Data messaging in a communications network using a feature request
专利汇可以提供Data messaging in a communications network using a feature request专利检索，专利查询，专利分析的服务。并且A messaging unit (16) equipped with a cellular transceiver (38) is attached to a mobile item (12) located within a communications network (10). The messaging unit (16) issues a feature request having data digits that represent information on the mobile item (12). The cellular transceiver (38) transmits the feature request using the network (10). The feature request is received at an MTSO (20) and then routed to a platform (24), a clearinghouse (22), or the platform (24) through the clearinghouse (22). The data digits are translated into information on the mobile item (12) and stored at the platform (24) or the clearinghouse (22) for access by a host (26).，下面是Data messaging in a communications network using a feature request专利的具体信息内容。
What is claimed is:1. A method for data messaging using a cellular telephone network by issuing a feature request, comprising:providing information on an item to be monitored;generating a feature request having data digits that represent information on the item;communicating the feature request using the cellular telephone network without opening a voice channel; andreceiving the feature request at a remote location to determine information on the item.2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of providing information on an item occurs upon receiving a request to initiate data messaging from the remote location.3. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of providing information on an item comprises generating information on the item using a sensor.4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of communicating the feature request comprises:receiving the feature request at a switch;recognizing the feature request at the switch as a feature request for data messaging; andcommunicating the feature request from the switch to the remote location upon recognition.5. The method of claim 1, wherein the feature request comprises a feature request identification code that indicates data messaging and the step of communicating the feature request comprises:receiving the feature request at a switch;recognizing the feature request identification code at the switch; andcommunicating the feature request from the switch to the remote location upon recognition of the feature request identification code.6. The method of claim 1, wherein the feature request comprises a cellular transceiver identifier and the step of communicating the feature request comprises:receiving the feature request at a switch;comparing the cellular transceiver identifier to a plurality of predetermined identifiers associated with data messaging; andcommunicating the feature request from the switch to the remote location if the cellular transceiver identifier matches one of the predetermined identifiers associated with data messaging.7. The method of claims 1, wherein the feature request comprises a feature request identification code and a cellular transceiver identifier and the step of communicating the feature request comprises:receiving the feature request at a switch, andcommunicating the feature request from the switch to the remote location in response to the feature request identification code and the cellular transceiver identifier.8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of receiving comprises:identifying a cellular transceiver that transmitted the feature request;translating the data digits to determine information on the item; andstoring information on the item indexed by the cellular transceiver for access by a host operating external to the cellular telephone network.9. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of receiving comprises:identifying a cellular transceiver that transmitted the feature request;translating the data digits to determine information on the item; andstoring information on the item in a time-stamped list of information received from the cellular transceiver for access by a host operating external to the cellular telephone network.10. The method of claim 1, wherein the feature request comprises an altered identifier of a cellular transceiver that reflects information obtained on the item.11. The method of claim 1, wherein the feature request comprises a star key followed by the data digits.12. A method for data messaging by issuing a feature request, comprising:generating information on an item using a sensor;generating a feature request having data digits that represent information generated by the sensor;communicating the feature request using the cellular telephone network without opening a voice channel;receiving the feature request at a remote location;translating the data digits to determine information generated by the sensor; andstoring information generated by the sensor for access by a host operating external to the cellular telephone network.13. The method of claim 12, wherein the sensor is a positioning system that generates location information on the item.14. The method of claim 12, wherein the feature request comprises a feature request identification code that indicates data messaging, and further comprising:receiving the feature request at a switch;recognizing the feature request identification code at the switch; andcommunicating the feature request from the switch to the remote location upon recognition of the feature request identification code.15. The method of claim 12, wherein the feature request comprises a cellular transceiver identifier, and further comprising:receiving the feature request at a switch;comparing the cellular transceiver identifier to a plurality of predetermined identifiers associated with data messaging; andcommunicating the feature request from the switch to the remote location if the cellular transceiver identifier matches one of the predetermined identifiers associated with data messaging.16. The method of claim 12, wherein the feature request comprises a feature request identification code and a cellular transceiver identifier, and further comprising:receiving the feature request at a switch; andcommunicating the feature request from the switch to the remote location in response to the feature request identification code and the cellular transceiver identifier.17. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of storing information generated by the sensor comprises storing information generated by the sensor in a time-stamped list of information received from the cellular transceiver.18. The method of claim 12, wherein the feature request comprises an altered identifier of a cellular transceiver that reflects information generated by the sensor.19. The method of claim 12, wherein the item is a vehicle and the sensor is coupled to the vehicle.20. The method of claim 12, wherein the feature request comprises a star key followed by the data digits.21. A system for data messaging using a cellular telephone network by issuing a feature request, comprising:a messaging unit operable to obtain information on an item, the messaging unit further operable to generate a feature request having data digits that represent information on the item, the messaging unit comprising a cellular transceiver operable to communicate the feature request using the cellular telephone network without opening a voice channel;a remote location coupled to the cellular telephone network, the remote location operable to receive the feature request communicated by the messaging unit, the remote location further operable to translate the data digits to determine the information on the item, the remote location comprising a memory operable to store the information on the item; anda host coupled to the remote location and operating external to the cellular telephone network, the host operable to access the information on the item stored at the remote location.22. The system of claim 21, further comprising a switch coupled to the cellular telephone network, the switch operable to receive the feature request communicated by the messaging unit and to communicate the feature request to the remote location upon recognition of a feature request identification code that indicates data messaging.23. The system of claim 21, further comprising a switch coupled to the cellular telephone network, the switch operable to receive the feature request communicated by the messaging unit and to communicate the feature request to the remote location upon matching a cellular transceiver identifier with one of a plurality of predetermined identifiers associated with data messaging.24. The system of claim 21, further comprising a switch coupled to the cellular telephone network, the switch operable to receive the feature request communicated by the messaging unit and to communicate the feature request to the remote location in response to a feature request identification code and a cellular transceiver identifier of the messaging unit.25. The system of claim 21, wherein the messaging unit further comprises a sensor operable to generate information on the item.26. The system of claim 21, wherein the messaging unit further comprises a positioning system operable to generate location information on the item.27. The system of claim 21, wherein the item is a vehicle and the messaging unit is coupled to the vehicle.28. The system of claim 21, wherein the feature request comprises an altered identifier of a cellular transceiver that reflects information obtained on the item.29. The system of claim 21, wherein the feature request comprises a star key followed by data digits.30. A system for data messaging using a cellular telephone network by issuing a feature request, comprising:a messaging unit having a sensor operable to generate information on