the thermal insulating layer and connected to the thermal insulating layer. The longitudinal steel bars are connected to the supporters, or the longitudinal steel bars are connected to the cantilevered main structure or the base. The longitudinal steel bars are provided at sides of openings of doors and windows. The horizontal steel bars are installed in at least one of following manners. (1) The horizontal steel bars or the arc-shaped steel bars are provided above and below outdoor openings of doors and windows. (2) The horizontal steel bars are provided among the longitudinal steel bars at the walls except the openings of doors and windows. Two ends of the horizontal steel bar are connected to the longitudinal steel bars; or the two ends of the horizontal steel bar are connected to the supporters and the longitudinal steel bars are further connected to the horizontal steel bars. The longitudinal steel bars and/or the horizontal bars or the arc-shaped steel bars can be respectively made of a single bar or two paralleled bars. A steel bar connector is provided between the two paralleled bars, and/or a steel plate or block-shaped steel is welded between the two paralleled bars. The anti-tensile nets are fixedly connected to the steel bars. The steel bars and the anti-tensile nets are embedded in the protective layer; or the alkali-resistant netting fabrics or the basalt fiber nets are attached to a surface of the protective layer. The anti-tensile nets can be made of one material or a mixture of two or three materials. The anti-tensile nets at different positions can be different. An inner end of the inside and outside tension connected wire is anchored with the main structure or the base wall body; and an outer end of the inside and outside tension connected wire is connected to the steel bars, or further connected to the anti-tensile nets. As a result, the outer thermal insulating composite wall with the supporters for the outer walls is formed.
When the main structure is frame, the thermal insulating walls are not only provided at the external sides of the base wall body and the main structures, so as to reduce a thickness of a masonry wall, i.e., the base wall body 1, but also provided in openings of the girders and the pillars of the frame structure of the main structure.
Compared with the above mentioned conventional arts, the present invention has following improvement.
1. The cantilever steel truss of the present invention replaces the concrete supportive cantilever of the conventional arts, wherein the cantilever steel truss is provided with the oblique pole.
The supporters of the present invention are the cantilever steel trusses which are neither steel supporters made of steel plates or shaped-steel, nor the concrete supportive cantilever of the conventional arts. The cantilever steel truss is a steel truss frame made of steel poles. The cantilever steel truss is provided with the oblique pole whose end is fixed with the main structure or the base wall body to form the cantilevered steel truss. The cantilever steel truss of the present invention is an application of steel truss in a wall technology and has following improvements compared with the conventional arts.
From an aspect of design theory, the cantilever steel truss is designed based on steel structures and a truss theory, rather than the concrete supportive cantilever designed according to concrete structural theory; the cantilever steel truss is provided with the oblique pole, while the concrete supportive cantilever has no need of oblique poles. From an aspect of construction manner, construction and installing of the cantilever steel truss are totally different from those of the concrete supportive cantilever. From an aspect of technical effects, the cantilever steel truss not only is capable of what the concrete supportive cantilever is required to accomplish, but also avoids the shortcomings of the concrete supportive cantilever; the cantilever steel truss has an enlarged applied range, such as being capable of connecting to the base wall body with steel skeletons, wood skeletons or bamboo and wood skeletons, which is beyond the applied range of the concrete supportive cantilever, and other advantages of simple installing, reduced cost, improved thermal insulation and wide application; and the cantilever steel truss is liable to be provided with shear-resistant oblique tension connectors to improve shear bearing capacity of the composite wall and contribute to anti-seismic capacity of the building, which is also beyond capacity of the concrete supportive cantilever of the conventional arts.
The cantilever steel trusses are installed in following manners. A first manner is showed in
2. The base wall body of the present invention can be the infilled wall with the steel skeletons, the wood skeletons or the bamboo and wood skeletons, which is not disclosed in the conventional arts.
3. The outer thermal insulating wall without the base wall body on the windows according to an Embodiment 2 of the present invention and outer thermal insulating balcony railings with supporters of the present invention are not disclosed in the conventional arts.
4. The vertical greening on the outer walls and the installing of the solar panels on the composite wall of the present invention are not disclosed in the conventional arts.
5. The thermal insulating layer of the conventional arts includes no fireproof barrier therein, so that fire may spread in the thermal insulating layer when fire accidents happen; the concrete supportive cantilever of the conventional arts is free of the requirement of the fire resistance limit, so that safety of the hung protective layer is without any guarantee within fire resistant limit time.
6. The protective layer of the outer thermal insulating composite wall with the supporters for the outer walls includes no steel bars and the anti-tensile nets are directly connected to outer ends of the supporters, which is not disclosed in the conventional arts.
The present invention has following technical effects.
1. The cantilever steel truss is used as the supporter of the outer thermal insulating composite wall with the supporters for the outer walls of the present invention, and thus the present invention has advantages of convenient construction, low cost, good structural safety, liability to design complicated shapes on the outer walls and etc.
(1) The concrete moulds are free from damage; labor and used materials during a process of installing the concrete supportive cantilever moulds are saved and a convenient construction is accomplished; the pre-embedded steel plates for installing the cantilever steel truss is only ¼ to 1/2.5 of the steel plates used for installing the cast-in-site concrete supportive cantilever, so as to realize a low consumption of steel and reduce cost.
(2) It is convenient to plant the steel bar and install the supporters in the energy-saving modification works of the existing buildings, so as to apply the outer thermal insulating composite wall with the supporters.
(3) The shear-resistant oblique tension connectors are readily provided at the external side of the composite wall to improve the shear bearing capacity of the composite wall and contribute to the anti-seismic capacity of the building, which is beyond capacity of the concrete supportive cantilever of the conventional arts.
(4) The outer thermal insulating composite wall of the present invention can be applied when the protective layer includes the steel bars provided therein and also when the protective layer includes no steel bars according to an Embodiment 9 of the present invention. In a situation of including no steel bars, compared to the anchoring rivets and the plastic connecting bridges according to the description of related arts, the cantilever steel truss, as a structural load-bearing member, satisfies a design requirement in a structural limit state and has identical safety grade with the main structure of the building; however, the anchoring rivets and the plastic connecting bridges are no structural load-bearing members, not to mention the safety grade.
(5) It is convenient to design complicated façade shapes on the composite wall, so as to bring convenience to enriching façade designs of buildings, which is also beyond the capacity of the concrete supportive cantilever in the conventional arts.
