An optical imaging apparatus 10 disposing the first and the second reflective components 12, 14 abutting to or in proximity to each other when reflective surfaces 11, 13 of the first and the second reflective components 12, 14 are crossed when viewed from thereabove, the first and the second reflective components 12, 14 composed of the transparent material with a plurality of belt-shaped reflective surfaces 11, 13 vertically disposed in parallel, wherein the first and the second reflective components 12, 14 are formed with a plurality of reflectors 15-18 laminated respectively and the places of the reflective surfaces 11, 13 of each reflector 15-18 of the first and the second reflective components 12, 14 are shifted in parallel. Thus, high definition three-dimensional real image is formed inexpensively in a space a plurality of observers gaze simultaneously.

A reflector array optical device has a plurality of dihedral corner reflector array optical elements which are disposed side by side on the same plane. Each of the dihedral corner reflector array optical elements has a substrate and a plurality of dihedral corner reflectors which each have at least two orthogonal side faces perpendicular to the principal surface of the substrate and orthogonal to each other, and which are formed on the substrate so that the orientations of the interior angles of the orthogonal side faces are aligned with each other.

An optical system includes: a main mirror (11) having a shape of a portion of a convex paraboloid which includes an opening in a center and is rotationally symmetric; a second-reflection mirror (12) which further reflects light reflected by the main mirror (11), and has a shape of a portion of a concave paraboloid which is rotationally symmetric; at least one lens which forms an image of the light reflected by the second-reflection mirror (12); and a lens barrel (14) holding the at least one lens, and a position of a front principal point of the at least one lens coincides with a focal position of the second-reflection mirror (12), and an optical axis of the at least one lens is tilted with respect to a rotational axis of each of the convex paraboloid and the concave paraboloid.

Described are new magnifying apparatus based on two dimensional arrays of micro magnifying modules (MMMs) positioned along a plane perpendicular to the center axis of the magnifying apparatus. In addition, the structure may include a two dimensional array of micro beam multipliers (MBMs) to improve the quality of the magnified image. The micro beam multipliers are positioned along a plane parallel to the array of micro magnifying modules. The structure also may include a two dimensional array of ray angle adjusters (RAAs) to extend the view angle. The ray angle adjusters are positioned along a plane parallel to the array of micro magnifying modules. The array of micro magnifying modules, with or without the micro beam multipliers and/or ray angle adjusters, may be constructed as a thin plate with a thickness of a few millimeters, through which the object is viewed. An object at a distance appears in the magnifying apparatus as a magnified image and the magnifying apparatus can be used for viewing an object at a distance in a way similar to the use of a conventional magnifier for viewing an object in a short distance.

Described are new magnifying apparatus based on two dimensional arrays of micro magnifying modules (MMMs) positioned along a plane perpendicular to the center axis of the magnifying apparatus. In addition, the structure may include a two dimensional array of micro beam multipliers (MBMs) to improve the quality of the magnified image. The micro beam multipliers are positioned along a plane parallel to the array of micro magnifying modules. The structure also may include a two dimensional array of ray angle adjusters (RAAs) to extend the view angle. The ray angle adjusters are positioned along a plane parallel to the array of micro magnifying modules. The array of micro magnifying modules, with or without the micro beam multipliers and/or ray angle adjusters, may be constructed as a thin plate with a thickness of a few millimeters, through which the object is viewed. An object at a distance appears in the magnifying apparatus as a magnified image and the magnifying apparatus can be used for viewing an object at a distance in a way similar to the use of a conventional magnifier for viewing an object in a short distance.

It is an object to provide a high-performance and compact exposure apparatus which can perform a projection exposure operation with satisfactory optical performance by using a plurality of compact projection optical systems each capable of ensuring a sufficient working distance and having excellent imaging performance, while preventing a decrease in throughput even in a large exposure area. An exposure apparatus for projecting and exposing an image of a mask (10) into a plate (30) while moving a mask and a plate has a first projection optical system (35a) and a second projection optical system each of which is real-size and both-side telecentric and forms the erect image of the mask on the plate. The first or second projection optical system (35a) has a refraction optical system (S₁) having a positive refracting power, and a concave reflecting mirror (M₁) for reflecting a light beam from the refraction optical system toward the refraction optical system.

A projection exposure apparatus achieves good imaging performance as securing a sufficient working distance. This projection exposure apparatus has a projection optical system for projection-transferring a real-size image of a first object onto a second object, which is disposed between the first object and the second object. This projection optical system has a cemented lens consisting of a plano-convex lens (L₂) and a first negative meniscus lens (L₃), a second negative meniscus lens (L₄), and path-bending prisms (P₁, P₂) for guiding light from the first object to the plano-convex lens and for guiding light from the concave mirror (M) to the second object. The present invention is based on finding of appropriate ranges of refractive powers of the first and second negative meniscus lenses and appropriate ranges of Abbe numbers of glass materials for the first and second negative meniscus lenses.

A plastic lens array comprising the following members which are formed integrally as one block by a plastic material: a lens array body member; a plurality of object convex lenses into which the light from an object is made incident, the object convex lenses being arranged side by side in one row along one side of the lens array body member; a plurality of image convex lenses corresponding to the object convex lenses, and being arranged side by side in a row along the opposite side of the lens array body member; a plurality of image inverting portions corresponding to the object convex lenses, each of the image inverting portions having a pair of roof surfaces which are substantially normal to each other to invert the image of an object; a first reflecting surface arranged at the backs of the object convex lenses, for totally reflecting the incident light of an object through the object convex lenses with an angle exceeding a critical angle and for guiding the reflected light of the object to a roof surface in each pair of the roof surfaces; and a second reflecting surface arranged at the backs of the image convex lenses, for totally reflecting the inverted light of an object from the other roof surface in each pair of the roof surfaces with an angle exceeding the critical angle and for guiding the reflected light of an object to the image convex lenses.