an item, the messaging unit further operable to generate a feature request having data digits that represent information generated by the sensor, the messaging unit comprising a cellular transceiver operable to communicate the feature request using the cellular telephone network without opening a voice channel;a switch coupled to the cellular telephone network, the switch operable to receive the feature request communicated by the messaging unit and to communicate the feature request to a remote location if the feature request indicates data messaging;the remote location coupled to the cellular telephone network, the remote location operable to receive the feature request communicated by the switch, the remote location further operable to translate the data digits to determine information generated by the sensor, the remote location comprising a memory operable to store information generated by the sensor; anda host coupled to the remote location and operating external to the cellular telephone network, the host operable to access information stored at the remote location.31. The system of claim 30, wherein:the feature request comprises a feature request identification code that indicates data messaging; andthe switch is operable to communicate the feature request to the remote location upon recognition of the feature request identification code.32. The system of claim 30, wherein:the feature request comprises a cellular transceiver identifier associated with the cellular transceiver of the messaging unit; andthe switch has a memory operable to store a plurality of predetermined identifiers associated with data messaging, the switch further operable to communicate the feature request to the remote location upon matching the cellular transceiver identifier with one of the predetermined identifiers stored at the switch.33. The system of claim 30, wherein:the feature request comprises a feature request identification code and a cellular transceiver identifier associated with the cellular transceiver of the messaging unit; andthe switch is operable to communicate the feature request to the remote location in response to the feature request identification code and the cellular transceiver identifier.34. The system of claim 30, wherein the sensor comprises a positioning system operable to generate location information on the item.35. The system of claim 30, wherein the feature request comprises an altered identifier of the cellular transceiver that reflects information generated by the sensor.36. The system of claim 30, wherein the item is a vehicle and the sensor is coupled to the vehicle.37. The system of claim 30, wherein the feature request comprises a star key followed by the data digits.38. A messaging unit for data messaging using a cellular telephone network by issuing a feature request, comprising:a sensor operable to generate information;a processor coupled to the sensor and operable to receive information generated by the sensor, the processor further operable to generate a feature request having data digits that represent information generated by the sensor; anda cellular transceiver operable to communicate the feature request using the cellular telephone network without opening a voice channel.39. The messaging unit of claim 38, further comprising a memory coupled to the processor, the memory operable to accumulate information generated by the sensor, wherein the processor generates a feature request having data digits that represent information accumulated in the memory.40. The messaging unit of claim 38, wherein the sensor comprises an engine sensor operable to generate performance information on the engine of a vehicle.41. The messaging unit of claim 38, wherein the sensor comprises a positioning system operable to generate location information.42. The messaging unit of claim 38, wherein the feature request comprises a star key followed by the data digits.43. A method for communicating information using a cellular telephone network by issuing a feature request, the method comprising:generating information using a sensor;generating a feature request having data digits that represent information generated by the sensor; andcommunicating the feature request using a cellular transceiver coupled to the cellular telephone network without opening a voice channel.44. The method of claim 43 further comprising the step of accumulating in a memory information generated by the sensor.45. The method of claim 43, further comprising the step of altering an identifier of the cellular transceiver to reflect information generated by the sensor.46. The method of claim 43, wherein the sensor comprises a positioning system operable to generate location information on the vehicle.47. The method of claim 43, wherein the feature request comprises a star key followed by the data digits.48. A system for data messaging using a cellular telephone network by issuing a feature request, comprising:a messaging unit operable to automatically obtain information on an item, the messaging unit further operable to automatically generate a feature request having data digits that represent information on the item, the messaging unit comprising a cellular transceiver operable to communicate the feature request using the cellular telephone network without opening a voice channel;a mobile telephone switching office coupled to the cellular telephone network, the switching office operable to receive the feature request communicated by the messaging unit, determine if the feature request is a feature request for data messaging, and communicate the feature request to a telecommunications platform if the feature request is a feature request for data messaging;the telecommunications platform coupled to the cellular telephone network, the telecommunications platform operable to receive the feature request communicated by the switching office, communicate a validation request, receive a validation response, translate the data digits to determine the information on the item if the messaging unit is valid, and store the information in a memory; anda host coupled to the telecommunications platform and operating external to the cellular telephone network, the host operable to access the translated information stored at the telecommunications platform.49. The system of claim 48, wherein:the telecommunications platform communicates the validation request to the messaging unit;the messaging unit is further operable to receive the validation request, generate a validation response, and communicate the validation response to the telecommunications platform; andthe telecommunications platform is further operable to receive the validation response and to determine whether the messaging unit is valid based on the validation response.50. The system of claim 48, further comprising a clearinghouse coupled to the cellular telephone network, the clearinghouse operable to receive the validation request from the telecommunications platform, determine whether the messaging unit is valid, and communicate the validation response to the telecommunications platform.51. The system of claim 50, wherein:the telecommunications platform is further operable to communicate a second validation request to the messaging unit;the messaging unit is further operable to receive the second validation request, generate a second validation response, and communicate the second validation response to the telecommunications platform; andthe telecommunications platform is further operable to receive the second validation response and determine whether the messaging unit is valid based on the second validation response.52. The system of claim 48, wherein the feature request consists of a star key followed by the data digits.53. The system of claim 48, wherein the data digits do not alter the features provided by the cellular telephone network.54. The system of claim 48, wherein the messaging unit's operations to automatically obtain information may be remotely configured from the host.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/573,135, filed Dec. 15, 1995, entitled “Data Messaging in a Communications Network Using a Feature Request,” by William C. Kennedy III and Kenneth R. Westerlage, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,771,455, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/175,256, filed Dec. 28, 1993, entitled “Data Messaging in a Communications Network,” by William C. Kennedy III and Kenneth R Westerlage, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,539,810; which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/095,166, filed Jul. 20, 1993, and entitled “Method and Apparatus for a Nation-Wide Cellular Telephone Network,” by William C. Kennedy III and Kenneth R. Westerlage, now abandoned. This application is related to pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/044,766, filed Mar. 19, 1998 and entitled “Data Messaging in a Communications Network Using a Feature Request.”
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to the field of telecommunications, and more particularly to data messaging in a communications network.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The proliferation of sophisticated communications systems has resulted in developments in mobile communications and in particular mobile data messaging. Data messaging collectively refers to the transfer of information over voice or data channels of a communications network. One application of data messaging is the monitoring of a group of items by causing the items to send data messages to a remote location in response to a recognized reporting event. For example, a truck trailer monitoring system may use data messaging to collect information on the current position and status of a fleet of truck trailers.