(6) The outer protective layer of the present invention has a good structural safety, in such a manner that the supporter of cantilever steel truss can be further installed on the longitudinal steel bars of a windowsill and then thermal insulation plates can be infilled to form a big windowsill, so that an outside of the big windowsill has a good safety; however, it is not safe to step on an outside of a windowsill formed by the thermal insulating wall with the thin plasters according to the conventional arts.
The cantilever steel truss as the supporter of the present invention not only is capable of what the concrete supportive cantilever is required to accomplish, but also avoids the shortcomings of the concrete supportive cantilever and enjoys an enlarged applied range.
2. The thermal insulating layer of the composite wall of the present invention includes the fireproof barrier and the protective layer hung by the supporters keeps safe within the fire resistant limit time, so as to form a closed fireproof subzone. The composite wall of the present invention is highly energy-saving and has a good fireproof safety; and the energy-saving thermal insulating wall poses no threat to national defense strategic safety and can be applied worldwide without misgiving.
The supporters of the present invention are stressed slightly in normal situations and practically work and function when fire accidents happen; in some way, the supporters are structural hanging components for maintaining the fireproof safety.
According to the present invention, the fireproof barrier made of the thermal insulating mortar or other thermal insulating materials satisfying the fire resistant limit requirement is provided among the thermal insulating layers, wherein normally a 30 mm thick fireproof barrier made of the thermal insulating mortar meets the requirement of the fire resistant limit of at least an hour. The fireproof barrier is thin and cost only 10% of materials used in the 300 mm thick fireproof barrier of the wall with thin plasters, so as to save materials, bring convenience to construction and reduce cost. Moreover, extra fireproof barrier can be added base on fireproof requirement, such as providing horizontal fireproof barriers at each floor, providing vertical fireproof barriers corresponding to indoor fireproof subzones or each household to form the closed fireproof subzones.
When fire accidents happen, within the fire resistant limit time, fire is restricted in the fireproof subzone and thus the fire only affects a relatively small region, which helps firefighters put out the fire in time. Even in a war or an attack by terrorists, the fire accidents can be controlled within the fireproof subzones. Thus the wall technology of the present invention can be applied worldwide.
3. The composite wall of the present invention has better thermal insulation effects than the conventional thermal insulating wall with thin plasters, which is important for the global greenhouse gas emission reduction.
Because the steel bars are provided around the openings, the windows installed on the thermal insulating layers around the openings are secure and contribute to avoiding a common quality defect of the split plasters at corners of the openings, so as to form heat separation broken bridges at the openings and realize good energy saving and thermal insulation. Preferably, the partial thermal insulating layer of the openings includes fire retardant phenolic resin. Because the fire retardant phenolic resin is well fireproof and has a heat transfer coefficient of only 0.022 w/m.k, heat bridges at the openings can be completely eliminated and even a linear heat transfer coefficient at the opening is negative, which means that heat resistance around the openings is larger than that of main wall and the energy-saving thermal insulation is good. Table 1 shows a comparison of energy-saving thermal insulation between the outer thermal insulating composite wall of the present invention and the thermal insulating wall with thin plasters.
The outer protective layer of the present invention includes the steel bars therein and thus provides the steel bars as structures for installing outer wall suspenders, such as decorative curtain walls, advertisement boards and solar panels, on the outer thermal insulating wall, wherein structural connectors thereof are directly connected to the steel plates on the outer protective layer, instead of necessarily passing through the thermal insulating layer. Thereby the wall having the suspenders on the outer wall still has a low heat transfer coefficient.
As showed in Table 1, the wall with curtain wall decorations of present invention also reaches a standard of low heat transfer coefficient. The shaped steel for bonding the curtain wall of the thermal insulating wall with thin plasters to the thermal insulating layer lies in the thermal insulating layer. An arm thickness of channel steel is at least 5 mm. Supposing that channel steel is arranged based on an average interval of 1 m and has the arm thickness of 5 mm, a unit area of the thermal insulating layer includes 50 cm2 of steel which is eight times larger than 6.28 cm2 of steel included in the thermal insulating layer of cement sandwiched boards in a steel wire net frame. According to the conventional arts, the cement sandwiched boards in the steel wire net frame add the heat transfer coefficient of EPS boards by 60%; and further taking the heat bridges around the openings into account, even if by using an inorganic thermal insulating layer fireproof, a requirement of the curtain wall decorations is satisfied, while an energy-saving construction requirement in heating areas can hardly be satisfied. As showed in Table 1, the composite wall of the present invention has better thermal insulation effects than the thermal insulating wall with thin plasters, not to mention other conventional energy-saving walls.
4. The outer thermal insulating composite wall of the present invention contributes to anti-seismic property of buildings and reduces constructive cost.
Among frame structured buildings, according to an Embodiment 1 of the present invention, an outer thermal insulating anti-seismic wall is disclosed, wherein the steel bars and the steel wire net plasters out of the thermal insulating layers bind the thermal insulating layers on the base wall body and the main structure layer by layer into an integrity and thus the infilled walls are prevented from collapsing outwardly or inwardly in an earthquake. Especially in a frame structure whose base wall body is thinned, the thermal insulating walls are provided not only on the external side of the base wall body and the main structure, but also in the openings of the girders and pillars of the frame structure of the main structure. An elastic thermal insulating layer such as the EPS board is capable of consuming earthquake energy and counteracting rigidity via flexibility, so as to improve safety of the frame structure against earthquakes. According to an Embodiment 10 of the present invention, an anti-seismic wall of a frame structured building is relatively light and meets design requirement of a structural limit state; and the anti-seismic wall has better seismic property than the anti-seismic wall of the Embodiment 1, which provides different options for different seismic fortification intensities.
Conventional anti-seismic wall technologies are realized by counteracting rigidity via rigidity and cost high. No conventional infilled walls satisfy the design requirement of the structural limit state and no conventional anti-seismic wall technologies are realized by counteracting rigidity via flexibility.
Because a weight of the base wall body is greatly reduced, energy consumption of the anti-seismic wall of the present invention during constructing is reduced, which is important for resisting earthquakes and restricting horizontal displacement of high rise buildings; and cost of main structures of buildings is also reduced, and especially the cost of the main structures of the buildings in seismic regions is greatly reduced. Earthquakes continually happen on earth every year; and it is significant for safety against the earthquakes to use the anti-seismic wall of the present invention as the frame structured infilled walls.
5. It is convenient to accomplish vertically greening to beautify city and install solar panels on the outer thermal insulating composite wall with the supporters for the outer walls of the present invention, which counts for developing renewable energy and reducing global greenhouse gas emission.
A roof of a house is small and thus it is not enough to only depend on installing solar panels or solar water heaters on the roof. Outer walls of the house is relatively large, but conventionally it is not safe to hang outer wall suspenders on the outer thermal insulating walls; otherwise much heat transfer is added to ensure the safety. According to the present invention, it is very easy to hang the suspenders on the outer walls and while hanging the suspenders on the outer walls, walls having low energy consumption and good thermal insulation are still accomplished, as showed in Table 1. Further, the outer thermal insulating composite wall of the present invention realizes vertical greening on the outer walls without damaging outer wall surfaces.
The wall technology is a systematic engineering. Not a single type of thermal insulating material is able to solve all problems. Each thermal insulating material has merits and demerits, appropriate application fields and value. Scientific technology is developing towards multi-disciplines and crossover. A bottle neck of the wall technology can be broke only by paying equal attention to technical system and materials, combining multiple techniques and multiple materials, taking advantage of the merits of different materials and avoiding the demerits thereof and optimizing wall structures. Simply depending on renewing the types of the materials fails to optimize the wall structures and thus fails to completely solve the problems in the conventional wall technology.
Based on the above thought, the outer thermal insulating composite wall of the present invention combines multiple techniques of combining a structural technique and chemical bonding with multiple materials and optimizes the wall structures. The outer thermal insulating composite wall of the present invention has better thermal insulation effects than the conventional thermal insulating wall with thin plasters and outstanding structural safety and fireproof safety without threatening safety of national strategies. The outer thermal insulating composite wall of the present invention also contributes to promote saving energy and reducing emission of the buildings around the world and is very important for resisting earthquakes of the buildings.
The wall technology of the present invention is a wall energy-saving and thermal insulation technology totally new in structure, but constructive methods thereof are mature and conventional construction techniques. Thus the outer thermal insulating composite wall of the present invention is feasible in construction undoubtedly and has quality insured by multiple aspects. The outer thermal insulating composite wall of the present invention brings convenience to construction, reduces cost and has a wide application field and a great application prospect.
These and other objectives, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, the accompanying drawings, and the appended claims.
As showed in the drawings, the anti-tensile nets are provided in middle parts of the protective layer. The drawings show two types of anchoring rivets; in
Referring to
The supporter 1-5 is a cantilever steel truss provided with an oblique pole. An inner end of the supporter 1-5 is connected to the main structure 10 or the base wall body 1. The plurality of supporters 1-5 are provided at a certain interval on the main structure 10 or the base wall body 1. The thermal insulating layer 3 is fixed at external sides of the base wall body 1 and the main structure 10. The protective layer 8 is provided at an external side of the thermal insulating layer 3 and connected to the thermal insulating layer 3. The longitudinal steel bars 4-1 are connected to the supporters 1-5 via welding or hooks, or the longitudinal steel bars 4-1 are connected to the cantilevered main structure 10 or the cantilevered base. The longitudinal steel bars 4-1 are provided at sides of the openings of doors and windows. The horizontal steel bars 4-2 are installed in at least one of following manners. (1) The horizontal steel bars 4-2 or the arc-shaped steel bars 4-3 are provided above and below outdoor openings of doors and windows. (2) The horizontal steel bars 4-2 are provided among the longitudinal steel bars 4-1 at the walls except the openings of doors and windows. Two ends of the horizontal steel bar 4-2 are connected to the longitudinal steel bars 4-1; or the two ends of the horizontal steel bar 4-2 are connected to the supporters 1-5 and the longitudinal steel bars 4-1 are further connected to the horizontal steel bars 4-2, as showed in
When the main structure 10 is of a frame structure, the thermal insulating layer 3 is not only provided at the external sides of the base wall body 1 and the main structure 10, so as to reduce a thickness of a masonry wall, i.e., the base wall body 1, but also provided in openings of the girders and the pillars of the frame structure of the main structure 10.
As showed in
The openings of doors and windows of the outer thermal insulating composite wall with the supporters for the outer walls are formed in one of following three manners. (1) As showed in
The manner in which the openings of doors and windows are formed is chosen according to practical needs. In the manners (2) and (3), no anti-tensile nets are provided at the openings because the steel bars at the openings and the base wall body are connected via the inside and outside tension connected wires and thus it is unnecessary to provide the anti-tensile nets at the thermal insulating layer around the openings. However, if the plastering protective layer is provided on the thermal insulating layer at the openings, it is appropriate to provide the anti-tensile nets to prevent cracking
Usually left and right sides and an upper part of the opening of window and door are all of a single steel bar, but preferably a part below a windowsill is of double steel bars to increase rigidity of the protective layer below the windowsill. If the outer wall includes curtain wall decorations or other suspenders, or protective fences against burglars or other heavy decorations are installed at the openings of doors and windows, the longitudinal steel bars 4-1, the horizontal steel bars 4-2 or the arc-shaped steel bars 4-3 require two paralleled steel bars which are spaced at an interval about 100 mm, wherein steel plates or shaped steel are provided therebetween. If the heavy decorations installed at the openings of doors and windows are relatively wide, the interval between the two steel bars is dependent on requirement of the decorations.
If the longitudinal steel bars are of a single steel bar, the supporter of the cantilever steel truss can be a plane cantilever steel truss; if the longitudinal steel bars are of two paralleled steel bars, the supporter of the cantilever steel truss can be a spatial cantilever steel trusses formed by two plane cantilever steel trusses, wherein the two longitudinal steel bars are respectively connected to the two paralleled plane steel trusses, or connected to the spatial steel truss made in other forms, or connected to steel plates at an outer end of the steel truss. Between the paralleled steel bars, extra steel bars are provided to form a small truss structure; or the steel plates are provided; or block-shaped steel is welded partially. Structural connectors of the outer wall suspenders can be connected to the steel plates or the block-shaped steel directly without necessarily passing through the thermal insulating layer to be connected to the main structure, so as to greatly improve the thermal insulating effects of the wall. A position where two paralleled steel bars are provided is decided according to practical needs.
The supporters of the cantilever steel truss are liable to be installed and thus to be intensified. During intensifying, each cantilever steel truss bears a small hanging force; and thus the masonry light infilled wall is partially filled with concrete to install the supporters of the cantilever steel truss. If the base wall body is an infilled wall with the steel skeletons, the wood skeletons or the bamboo and wood skeletons, the steel plates are fixed on the steel skeletons, the wood skeletons or the bamboo and wood skeletons via bolts to be further connected to the cantilever steel truss; or the cantilever steel truss has a screw steel pole which is directly connected to the steel skeletons or the wood skeletons.