A network of cellular telephone systems is a suitable conduit for such data messaging, especially if the monitored items are mobile, such as people, vehicles, or cargo containers. However, the cost of using traditional cellular communication is prohibitive, both in terms of chargeable air time and roamer fees.
Another problem with using traditional cellular networks for data messaging is that the fragmentation of cellular service providers results in disintegrated monitoring and control of cellular air traffic, which often contributes to fraudulent use of the cellular telephone network. Increasing incidents of roamer fraud adds significantly to the cost of cellular air time, especially for nation-wide users of the cellular telephone network. To combat these problems, cellular service providers are implementing authorization and verification procedures for validating roaming customers.
Therefore, a need has arisen for a communications network that handles a high volume of data messaging by exploiting the functionality of existing cellular telecommunications equipment, while reducing opportunities for fraud. In particular, a need has arisen for data messaging to monitor the position and status of a national fleet of truck trailers in the most cost effective and reliable manner.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the teachings of the invention, a method and apparatus for data messaging in a communications network is provided which substantially eliminate or reduce disadvantages and problems associated with prior art data messaging systems. Furthermore, data messaging in a cellular telephone network to monitor the location and status information of a fleet of truck trailers substantially eliminates or reduces disadvantages and problems associated with prior art truck trailer monitoring systems.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a method for data messaging over a cellular telephone network by issuing a feature request is disclosed. Information is obtained on a mobile item. A feature request is generated having data digits that represent information on the mobile item. The feature request is communicated using the cellular telephone network. The feature request is received at a platform operating as an end user of the cellular telephone network.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a system for data messaging using a cellular telephone network by issuing a feature request includes a messaging unit. The messaging unit obtains information on a mobile item and generates a feature request having data digits that represent information on the mobile item. The messaging unit has a cellular transceiver that communicates the feature request using the cellular telephone network. A platform is coupled to the cellular telephone network and receives the feature request communicated by the messaging unit. The platform translates the data digits to determine the information on the mobile item. The platform has a memory that stores the information on the mobile item. A host is coupled to the platform and operates external to the cellular telephone network. The host accesses the information on the mobile item stored at the platform.
An important advantage of the invention is that messaging units can send data messages using a cellular telephone network by issuing a feature request having data digits. The data digits represent information obtained on a mobile item, and in one particular embodiment, information generated by a sensor. The feature request may be communicated to a platform for translation of the data digits into information obtained on the mobile item. The platform may then store the information on the mobile item for access by a host. In one embodiment, the communication of the feature request is performed through a switch, which may recognize a feature request identification code or a cellular transceiver identifier to determine that the feature request is associated with data messaging. In addition to data digits, the feature request may also include an altered identifier of a cellular transceiver that reflects information on the mobile item. Other technical advantages are readily apparent to one skilled in the art from the following figures, descriptions, and claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a more complete understanding of the invention and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1
is a block diagram of a communications network for communicating a variety of data messages in accordance with the teachings of the invention;
FIG. 2
is a block diagram of a messaging unit operating within the communications network for sending and receiving a variety of data messages in accordance with the teachings of the invention;
FIG. 3
is a flow diagram for sending a data message over a voice channel of the communications network using a modem handshake protocol in accordance with the teachings of the invention;
FIG. 4
is a flow diagram for sending a data message over a data channel of the communications network in accordance with the teachings of the invention;
FIG. 5
illustrates a block diagram of a nation-wide cellular system constructed according to the teachings of the present invention;
FIG. 6
illustrates another embodiment of a nation-wide cellular system constructed according to the teachings of the present invention;
FIG. 7
illustrates a mobile unit constructed according to the teachings of the present invention;
FIG. 8
illustrates a telecommunications platform constructed according to the teachings of the present invention;
FIG. 9
is a flow diagram for transmission and reception of a present message according to the teachings of the present invention;
FIG. 10
is a flow diagram of a call to a mobile unit according to the teachings of the present invention;
FIG. 11
is a flow diagram of a call from a mobile unit according to the teachings of the present invention; and
FIG. 12
is a block diagram of a central host constructed according to the teachings of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1
is a block diagram of a communications network
10
. Located within cellular system
14
of network
10
is a truck trailer
12
carried by a cab, barge, train, or other suitable transportation system. It should be understood that the invention contemplates data messaging from any group of cargo containers, vehicles, persons, and other items whose location and status information are to be monitored.
Network
10
may be a cellular telephone network, but it may also be another type of communications system, such as a specialized mobile radio (SMR) system, a personal communication services (PCS) system, or any other suitable communications system. Furthermore, network
10
may be comprised of land-based transmission towers, space-based satellite transponders, or a combination of communications hardware in space or on land. Transmissions over network
10
may be analog or digital without departing from the scope of the invention.
Truck trailer
12
is equipped with a messaging unit
16
, which contains a cellular transceiver for sending and receiving data messages. The design of messaging unit
16
is discussed in detail with reference to FIG.
2
. Cellular system
14
includes a transmission tower
18
and a mobile telecommunications switching office (MTSO)
20
coupled to the transmission tower
18
. It should be understood that each cellular system
14
may comprise a plurality of transmission towers and a plurality of MTSOs.
MTSO
20
switches calls to and from the cellular system
14
and a land-based telecommunications system (not shown). MTSO
20
is also coupled to clearinghouse
22
, which provides call information to MTSO
20
through data link
23
. For example, MTSO
20
can be configured to connect calls only if clearinghouse
22
provides, for example, validation information indicating that the cellular phone involved has good credit or is authorized to make calls. Clearinghouse
22
may also maintain other information, such as “roaming” phones' present locations and home systems. In existing cellular systems, companies such as GTE/TSI, EDS, and McCaw provide the clearinghouse function.
MTSO
20
is coupled to a telecommunications platform (“platform”)
24
through a voice/data link
21
. Clearinghouse
22
is also coupled to platform
24
through data link
27
to provide platform
24
with information generated by clearinghouse
22
. In turn, platform
24
is coupled to host
26
through voice/data link
29
. Platform
24
may be coupled to any other host, such as host
28
, through a similar voice/data link. Alternatively, hosts
26
and
28
may receive call information directly from clearinghouse
22
over data link
31
.
Hosts
26
and
28
are shown for clarity, but it should be understood that many other hosts may be similarly coupled to platform
24
, other platforms, other hosts, or clearinghouse
22
. Link
33
between host
26
and host
28
allows hosts to exchange information. Host
35
may be connected to host
28
via link
33
, such that host
35
receives information solely from host
28
. In such a manner, designated hosts in network
10
act as central hosts to receive data messages and distribute these messages to other hosts.