As showed in
If the oblique pole of the cantilever steel truss in
If the building has externally cantilevered concrete plates, such as balconies, rain rides and sloping roof panels, the externally cantilevered concrete plates are fixing ends of the longitudinal steel bars, i.e., the longitudinal steel bars are directly fixed with the cantilevered concrete plates of the main structure, as showed in
Providing the horizontal steel bars at the openings prevents the plastering protective layer at corners of the openings of doors and windows from cracking and brings convenience to binding steel wire meshes around the openings. Providing the horizontal steel bars at other positions except the openings is for the convenience of binding the steel wire meshes. If two neighboring outdoor longitudinal steel bars are relatively close, it is unnecessary to provide the horizontal steel bars. The horizontal steel bar can be the Φ4 galvanized steel bar for the convenience of being connected to the steel bars provided at two sides thereof; and if it is necessary to provide the horizontal steel bars with relatively big diameters, the horizontal steel bars and the steel bars provided at the two sides thereof are connected via being welded with connecting steel plates.
The inner end of the inside and outside tension connected wire 9 is anchored with the main structure 10 or the base wall body 1 in one or two of following manners, wherein the two include at least a third manner:
(1) As showed in
(2) Indoor steel bars 7 including indoor vertical steel bars 7-1 and indoor horizontal steel bars 7-2 are provided; as showed in
As showed in
(3) As showed in
Twined and bound Φ2.0-Φ3.0 stainless steel wires are used as the inside and outside tension connected wires for eternally tension connecting the outdoor steel bars, wherein the single Φ2.0 wire made of 304# stainless steel has an area to obtain a tensile bearing capacity around 1.4 KN. The inside and outside tension connected wires and the anti-tensile nets are jointed by binding via around Φ1.0 stainless steel wires. As showed in
A conventional infilled wall with the steel skeletons has a large amount of heat bridges at the floors. In Japan, polyurethane is sprayed onto indoor sides of walls for thermal insulation, so as to reduce the heat bridges of the floors and partition walls; however, the polyurethane extends to indoor ground and indoor wall surface to reach 1.5 m, which adds cost of the polyurethane and increases indoor fireproof investment. When the composite wall according to the Embodiment 1 of the present invention is applied on the infilled wall with the steel skeletons, the supporters can be connected to not only the main structure but also the steel skeletons. The inside and outside tension connected steel wires can be connected to the steel skeletons, such as being connected to self-tapping screws of the steel skeletons. The infilled wall with the steel skeletons, the wood skeletons or the bamboo and wood skeletons as the base wall body can be routinely filled in with mineral wood for thermal insulation; cement fiber plates, gypsum boards or calcium silicate boards are provided at two sides of the steel skeletons; and thermal insulating plates are connected to external surfaces or layers of the skeletons, such as the cement fiber plates and the calcium silicate boards.
Conventional inorganic thermal insulating materials include rock mineral, foam glass, foam cement and thermal insulating mortar and new inorganic thermal insulating materials may occur under development of science technology. According to the Embodiment 1 of the present invention, the thermal insulating layer at different positions can be made of different thermal insulating materials. For example, the thermal insulating layer of a main wall body is an EPS board; the thermal insulating layer around openings of heat separation broken bridges is supposed to be made of well fireproof thermal insulating materials, such as thermal insulating mortar, adhesive polystyrene granules, rock wool, foam glass and fire retardant phenolic resin, which are both thermal insulating and fireproof. Thus the thermal insulating layer at different positions can be made of different materials.
When the thermal insulating layer is made of macromolecular thermal insulating materials, the protective layer made of the cement mortar or the fine aggregate concrete and the thermal insulating layer are connected in one or both of following manners: (1) bonding; (2) providing dovetail grooves on surface of the thermal insulating layer to be connected to the protective layer.
According to the Embodiment 1 of the present invention, the anti-tensile nets 5 can include 1-3 materials simultaneously. For example, a combination of a galvanized steel wire net with a Φ2 wire diameter and 100×100 mm meshes and an ARNP(165) alkali-resistant netting fabric with 10×10 mm meshes has a low price and good technical effects. Each material has merits and demerits thereof and thus applying two mutually cooperative anti-tensile nets can take advantage of respective merits and make up for respective demerits, which contributes to elongate a service life of the composite wall and bring convenience to installing the alkali-resistant netting fabrics.
Basalt wires and basalt fabrics belong to conventional arts. Undoubtedly, the basalt fiber nets weaved with the basalt wires will certainly occur. The basalt wires have excellent aging resistance, high temperature resistance, acid and alkali resistance and mechanical property. The basalt fiber nets weaved with the basalt wires will certainly occur and then the anti-tensile nets include one more kind of nets, i.e., the basalt fiber nets. Combining the galvanized steel wire nets with the basalt fiber nets avoids a shortcoming that the galvanized steel wire nets may corrode after a long-term service. Under the development of science technology, new nets suitable to work as the anti-tensile nets may be invented to be applied for the composite wall of the present invention.
Embodiment 2: as showed in
The Embodiment 2 suits for following two situations.
1. When an interval between the pillars and a height of the girders on the outer wall are relatively small, normally masonry is provided between the girders and parts above the openings of doors and windows and lintels are required to be provided above the windows, which causes inconvenient construction; or concrete girders are required to be heightened, which increases cost. As showed in
2. As showed in
Embodiment 3: as showed in
A purpose of the composite wall according to the Embodiment 3 of the present invention is to accurately install the steel wire nets to provide the steel wire nets at a center of the protective layer. The steel wire nets are hardly provided at the center of the protective layer without taking any measure because the steel wire nets have curvatures. Providing the anchoring rivets not only assists in fixing the thermal insulating layer with the main structure, but also realizes tension connection to the anti-tensile nets via the anchoring rivets. The composite wall has following advantages. Whenever necessary, the anchoring rivets are provided to be tension connected to the connecting wires and the anti-tensile nets according to needs of installing the steel wire nets, which is a simple construction and reduces labor and material costs. The inside and outside tension connected wires 9, the anchoring rivets 40 and the connecting wires 14 all have effects of tension connection, but aim at different problems. The inside and outside tension connected wires 9 are mainly for fixing the steel bars out of the thermal insulating layer; and the anchoring rivets, more liable to be installed than the inside and outside tension connected wires 9, are mainly for fixing the anti-tensile nets.