FIG. 1
illustrates another cellular system
30
, which includes a separate transmission tower
18
and MTSO
20
. Within the operating region of cellular system
30
are truck trailers
12
equipped with messaging units
16
. A platform
25
may be associated with cellular system
30
, illustrating that the platform functions can be performed at distributed locations throughout network
10
. However, platform
24
may perform all platform functions for all cellular systems. Moreover, as shown in
FIG. 1
, platform
24
may be coupled to one or more cellular systems. For example, platform
24
may be coupled to all of the east coast cellular systems. Likewise, platform
25
is a distributed platform, and is associated with and part of a particular cellular system. Platform
25
, like platform
24
, is coupled to a host, such as host
28
.
Dashed line
32
indicates a link between MTSO
20
and platform
24
. With a proposed standard (IS41, revision A), validation of a user can be performed prior to the placing of cellular calls. For example, at power up or upon first entry into a particular cellular system, a cellular transceiver can issue identifiers to MTSO
20
for pre-validation. Alternatively, MTSO
20
can poll a cellular transceiver to provide identifiers for validation and registration. The pre-validation information may be transmitted from MTSO
20
to clearinghouse
22
over data link
23
. Likewise, platform
24
may perform the pre-validation without resort to an outside clearinghouse, over link
32
. With pre-call validation performed by clearinghouse
22
, later data messages can be sent directly to platform
24
over link
32
. It should be understood that link
32
may be the same as voice/data link
21
, a separate dedicated data link, or another communications link.
Data link
34
between platform
24
to platform
25
allows distributed platforms to exchange information regarding user validation, fraud management, systems operation, and billing functions. The distributed platform embodiment also provides fault tolerant and traffic management features in network
10
, not unlike those features found in conventional long-distance telephone systems. Thus, as is shown in
FIG. 1
, telecommunications platforms may be centrally located or arranged in a distributed manner and connected by data link
34
.
Throughout this description of the invention, host
26
, platform
24
, clearinghouse
22
, MTSO
20
, and cellular system
14
have been discussed as separate elements. It should be understood that each of these components are logical components, and they may be combined without physical separation. For example, the functions of platform
24
and host
26
may be accomplished at a single site. Furthermore, the functions of platform
24
and clearinghouse
22
may also be accomplished at a single site. References to cellular system
14
, MTSO
20
, clearinghouse
22
, platform
24
, and host
26
are to be understood as also referring to any cellular system, switch, clearinghouse, platform, and host, respectively, of network
10
.
Also illustrated in
FIG. 1
is data link
36
, which allows for data transfer between MTSOs of the cellular systems in network
10
. Such a link may be an SS
7
backbone link for linking cellular systems. Link
36
allows cellular systems to share information relating to validation, roaming, billing, call routing, and other functions performed by network
10
. For example, one cellular system that knows the location of a particular cellular transceiver, such as the cellular transceiver in messaging unit
16
, may share that information with other cellular systems. Platform
24
may tie into link
36
across link
21
or link
32
to access information exchanged among MTSOs of the cellular systems in network
10
.
The description of
FIG. 1
references both data links and voice/data links. Data links, such as links
23
,
27
,
31
,
34
, and
36
, allow transmission of data over a dedicated data channel. Voice/data links, such as links
21
and
29
, support transmission of voice over a voice channel and transmission of data over a data channel. For example, a cellular telephone transmission over a voice/data link, such as a T
1
transmission link, may employ digital transmission techniques to carry voice over a voice channel and data over a data channel, such as an overhead message stream. It should be understood that the invention contemplates any transmission technique over a voice/data link, whether digital or analog, that provides a voice channel and a data channel. Current systems used in the industry include the DS-1 standard used in the United States and the CCITT primary multiplex standard used in European telecommunication systems.
Another communications protocol contemplated by the invention, termed cellular digital packet data (CDPD), sends data in packets interspersed between voice transmissions. The data messages in this protocol may be carried in a reserved section of the digital bit stream or selectively placed to fill unoccupied sections of the digital bit stream. CDPD technology also supports delivery of data messages that is not real-time. This is accomplished by establishing delivery addresses, so a user may receive and store data messages at a designated address and retrieve the data messages at a later time for processing.
Voice/data links also support transmission of data over a voice channel using a modem, dual-tone multifrequency (“DTMF”) tones, or other suitable data encoder. The invention contemplates two ways to send a data message in network
10
, data transmission over a data channel and data transmission over a voice channel using a data encoder. It should be understood that a dedicated data channel, such as link
34
, could be replaced with a link that also allows voice transmission, without departing from the intended scope of the present invention.
In operation, network
10
allows data messages to be sent across cellular systems, such as cellular systems
14
and
30
, in a variety of ways. Data messages sent to or received from messaging units
16
over a voice channel in network
10
must pass through platform
24
or
25
, where they are subject to a handshake protocol to minimize cellular telephone fraud and maintain secured communications.
Data messages may also be sent to or received from messaging unit
16
over a data channel in network
10
. As described below, these messages are packaged and sent over a data channel as part of the call data processing procedures. Like data messages sent over a voice channel of network
10
, data messages sent over a data channel may also be subject to a security protocol. Each type of data messaging supported by network
10
will be discussed in detail with reference to
FIGS. 3 and 4
.
FIG. 2
is a block diagram of a messaging unit
16
operating within network
10
of FIG.
1
. In one embodiment of the invention, messaging unit
16
may be attached to truck trailer
12
. However, it should be understood that data messaging in network
10
is not limited to truck trailer monitoring systems. Messaging unit
16
may be attached to any mobile items to be monitored, such as people, vehicles, or cargo containers.
As shown in
FIG. 2
, cellular transceiver
38
is coupled to cellular transceiver bus
40
. Cellular transceiver
38
receives and transmits signals across cellular antenna
42
, including cellular transmission and reception of voice and data over the voice and data channels in network
10
. Cellular transceiver
38
may be just a cellular transmitter equipped to transmit data messages or just a receiver equipped to receive data messages. It should be understood that further references to cellular transceiver
38
contemplate a transmitter, a receiver, or both.
Cellular transceiver bus
40
is coupled to one or more processors
44
through cellular interface drivers
46
. Cellular interface drivers
46
provide the necessary protocol for communications between processor
44
and cellular transceiver
38
.
A modem
48
allows processor
44
to receive and transmit digital communication over a voice channel in network
10
, as received from and transmitted through cellular antenna
42
and cellular transceiver
38
. Modem
48
, or any suitable device, distinguishes between voice and data encoded on the voice channel, and handles the information accordingly.