An alternative manner for maintaining an accurate interval between the anti-tensile nets and the thermal insulating layer is providing a catching element 18, commonly made of plastic, having a barb at an end head thereof, wherein the barb of the catching element 18 is fixed with the thermal insulating layer 3 and an outer end of the catching element 18 fastens the anti-tensile nets 5, in such a manner that the anti-tensile nets 5 are fixed with the thermal insulating layer 3, as showed in
Embodiment 4: as showed in
The shear-resistant oblique tension connectors are liable to be connected to the steel pole of the cantilever steel truss or to the steel plates or the shaped steel provided at the outer ends of the cantilever steel truss, which is beyond the disclosed concrete supportive cantilever.
The composite wall according to the Embodiment 4 of the present invention has shear bearing capacity in wall planes improved, which contributes to anti-seismic property of the building. The indoor side of the base wall body can be further provided with shear-resistant oblique steel bars or shaped steel to further improve the shear bearing capacity of the walls.
Embodiment 5: as showed in FIGS. 4 and 5-8, different from the Embodiments 1-4 of the present invention, according to the Embodiment 5 of the present invention, the supporters 1-5 of the cantilever steel truss are replaced by oblique steel bars 1-5-1. Portions of the oblique steel bars 1-5-1 passing through the thermal insulating layer 3 are plastered with cement polymer mortar. The oblique steel bars 1-5-1 are bonded with the cement polymer mortar into a whole, so as to improve a rigidity of the protective layer 8 hanging outdoors and prevent the oblique steel bars 1-5-1 from deforming beyond permission.
The composite wall of the Embodiment 5 of the present invention can be applied when the protective layer at the external side of the main structure is relatively thin.
Embodiment 6: different from the Embodiments 1-5 of the present invention, according to the Embodiment 6 of the present invention, the supporters 1-5 are also provided at following positions based on practical needs. (1) Inner ends of the supporters 1-5 are fixed with the steel bars 4 in the outer protective layer of the composite wall, or with the shear-resistant oblique tension connectors 4-4. (2) The inner ends of the supporters 1-5 are provided in the plastered anti-tensile nets 5 of the outer protective layer and satisfy a length requirement of anchoring. According to
Embodiment 7: according to the Embodiment 7 of the present invention, structural connectors of the outer wall suspenders are provided on steel plates or shaped steel which are or is welded on the supporters 1-5 or the steel bars 4, such as curtain wall decorations, solar panels, solar water heaters, advertisement boards, planting frame for greening and etc., wherein the steel bars 4 are usually the two paralleled steel bars.
According to the Embodiment 7 of the present invention, vertical greening of outer walls is accomplished on the outer wall planting frame, such as providing the planting frame at external sides of the balcony railings, at the two sides of the openings of windows and on the outdoor windowsills to conveniently accomplish the vertical greening on the outer walls.
Embodiment 8: as showed in
(1) Fireproof barriers 11 are provided in the thermal insulating layer 3. The fireproof barriers 11 are made of materials satisfying fireproof limit requirement; or the fireproof barriers 11 are made of cement mortar or concrete, which is inappropriate in heating areas. The fireproof barriers 11 are provided in one or two of following manners: A. The fireproof barriers 11-1 are horizontally provided among the thermal insulating layer 3 and the thermal insulating layer 3 is separated into upper parts and lower parts by the fireproof barriers 11-1; B. the fireproof barriers 11-1 are vertically provided among the thermal insulating layer 3 and the thermal insulating layer 3 is separated into left parts and right parts by the fireproof barriers 11-1. The protective layer 8 is provided at an external side of the fireproof barrier 11. The fireproof barrier 11 is connected to the protective layer 8, so as to form fireproof subzones.
(2) The supporters 1-5 or the oblique steel bars 1-5-1 and the protective layer 8 satisfy the fireproof limit requirement and the supporters 1-5 can also be the concrete supportive cantilevers satisfying the fireproof limit requirement.
The steel poles of the cantilever steel trusses can be brushed with fireproof paint to satisfy the fireproof limit requirement, but the paint brushing brings inconvenience to construction. A breach around the cantilever steel truss is poured in with cement polymer mortar to a certain thickness, so as to satisfy the fireproof limit requirement, protect the steel poles from corrosion and increase rigidity, which is effective and convenient.
The protective layer of the thermal insulating wall with thin plasters has a short fireproof life and the thermal insulating wall with thin plasters has open and large fireproof subzones, which means a too large area of sacrificial layer. Even if the fireproof barriers of the thermal insulating wall with thin plasters are as high as 300 mm, separating fire is still without guarantee because of uncertain wind power when the fire happens. The fireproof barriers of the present invention can be made of different materials and have different fireproof limit time as required by different engineering and different thickness. The fireproof barriers in the thermal insulating materials can be made of thermal insulating mortar and adhesive polystyrene granules. The fireproof barriers are usually as thick as 30 mm, so as to satisfy the fireproof limit requirement of not less than one hour, which costs few materials, brings convenience to construction and reduce costs, in such a manner that engineering quality of the fireproof barriers is liable to maintained and it is convenient to intensify the fireproof barriers. The fireproof barriers can be provided horizontally at each floor or be provided vertically corresponding to each indoor fireproof subzone or each single household.
Embodiment 9: different from the Embodiments 1-8, according to the Embodiment 9 of the present invention, the protective layer 8 of the outer thermal insulating composite wall with the supporters for the outer walls includes no steel bars 4; the anti-tensile nets 5 are directly connected to the supporters 1-5, or short steel bars of the supporters 1-5 stretch out and are connected to the anti-tensile nets 5; the protective layer 8 can also be of a thin plastering protective layer, adhesive polystyrene granules or thermal insulating mortar.
When the protective layer includes no steel bars inside, the supporters need to be intensified properly. In the Embodiment 9, the protective layer is thinned. For example, the protective layer including the steel bars is as thick as 25-30 mm while the protective layer including no steel bars is as thick a 10-20 mm. The protective layer can be made of not only cement mortar or fine aggregate concrete, but also modified cement mortar or modified fine aggregate concrete. Moreover, the protective layer can also be a thin plastering protective layer, such as being equivalent to a 3-5 mm thick protective layer of a thermal insulating wall with thin plasters and pasted EPS boards, or be of adhesive polystyrene granules or thermal insulating mortar. When the protective layer of the Embodiment 9 is the thin plastering protective layer, the thin plastering protective layer can be formed by fireproof adhesive agents, which also satisfies certain fireproof limit requirement. The Embodiment 9 overcomes poor rigidity of the connectors for fixing the metal meshes in the outer protective layer in conventional energy-saving wall technology such as the adhesive polystyrene granules.
Embodiment 10: as showed in
The protective layer 10-1 is connected to the main structure 10 in one of following three manners.