Processor
44
is also coupled to a DTMF recognizer
50
. DTMF recognizer
50
allows reception and transmission of DTMF data over a voice channel of network
10
, as received from and transmitted through cellular antenna
42
and cellular transceiver
38
. All data transmissions to or from messaging unit
16
can be made using DTMF data.
Processor
44
is also coupled to a read-only memory (“ROM”)
52
and a random access memory (“RAM”)
54
. These memories are for storage of instructions and data for operation of processor
44
. It should be understood that the invention contemplates use of any other suitable storage devices (not shown) including, but not limited to, hard disk and floppy disk drives, optical disk drives, CD-ROM storage devices, tape backups, and plug-in memory modules. A real-time clock
56
provides processor
44
with time-of-day, day-of-week, month, or year information.
Messaging unit
16
allows for input of location information from a LORAN-C system, global positioning satellite (GPS) system, dead reckoning system, inertial navigation system, or any suitable system providing location information. A positioning system interface
58
provides location information to processor
44
, as received from positioning system transceiver
60
through positioning system antenna
62
. The location information sent to processor
44
from the positioning system can be either raw location data (for example, data directly received from a LORAN-C system) or processed location data. Therefore, the processing of raw location data can occur within the positioning system itself, within the positioning system interface
58
, within processor
44
, or transmitted through cellular transceiver
38
and cellular antenna
42
for later processing at platform
24
or host
26
of FIG.
1
.
Messaging unit
16
also allows for input of status information through sensor system
64
. In one embodiment, sensor system
64
comprises sensors, controllers, and processors used to monitor various parameters of truck trailer
12
, and operates to pass status information to processor
44
. Sensor system
64
may monitor performance parameters of truck trailer
12
, such as the temperature of a refrigerated compartment, battery voltage levels, or diagnostics of other truck trailer subsystems. Sensor system
64
may also monitor the status of truck trailer
12
and its contents, such as whether truck trailer
12
is connected to a cab and whether the contents have been tampered with. For purposes of this description, “sensor” refers to any device that furnishes processor
44
with location and status information, including a positioning system.
A power supply
66
powers the various components of messaging unit
16
. For clarity, the power connections to the different components of messaging unit
16
are not shown. Power supply
66
is a power management system which may include a battery and charging circuitry. In addition, power supply
66
may include optional sources of power, such as an external power connection
68
from, for example, a truck electrical system interconnection cable or a solar cell
70
mounted on the roof of truck trailer
12
.
As shown in the particular embodiment of
FIG. 2
, solar cell
70
, cellular antenna
42
, and positioning system antenna
62
may be mounted directly on the truck trailer roof, while the other components of messaging unit
16
reside inside the cargo compartment. However, it should be understood that the invention contemplates any arrangement and placement of the components of messaging unit
16
in one or more separate housings attached to the mobile item to be monitored.
In operation, messaging unit
16
generates a data message to be sent over voice or data channels of network
10
upon the occurrence of a reporting event. The occurrence of a reporting event is determined by processor
44
executing a reporting event determination module
72
, shown as a part of processor
44
in FIG.
2
. Upon the occurrence of a reporting event, processor
44
may immediately generate and transmit a data message or generate and store the data message for later transmission. By storing data messages, messaging unit
16
may then send a batch of data messages chronicling the status of truck trailer
12
over a period of time.
One reporting event that may trigger generation of a data message is a time-out signal received by processor
44
from real-time clock
56
. Therefore, messaging unit
16
may generate data messages and report location and status information for truck trailer
12
at a particular time interval, such as twice a day, every day, or every week. In addition, a reporting event may be an external request from a variety of sources, such as MTSO
20
, clearinghouse
22
, platform
24
and host
26
, among others.
A reporting event may also be initiated by the truck trailer transportation equipment or its operator. For example, messaging unit
16
may generate and transmit a data message upon a signal, received by processor
44
from sensor system
64
, indicating connection or disconnection from the cab. An operator of the transportation equipment may also manually request messaging unit
16
to send a data message.
A reporting event may occur in response to a performance or alarm signal received by sensor system
64
that is beyond predetermined limits. For example, a reporting event may be when the cargo temperature in a refrigerated truck trailer exceeds a certain minimum or maximum level. The predetermined limits that trigger a reporting event may be remotely configured from the clearinghouse
22
, platform
24
, or host
26
. Processor
44
may also determine a reporting event upon improper access to the cargo hold, malfunctioning of truck trailer subsystems, or malfunctioning of messaging unit
16
itself.
Furthermore, a reporting event may be based on geographical information. For example, messaging unit
16
may generate a data message when the truck trailer location determined by the positioning system deviates from an expected truck trailer location. The expected location may be stored in memory such as ROM
52
, RAM
54
, or other storage device, computed by processor
44
, or received from host
26
or platform
24
.
In a similar manner, a reporting event may occur when truck trailer
12
approaches or crosses a city, state, or national border, or enters the service area of a cellular system. Therefore, processor
44
executing reporting event determination module
72
causes messaging unit
16
to generate a data message upon the occurrence of a reporting event. The reporting event may be based on time, external requests, sensor inputs, manual requests by the driver, geographical information, or any other event or condition that warrants reporting of a data message to host
26
.
Upon determination of a reporting event, messaging unit
16
operates to transmit and receive a variety of data messages over network
10
. The data messages may contain information that initiated the reporting event, such as a signal indicating connection of the truck trailer to a cab, and also other monitored information, such as the location of the truck trailer at the time of the reporting event. Ultimately data messages transmitted from messaging unit
16
are routed through platform
24
, clearinghouse
22
, or both and accessed by host
26
, as shown in
FIG. 1. A
data message may be communicated over network
10
using either a voice channel or a data channel.
Messaging unit
16
, through control of processor
44
may transmit and receive data messages over a voice channel through platform
24
. For clarity, the transmission or reception of data messages over a voice channel, including handshaking, will be discussed in connection with modem transfers, it being understood that such transmissions can be made using DTMF tones or other data encoded on the voice channel.
The ability to require that all data messages communicated over a voice channel pass through platform
24
is an important advantage of the invention, and allows for modem handshaking between platform
24
and messaging unit
16
. As shown in
FIG. 2
, processor
44
runs instructions that execute a handshake protocol module
74
which establishes secure data modem communication with platform
24
. The method to transmit data messages over a voice channel is described in more detail with reference to FIG.
3
.
Processor
44
also executes a MIN statusing module
76
and a feature request generation module
78
, which allow messaging unit
16
to generate and transmit data messages over a data channel of network
10
. As described below with reference to
FIG. 4
, MIN statusing module
76
allows messaging unit
16
to encode status and location information by altering identifiers of cellular transceiver
38
, such as the mobile identification number (MIN) or electronic serial number (ESN), transmitted over a data channel of network
10
. Feature request generation module
78
, also discussed with reference to
FIG. 4
, is another method to send data messages over a data channel by appending to a feature request data digits representing status and location information.
Link
80
between processor
44
and the transportation system allows messaging unit
16
to send and receive communications to and from, for example, a truck cab. The link may allow two-way communications using a short range radio system, an infra-red (IR) coupling, a direct connection through signal wires, or other appropriate technology. Alternatively, the link may be a one-way communications link that allows messaging unit
16
to send data messages for transmission by the transportation system. In one embodiment, a one-way link may allow a scanner attached to the transportation system to identify the attached truck trailer
12
.
Functionally, link
80
allows components of messaging unit
16
to be divided between the mobile item and its transportation system. In one embodiment, processor
44
residing on the mobile item generates a data message and then sends this data message over link
80
for transmission by cellular transceiver
38
located on the transportation system. In such a manner, the cost of outfitting mobile items with data messaging capabilities may be reduced by placing components of messaging unit
16
on the transportation system. It should be understood that the invention contemplates any arrangement of components of messaging unit
16
on the mobile item and the transportation system.
FIG. 3
is a flow diagram for sending a data message generated by messaging unit
16
over a voice channel of network
10
using a modem handshake protocol. The method begins at block
100
which determines whether one of a variety of reporting events has occurred, as determined by processor
44
running reporting event determination module
72
. If no reporting event has occurred, the method loops back in a continuous fashion to monitor the existence of a reporting event. When a reporting event occurs, block
102
generates a data message. The data message may contain location and status information of truck trailer
12
in a standard data package for transmission by modem
48
. It should be understood that the invention contemplates any suitable modem transfer protocol and compression technique to prepare the data for transmission by modem
48
.
The method of
FIG. 3
then proceeds to block
104
where messaging unit
16
establishes a data modem connection with platform
24
over a voice channel of voice/data link
21
or
32
. Data modem connection establishes the parameters for communication, such as baud rate, parity, and number of stop bits. After the connection is established, block
106
initiates a modem handshake between messaging unit
16
and platform
24
. If messaging unit
16
does not pass the modem handshake and establish secure communications with platform
24
, the method proceeds to block
108
, where the communication is disconnected. At block
110
, messaging unit
16
may try to reestablish a data modem connection and retry modem handshaking. Alternatively, the process may be reset for detection of another reporting event at block
100
.
Upon successful modem handshake, the method proceeds to block
112
where modem
48
downloads the contents of the data message into a storage device in platform
24
. The data may be time-stamped and stored as an entry in a log of data messages from messaging unit
16
. Platform
24
can also index received data messages by an identification number of messaging unit
16
or cellular transceiver
38
received during modem handshaking at block
106
. At block
114
, an external device, such as a dispatcher's computer at host
26
, can access the stored data messages and update a record of the location and status of mobile items equipped with messaging unit
16
.
FIG. 4
is a flow diagram for sending a data message over a data channel of network
10
using either the MIN statusing
76
or feature request generation
78
modules of processor
44
. Unlike data messaging using modem data or DTMF tones, the following discussion describes transmission of data messages through network
10
without opening a voice channel. Furthermore, the data messaging techniques described below can be routed through clearinghouse
22
, platform
24
, or both clearinghouse
22
and platform
24
.
The method of
FIG. 4
begins at block
116
which determines whether a reporting event has occurred by executing reporting event determination module
72
in processor
44
. If no reporting event has occurred, the method continues to monitor sensor system
64
, real-time clock
56
, location data received from positioning system interface
58
, and other inputs to determine if a reporting event has occurred.
Upon the occurrence of a reporting event, block
118
generates a data message. As described above, data messages may be created and sent immediately or created and stored for later transmission by messaging unit
16
. A data message for transmission over a data channel of network
10
may be generated in two ways. First, location and status information can be encoded by altering identifiers of cellular transceiver
38
, such as the mobile identification number (MIN) or electronic serial number (ESN). A second way to generate a data message is by dialing a feature request and appending location and status information in digits of data within the feature request. These two different ways of generating a data message are described in detail below.
The process to alter identifiers of a cellular transceiver
38
to transmit a data message, termed MIN statusing, begins with identification of the event to be reported and a translation of this event into a coded number. For example, assume processor
44
of messaging unit
16
receives a reporting event signal from sensor system
64
indicating that the temperature in the refrigerator compartment of truck trailer
12
is too high. Processor
44
translates the reporting event into, for example, a two-digit status code “39”. The MIN of cellular transceiver
38
may be altered to include status code “39” in a designated data field. For example, if the current MIN is “099 881 1234”, then the new altered MIN with the embedded status code may be “099 880 0039”. The prefix “880” indicates that the MIN has been altered to convey status or location information, and the last four digits contain the encoded location or status information in the form of a two-digit status code “39”.
The MIN of cellular transceiver
38
is altered to include a data message, but the ESN remains fixed to be used as an identifier of the messaging unit
16
that sends the data message. Therefore, upon receipt of the MIN/ESN, clearinghouse
22
or platform
24
can identify the messaging unit
16
by the ESN and can also receive status and location information encoded in the MIN. Alternatively, processor
44
can alter the ESN of cellular transceiver
38
and keep the MIN constant. It should be understood that the invention contemplates modification of the MIN, ESN, both the MIN and ESN, or other identifiers of cellular transceiver
38
to accomplish the dual task of encoding location or status information and identifying messaging unit
16
.
Cellular transceiver
38
may transmit identifiers to MTSO
20
upon a call, feature request, pre-call validation, or other communication between cellular transceiver
38
and MTSO
20
. Therefore, the MIN statusing techniques of the invention can be used alone or in connection with feature request data messaging, data messaging over a voice channel of network
10
, or any other data messaging technique that also transmits identifiers of cellular transceiver
38
.
A second way to generate a data message at block
118
is to use a feature request and append location and status information in designated data digits of the feature request. Feature requests come in several varieties. For example, some feature requests are intercepted and acted upon by MTSO
20
, such as “*18” and “*19” used to establish and disconnect roaming services. Other feature requests, such as programmed speed dial numbers, are equivalent to dialing a telephone number.