(1) The indoor vertical steel bars 7-1 are provided at the two sides of the openings of doors and windows and on other positions, such as gables, at a certain interval. The indoor vertical steel bars 7-1 are provided in correspondence to the outdoor longitudinal steel bars 4-1. The indoor horizontal steel bars 7-2 provided above and below the openings of doors and windows are connected to the indoor vertical steel bars 7-1 at the two sides thereof; or the anti-tensile nets are provided in the protective layer 10-1 or on a surface of the protective layer 10-1.
(2) As showed in
(3) Based on the above two manners, anchoring steel bars 2 are provided among the indoor vertical steel bars 7-1. The anchoring steel bars 2 are anchored in the girders and the plates or/and the pillars of the main structure 10. The anchoring steel bars 2, the main structure 10 and the protective layer 10-1 all satisfy the length requirement of anchoring. The anchoring steel bars 2 are provided in the protective layer 10-1; and the anti-tensile nets 5 are also provided in the protective layer 10-1 or on the surface of the protective layer 10-1.
The anti-tensile nets 5 and the anti-tensile nets 5-1 can be metal nets, alkali-resistant netting fabrics or basalt fiber nets. The anti-tensile nets 5 and the anti-tensile nets 5-1 can be made of one, two or three of the above three materials and be different at different positions. Structures mentioned above form a light outer thermal insulating wall.
In the Embodiment 10, bonding agents of the bonding layer 12 are commonly the cement polymer mortar.
In the Embodiment 10, cross sections around the thermal insulating layer are connected to the main structure via bonding or squeezing and the parts of the thermal insulating layer are connected via bonding or squeezing; and thus an anti-seismic wall is also formed in the Embodiment 10. If the connection between the thermal insulating layer and the main structure are not via bonding, not only such a connection affects a consumption of seismic energy, but also the composite wall and a periphery of the main structure are liable to crack.
When the outdoor longitudinal steel bars are of the two paralleled steel bars, the correspondent indoor vertical steel bars 7-1 can be of two paralleled steel bars or a single steel bar because a short distance and an easy connection are also considered as a correspondence between the outdoor and indoor steel bars. The indoor steel bars and the outdoor steel bars are obliquely tension connected by the inside and outside tension connected wires 9.
Although the outer thermal insulating anti-seismic wall according to the Embodiment 1 is able to consume the seismic energy and contributes to anti-seismic property of the building, the outer thermal insulating anti-seismic wall fails to realize structural limit state design. However, the composite wall according to the Embodiment 10 satisfies requirement of the structural limit state design and has better anti-seismic property than the outer thermal insulating anti-seismic wall according to the Embodiment 1.
In 2006, a structure experiment lab of Harbin Institute of Technology does an experiment about the thermal insulating composite board, wherein a simply supported thermal insulating composite board has a span of 3 m; an intermediate thermal insulating layer is as thick as 140 mm and has two sides respectively plastered with 30 mm cement mortar of C20; and a galvanized welded net having a Φ1.6 wire diameter and 25×25 mm meshes is sandwiched in the cement mortar. Destructive test results show that under a load of 12 KN/m2 components undergo positive section failures and, when an increase of the load reaches 2.5 KN/m2 and deflection reaches 3 mm to accomplish a design of normal usage limit state, the test results are close to theoretically analyzed results, wherein a modulus of elasticity of an EPS board is counted as 2.5 Mpa and subject to a margin of error. If a rigid anchoring end or a two-way slab works as a seat, the reflection can be smaller. The composite wall according to the Embodiment 10 is capable of satisfying the design of normal usage limit state.
As showed in Table 3, the design determines whether the seat of the composite wall is rigid or simply supported and scales and the interval of the anchoring steel bars 2, wherein the anchoring steel bars 2 are usually Φ4 galvanized iron wires and spaced at different intervals to correspond to tensile forces of the anti-tensile nets.
As showed in
The composite wall according to the Embodiment 10 is analyzed from following five aspects.
A first analysis is from the bearing capacity of bent positive section.
During combining the horizontal loadings which the composite wall bears, based on an analysis of wind loading combinations and combination values of the wind loading and horizontal seismic action in Beijing area of China, because the composite wall according to the Embodiment 10 is very light in weight, the combination values of the wind loading is far larger than those of the horizontal seismic action, i.e., the wind loading combination values are dominant. As long as the composite wall is safe under the action of the wind loading combination, the composite wall according to the Embodiment 10 is also safe during earthquakes.
The anti-bending design of the positive sections is very simple. The composite wall according to the Embodiment 10 has cross sections far higher than the common concrete boards because of the thermal insulating layer included therein, so as to obtain big anti-bending arms of force. The horizontal wind loading combination values are far smaller than floor loading combination values and a reinforcement amount is small. As a result, in most cases the anti-tensile nets satisfy inner and outer reinforcement requirement of the positive sections of the composite wall, but weak parts of the openings of doors and windows still need to be reinforced by the steel bars.
As long as technical standards specify an anti-tensile force value of the anti-tensile nets, the anti-tensile nets are capable of replacing the steel bars via conversion. For example, according to Standard JCT841-2007 of China's Alkali-Resistant Glass Fiber Netting Fabrics, Table 2 shows areas of the steel materials which the alkali-resistant netting fabric is able to replace, only for reference.
A finite-element software analysis shows that, under the action of the horizontal loading combination values, when the anti-tensile nets provided in and out of the composite wall satisfy the reinforcement requirement, opening reinforcing steel bars are provided at internal forces within a width range of 0.2-0.25 m. Not only the opening steel bars are required to satisfy the anti-bending calculation requirement of the composite wall, but also the outdoor steel bars are required to satisfy a load-bearing capacity requirement of hanging up the outer protective layer.
A second analysis is from a formula of allowable values V of the shear bearing capacity of bent oblique section only for reference.
When the thermal insulating layer is the EPS board and the anti-tensile nets are the steel wire nets,
wherein
fe is a design value of anti-tensile strength of an EPS board, temporarily counted as 0.1N/mm2;
b (mm) is a width of a component;
he (mm) is a height of the EPS board;
h0 is an effective calculation height;
hyV is a design value of the anti-tensile strength of the inside and outside tension connected wires, such as stainless steel wires; and
AsV (mm2) is a sectional area of stainless tension connected steel wires;
s (mm) is a sectional interval of the tension connected wires.
The anti-tensile strength of the EPS board is related with following factors.
(1) Density. The higher the density is, the higher the anti-tensile strength becomes. The density of the EPS board is not less than 20 kg/m3. (2) Good fusibility. As long as the quality of the EPS boards is maintained, a design requirement of a load-bearing capacity limit state on the oblique sections based on the above formula can be satisfied.