A dedicated feature request intercepted by MTSO
20
may be specifically implemented to transmit data messages. Such dedicated feature requests allow messaging unit
16
to send detailed data messages containing, for example, accurate location information generated by the positioning system. As an example, a data messaging feature request termed “*71” is generated by automatically or manually dialing the star key “*”, a two-digit feature request identification code “71”, and 29 digits of data. Furthermore, cellular transceiver
38
automatically appends the MIN/ESN to a feature request transmission. Such a feature request generated by messaging unit
16
and sent over a data channel of the cellular system would allow appended data messages of up to 29 digits.
Upon generating a data message using either MIN statusing
76
or feature request generation
78
, the method of
FIG. 4
proceeds to block
120
where MTSO
20
receives the data message. MTSO
20
may directly recognize the MIN/ESN or feature request identification code as identifying a data message from messaging unit
16
. For example, MTSO
20
may be directed to recognize and process in a special manner all communications from a particular predetermined MIN/ESN, such as all MINs beginning with “099 880”. Alternatively, MTSO
20
may be directed to recognize and process in a special manner all feature request transmissions with a particular feature request identification code, such as “71”.
In another embodiment, MTSO
20
may contain a separate processor that indirectly monitors the call transactions through MTSO
20
. The separate processor may also recognize and process data messages from messaging unit
16
in the same manner described above. In either situation, MTSO
20
appends a mobile serving carrier I.D. (“MSCID”) to the MIN/ESN at block
122
and routes the data message to clearinghouse
22
over data link
23
or platform
24
over voice/data link
21
or
32
.
In one embodiment, the data message is received directly at clearinghouse
22
, as shown in block
124
. In another embodiment shown in block
126
, the data message is received at platform
24
directly through voice/data links
21
or
32
, or indirectly through data link
27
from clearinghouse
22
. An optional security protocol is performed at block
127
to ensure the authenticity of the data message. At block
128
, the method identifies the particular messaging unit
16
that is reporting the data message using the MIN/ESN or other identifiers of cellular transceiver
38
or messaging unit
16
. The data message is then translated or decoded to determine the status or location information reported by messaging unit
16
.
The method of
FIG. 4
continues at block
130
where each data message may be time-stamped, indexed by identification number, and stored for later retrieval. The method of
FIG. 4
concludes at block
132
, where an external device, such as a dispatcher's computer at host
26
, can access the stored data messages and update a record of the location and status of items equipped with messaging unit
16
, and thus allow appropriate responses to the data messages.
Throughout the discussion of
FIGS. 3 and 4
, the data messages are transmitted by messaging unit
16
to be collected at a central location, such as clearinghouse
22
, platform
24
, or host
26
. It should be understood that messaging unit
16
equipped with cellular transceiver
38
may also receive data messages from a central location. The data messages may be sent from a central location to messaging unit
16
over a voice or data channel of network
10
and in a similar manner as described above with reference to
FIGS. 3 and 4
. For example, data messages received by messaging unit
16
may be sent over a data channel using MIN statusing or feature request generation, or over a voice channel using a data encoder, such as a modem or DTMF recognizer. Received data messages at messaging unit
16
may serve a variety of functions, such as remotely programming predetermined sensor reporting limits, updating messaging unit
16
software, requesting information, or alerting the operator of the transportation system, among others.
FIG. 5
is a block diagram of a nation-wide cellular network
210
constructed according to the teachings of the present invention. As shown in
FIG. 5
, a vehicle
212
is within cellular system
214
. Vehicle
212
includes a mobile unit
216
, which will be discussed in detail below. Cellular system
214
includes transmission towers
218
(only one tower is shown for clarity, it being understood that each cellular system includes a plurality of transmission towers). Cellular system
214
also includes a central mobile telecommunications switching office (MTSO)
220
coupled to the transmission tower
218
.
MTSO
220
switches calls to and from the cellular system
214
and the land based telecommunications system. MTSO
220
is also coupled to clearinghouse
222
. The link between MTSO
220
and clearinghouse
222
is a data link, and clearinghouse
222
provides call validation information to MTSO
220
. For example, MTSO
220
can be configured to connect calls only if clearinghouse
222
provides validation information on the call, such as that the cellular phone involved has good credit, or is authorized to make calls. Clearinghouse
222
may also maintain other information, such as information on “roaming” phones' present locations, and home systems. In existing cellular systems, companies such as GTE/TSI, EDS, and McCaw provide the clearinghouse function.
MTSO
220
is also coupled to telecommunications platform (“platform”)
224
through a telecommunications link
221
allowing both voice and data transmissions.
Clearinghouse
222
is also coupled to platform
224
. In turn, platform
224
is coupled to central hosts
226
and
228
. Central hosts
226
and
228
are shown for clarity. It should be understood that many other central hosts may be similarly coupled to platform
224
. Furthermore, other cellular systems will also be coupled to telecommunications platform
224
. For clarity,
FIG. 5
illustrates one other such cellular system, cellular system
230
. As shown, cellular system
230
also includes transmission towers and an MTSO.
Dashed line
232
indicates a link between MTSO
220
and platform
224
. With a proposed standard (IS41, revision A), validation of calls can be performed prior to the placing of cellular calls. For example, at power up, or upon first entry into a particular cellular system, a cellular phone can issue its identification numbers, and pre-validation can be performed. Alternatively, the MTSO
220
can poll mobile unit
216
to request identification for validation and registration. The pre-validation may be between MTSO
220
and a clearinghouse, such as clearinghouse
222
. Likewise, platform
224
may perform the pre-validation without resort to an outside clearinghouse, over link
232
. With pre-call validation performed by clearinghouse
222
, later data transmissions, such as feature requests, can be sent directly to platform
224
over link
232
. It should be understood that link
232
may be the same as link
221
.
In operation, nation-wide cellular network
210
operates to control access to and information sent across cellular systems such as cellular systems
214
and
230
. In particular, all calls to or from mobile unit
216
must pass through telecommunications platform
224
. Therefore, calls to and from mobile unit
216
are controlled to limit access to and time on cellular system
214
. The details of this control will be discussed below.
FIG. 6
illustrates an alternate embodiment of the present invention which includes distributed telecommunications platforms.
FIG. 6
includes the elements described above in connection with
FIG. 5
, with the exception that the telecommunications platform is distributed. Illustrated in
FIG. 6
are platforms
234
and
236
. In contrast to platform
224
of
FIG. 5
, which is centrally located and to which all cellular systems are connected, platforms
234
and
236
may be distributed throughout the nation-wide cellular network. As shown in
FIG. 6
, platform
234
may be coupled to one or more cellular systems. For example, platform
234
may be coupled to all of the east coast cellular systems. Likewise, platform
236
is a distributed platform, and is associated with and part of a particular cellular system.