When walls between windows are relatively small and the wind loading is relatively big, the above formula is a basis of checking calculation and the load-bearing capacity requirement of the oblique sections can be satisfied by providing shear-resistant ties made of stainless steel.
The above formula about the oblique sections is only for reference because conventional construction structural design theories have no rules that the design value of the anti-tensile strength of the EPS board fe=0.1N/mm2 and the coefficient 0.8 in the formula remains to be decided commonly by specialists in construction industry and thus is subject to changes. The equation, fe=0.1N/mm2, is put forward on following basis.
(1) Standard JGJ144 of China's Technical Specification for Outer Thermal Insulation on Outer Walls specifies fe to be 0.1N/mm2;
(2) The draft of Standard JGJ144 of China's Technical Specification for Outer Thermal Insulation on Outer Walls specifies fe to be 0.12N/mm2;
(3) In a destructive test about the bent components on the thermal insulating galvanized steel plates accomplished by the inventor, the EPS board has a density of 14 kg/m3 and the oblique section failure occurs when the reinforcement amount is relatively large, wherein the anti-tensile strength at the failure is 0.16N/mm2; and
(4) Referring to some books about constructive materials, some factories specify fe to be 0.16-0.24N/mm2.
A third analysis is from the shear bearing capacity within composite wall planes.
1. The shear bearing capacity within the composite wall planes include two parts: (1) the shear bearing capacity of the anti-tensile nets provided within the protective layer 10-1, and (2) the shear bearing capacity within the composite wall planes of the elastic thermal insulating layer, such as the EPS board, within the frame girders and pillars.
(1) the shear bearing capacity of the anti-tensile nets provided within the protective layer 10-1
The Φ2 galvanized welded nets respectively having meshes of 25×25, 30×30, 40×40, 50×50 and 100×100 are provided within the protective layer 10-1. The Φ4 galvanized steel bars are the anchoring steel bars to the floors and the pillars. The design values of the anti-tensile strength of the steel wires and the Φ4 steel bars are specified as 210 N/mm2.
Referring to a formula (10.5.5) on page 142 of China's Code for Design of Concrete Structures GB50010, for the meshes of 25×25, 30×30, 40×40, 50×50 and 100×100, steel wire areas of the Φ2 steel wire nets
at a height of 3 m respectively reach 377 mm2, 314 mm2, 236 mm2, 188 mm2 and 84 mm2, wherein only the area of the steel wires at an indoor side is counted and the shear bearing capacity of the steel wire nets at the external side of the main structure is neglected; further, on the rigid seats, the correspondent Φ4 galvanized anchoring steel bars anchored with the main structure are respectively spaced at the intervals of not more than 100 mm, 120 mm, 160 mm, 200 mm and 200 mm. As showed in Table 3, the shear bearing capacity of the steel wire nets are counted according to the formula
and the shear bearing capacity of the plastering mortar layer is excluded among data of the Table 3.
By ensuring the strength of the plastering protective layer, the bonding between the mortar and the anti-tensile nets and the anchoring between the anti-tensile nets and the main structure via the anchoring steel bars or via pre-embedding the anti-tensile nets in the bonding layer 12 in
The thermal insulating layer with good elasticity, such as the EPS board, has the anti-tensile strength closely to the masonry wall. The EPS board itself has the shear bearing capacity, but conventionally the EPS board is excluded for the shear bearing capacity within the composite wall planes.
A large amount of the EPS boards has been used in highway engineering all over the world, such as being used in embankment to form upright side slopes and being used at borders between a bridge and a roadbed to reduce uneven settlement and lateral pressure on the bridge from the roadbed, which takes advantage of the elasticity and the feature of zero Poisson's ratio under a certain range of pressure of the EPS boards. Under actions of the earthquake and the wind loading, when the composite wall horizontally displaces within the planes, the EPS boards are compressed and deform without transverse deformation, in such a manner that the EPS boards are able to accept the seismic energy and consume the seismic actions.
The shear bearing capacity is arranged according to the rigidity. How to calculate the rigidity of the composite wall and how the thermal insulating layers of different materials and different thickness affect the rigidity in the Embodiment 10 remain to be testes. The EPS boards are well elastic, cheap and well durable thermal insulating materials. Well elastic macromolecular thermal insulating materials, such as fire retardant EPS boards, are preferably used as the thermal insulating layer, wherein the fire retardant EPS boards is able to avoid being ignited by sparks from welding during a construction phase but unable to resist fire over large areas when fire accidents happen. When temperature rises over 500° C., a burning point of the EPS boards, the fire continues and remains to be decreased. Thus by further using the fireproof structures according to the Embodiment 8, the fireproof safety during the long-term usage can be maintained.
The Embodiment 8 reduces a weight of the building and energy consumption during the construction phase, wherein the thermal insulating layer consumes the seismic energy and the composite wall planes have the shear bearing capacity. The Embodiment 10 is important to the anti-seismic property of buildings and a limitation of horizontal displacement of high-rise buildings and greatly reduces cost of the main structure of buildings in seismic areas.
A fourth analysis is from following principles of determining the thickness of the composite wall:
(1) satisfying the design requirement of structural limit state; (2) satisfying the design requirement of energy-saving buildings; and (3) satisfying a requirement of comfort on wall thicknesses. For example, the wall is at least as thick as 200 mm and if the wall is thickened to 250-300 mm, the indoor windowsill can be wider and more comfortable. The Embodiment 10 satisfies the design requirement of the structural limit state and the wall has a very low heat transfer coefficient.
Different thicknesses, showed as “a” in
The three manners by which the protective layer 10-1 is connected to the main structure 10 are analyzed as follows.
The manner (1): when the interval between the indoor vertical steel bars 7-1 is larger than a standard, such as the Standard GB50010 of China's Code for Concrete Structure Design specifying a maximal interval between stressed steel bars to be 250 mm, because the openings of doors and windows are locked and the composite wall is also locked at a certain interval by the steel bars, the composite wall is much safer than a conventional brittle light masonry wall having 200 mm thick masonry so that it is very safe to apply the composite wall on many buildings in weak winds, but such an application remains to be determined by the structural formula; and the composite wall fails to satisfy the design requirement of the limit state. If the interval between the indoor vertical steel bars 7-1 is not more than the standard, such as 250 mm, the design requirement of the limit state can be reached, but a steel content is certainly far bigger than a calculation value according to the bent design theory, so as to lead to a great waste and a large amount of pre-embedded and installed steel bars, which is too troublesome, expensive and inappropriate.
As showed in
No conventional infilled walls satisfy the design requirement of the limit state and safety of the conventional infilled walls is incomparable with that of the manners (2) and (3). In the manners (2) and (3), the composite wall is not only anchored with the upper and the lower floors, but also connected to the pillars at two sides to form into the two-way panel. For buildings with relatively high floors in relatively strongly windy regions, forming into the two-way panel by the composite wall is very beneficial to the satisfaction of stress bearing requirement and is able to greatly reduce internal forces of the composite wall under the actions of horizontal loading.
A fifth analysis is from construction and installing.
1. During installing the composite wall, big pieces of the thermal insulating boards are preferred for reducing seams between the thermal insulating boards. The thermal insulating layer is pasted firstly at the external sides of the girders and the pillars and then in the openings of the frame, wherein it is fast and convenient to use polyurethane foam rubber for bonding between the thermal insulating layer, or to spray cement polymer glue for bonding when bonding faces of the thermal insulating layer are matched, or to use thermal insulating mortar for bonding; and it is slow in pasting to use cement polymer mortar for bonding, inappropriate for the heating areas.
2. Indoor electrical pipes and lines are installed in following two manners. (1) The indoor protective layer 10-1 is partially thickened to contain the electrical pipe and lines in the protective layer 10-1. (2) Light steel keel fireproof board are provided indoors to contain the electrical pipe and lines in the keel.
3. A moisture-proof layer is provided on the composite wall based on practical needs, such as pasting plastic composite films (PET//AL//PET) or (PET//AL); and then a light steel keel gypsum board is provided to contain wirings of electric apparatuses in the keel.
4. Windows and doors are installed by providing the steel plates on the outdoor and the indoor steel bars at the openings and jointing connecting steel sheets of the windows and doors respectively with the outdoor and the indoor steel plates.
Embodiment 11: as showed in
The Embodiment 11 is suitable for outer walls of ground floor because of good protection against burglars and good resistance to impact. An essence of the Embodiment 11 is to provide the protective layer with the steel bars and the net plasters 10-1 at the indoor side of the base wall body 1 of the Embodiment 1. As showed in
Embodiment 12: different from the Embodiments 1-11, according to the Embodiment 12, a first interface agent with a fire retardant property is brushed or sprayed on a surface of the thermal insulating layer 3 made of macromolecular thermal insulating materials, wherein the first interface agent is required to be so thick that the thermal insulating layer 3 is prevented from being ignited by the welding sparks, so as to maintain fireproof safety during the construction phase.
The first interface agent sprayed on the thermal insulating layer according to the Embodiment 12 is for improving fireproof property of the macromolecular thermal insulating layer. Besides cement, other inorganic powders, such as sand, high calcium powders, mica and silica fume, are added into the first interface agent, especially the mica with good covering ability.
Some illustrations about the present invention are as follows.
1. The modified cement mortar and the modified fine aggregate concrete of the present invention refer to (1) the modified cement mortar and the modified fine aggregate concrete added with additives, fly ash, stone powders, water-proofing agents, water-retaining agents and crack-resistant fiber, wherein the crack-resistant fiber includes polypropylene chopped fiber, alkali-resistant glass chopped fiber, basalt fiber and chopped hemp, and (2) the cement polymer mortar and the cement polymer concrete formed by adding the water-retaining agents and molecular adhesive agents. Especially at the positions containing the steel bars, such as the periphery of the openings of doors and windows, the protective layer is preferred to be partially made of cement polymer elastic mortar or cement polymer elastic concrete, which has benefits of (a) better protection against corrosion compared to common cement mortar and common concrete to thin the plastering protective layer, (b) preventing crack to elongate service life, and (c) firmly fixing the connecting steel sheets with the cement polymer elastic mortar during installing the windows and doors.
2. The anti-tensile nets are connected to the steel bars, i.e. the anti-tensile nets are wrapped and bound with the steel bars. Or the alkali-resistant netting fabrics or the basalt fiber nets are pasted in or on the surface of the protective layer and bonded with the protective layer; the protective layer is bonded with the outdoor steel bars and the indoor steel bars, so as to connect the alkali-resistant netting fabric to the steel bars.
3. In order to ensure that the thickness of the protective layer of the steel bars within the protective layer is able to satisfy the steel bars corrosion-proofing requirement and a work amount of plastering the protective layer is reduced, the thermal insulating layer at the positions containing the steel bars can be cut to form grooves to thicken the plasters partially around the steel bars.
4. When the thermal insulating layer is made of the macromolecular thermal insulating materials, the protective layer and the thermal insulating layer are bonded via spraying the interface agent which is applied according to the Chinese patent, 200810170949.0, or via forming the grooves on the surface of the thermal insulating layer to connect the protective layer to the thermal insulating layer. The seams between the thermal insulating layer is bonded with the polyurethane foam rubber; or concave members and correspondent convex members are provided at the mutual seams of the thermal insulating layer to be mutually locked at a fast speed.
5. During pasting thin slabs of the thermal insulating boards at external sides of windows and doors, it is preferred to spray adhesive agents on the thin slabs, plaster about 10 mm cement polymer elastic mortar and paste the alkali-resistant netting fabrics, so as to obtain good fire-proofing, good prevention of cracks and good durability. It is preferred for the cement polymer elastic mortar to use pure acrylic emulsion having a glass temperature between −10° C. and −25° C. to obtain good durability and good elasticity.
6. The thermal insulating layer can be a combination of two materials inside and outside, such as a combination of the thermal insulating layer made of the macromolecular thermal insulating materials and paper honeycomb plates, or the thermal insulating mortar, or adhesive polystyrene granules. Since the EPS board withers at 70° C., for particularly hot areas in summer, the heat-resistant thermal insulating layer is added on the EPS board to protect the EPS board; or heat-reflecting coatings are brushed on the composite wall.
8. Water-proofing of the openings of doors and windows, especially a water-proof layer provided at the windowsills, is very important, such as providing polyethylene polypropylene waterproof coiled materials at the windowsills and, after finishing the waterproof layer, installing windows and the thermal insulating thin slabs out of the windows or the cement mortar plastering protective layer, wherein elastic sealing waterproof materials are filled in space between the thermal insulating thin slabs out of the windows or the cement mortar plastering protective layer and the windows and doors. However, if the seamless fire retardant phenolic resin is provided at the windowsills, it is unnecessary to provide the waterproof layer at the windowsills since the seamless fire retardant phenolic resin is waterproof
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