Also shown in
FIG. 6
is a communications link
237
from platform
234
to platform
236
that allows the distributed platforms to exchange voice and data, which may include user activity, systems operation, and billing functions. In particular, the distributed platforms
234
and
236
can exchange information regarding user validation and fraud management. The distributed platform embodiment also provides fault tolerant and traffic management features to the nation-wide cellular telephone system, not unlike those features found in conventional long-distance telephone systems. Thus, as is shown in
FIGS. 5 and 6
, telecommunications platforms may be centrally located or distributed, as required by the needs of the particular system implementing the present invention.
Also illustrated in
FIG. 6
is link
239
. Link
239
allows for data transfer between MTSOs of various cellular systems. Such a link may be an SS
7
backbone link for linking cellular systems. Link
239
allows cellular systems to share information such as validation, roaming information, billing, and call routing, among other types of information. For example, one cellular system that knows the location of a particular cellular phone, such as mobile unit
216
, may share that information with other cellular systems. Platform
224
, across link
232
, may tie into link
239
. This allows platform
224
to have access to all MTSO
220
s of different cellular systems.
FIG. 7
illustrates a mobile unit
216
constructed according to the teachings of the present invention. As shown in
FIG. 7
, phone transceiver
238
and hand set
240
are coupled to cellular phone bus
242
. Phone transceiver
238
receives and transmits signals across antenna
244
, including cellular transmission and reception of voice, data, and DTMF data, among other signals. The cellular phone bus
242
is coupled to processor
246
through phone interface drivers
248
. Phone interface drivers
248
provide the necessary protocol for communications between the processor
246
and the phone transceiver
238
and hand set
240
.
A hands-free microphone
250
and speaker
252
are provided for hands-free communications by the operator of the mobile unit. The hands-free microphone
250
and speaker
252
are coupled to audio multiplexer
254
. Audio multiplexer
254
is also coupled to the hand set
240
, the cellular phone bus
242
, and the processor
246
. The audio multiplexer
254
is also coupled to a modem
256
and a voice recognition and synthesis system
258
. The modem
256
allows for digital communication between the processor
246
and the cellular system, as received from and transmitted through antenna
244
and phone transceiver
238
. Modem
256
, or any suitable device, is used to distinguish between voice and data and handle the information accordingly. Voice recognition and synthesis system
258
allows for voice activation of various functions of the mobile unit. Voice recognition and synthesis system
258
is coupled to processor
246
.
Processor
246
and audio multiplexer
254
are also coupled to a dual-tone multi-frequency (“DTMF”) recognizer
259
, which allows for recognition of DTMF data. All data transmissions to or from mobile unit
216
can be made using DTMF.
Mobile unit
216
also allows for reception and storing of telephone numbers. These numbers may be received as modem or DTMF data, and may be recalled and automatically dialed. Furthermore, processor
246
of mobile unit
216
can execute software allowing for voice mail functions for calls to mobile unit
216
.
Processor
246
is also coupled to a read-only memory
260
and a random access memory
262
. These memories are for storage of instructions and data for operation of processor
246
. Furthermore, a plug-in ROM module
264
may also be coupled to processor
246
for optional information, such as map and emergency assistance information for a particular locality.
A key pad
266
is provided for user input of various information into the mobile unit
216
through processor
246
. It should be understood that key pad
266
could comprise many other input devices, such as a touch screen. Information is displayed at mobile unit
216
through graphic display
268
, which is driven by processor
246
through display drive
270
.
Mobile unit
216
allows for input of location information from a LORAN-C system, a global positioning satellite (GPS) system or any suitable system providing location information of the mobile unit. This input is shown by positioning system
272
in FIG.
7
. The positioning system
272
may be located within the housing of the mobile unit
216
, or part or all of positioning system
272
may be located outside the mobile unit
216
. The data sent to the mobile unit
216
from positioning system
272
can be either raw location data (for example, data directly received from LORAN-C system) or processed location data. Therefore, the processing of raw location data can occur within the positioning system
272
itself, within processor
246
, or transmitted through phone transceiver
238
and antenna
244
for later processing at the platform
224
or central host
226
of FIG.
5
.
Mobile unit
216
also allows for input of status information through automatic status generator
274
. The automatic status generator
274
comprises any sensors, controllers, and processors used to monitor performance parameters of the vehicle
212
, and operates to pass information from such monitors to the mobile unit
216
. As will be discussed, status information may be received by the mobile unit
216
from either the automatic status generator
274
or the key pad
266
. Block
276
allows for the input or output of various other options, such as an alarm input which, for example, could indicate that a vehicle on which the mobile unit is located has been broken into. As other examples, block
276
allows for the input or output of fax data or digital data to or from a modem. Such inputs and outputs may be from personal computers, for example, from users of recreational vehicles or traveling salesmen. Throughout this discussion, data communications, including handshaking, will be discussed in connection with modem transfers for clarity, it being understood that such transmissions can be made as DTMF data. A power supply
278
powers the mobile unit
216
.
In operation, mobile unit
216
operates to transmit and receive information, including voice and data, across a cellular system and through telecommunications platform
224
of FIG.
5
. Ultimately, data transmitted from mobile unit
216
is sent through platform
224
to one of the central hosts, for example central hosts
226
or
228
shown in FIG.
5
.
Mobile unit
216
, through control of processor
246
, receives all calls through telecommunications platform
224
, and makes all outgoing calls through telecommunications platform
224
. This restriction is accomplished through use of a handshake protocol. The details of this protocol will be discussed below in connection with calls to or from the mobile unit. The ability to require that all calls to and from the mobile unit pass through platform
224
is an important advantage of the present invention, and allows for control of the character and length of calls made to and from the mobile unit. This is important in reducing cellular telephone usage costs, for example for a nation-wide trucking company, in which the trucking company provides mobile units in each of the trucks of the fleet, and wishes to restrict the character and length of calls from and to the mobile units.
The mobile unit
216
allows for transmission and reception of both voice and data. The voice transmissions, once a call is connected, are performed conventionally. Hands-free microphone
250
and speaker
252
allow for hands-free voice communications.
Data received by remote unit
216
is input to the processor
246
through modem
256
. Data transmitted from mobile unit
216
is transmitted under control of the processor
246
through modem
256
. Data to be transmitted from mobile unit
216
may be input in several ways. Key pad
266
may be used by a user of the mobile unit
216
to input various data, such as location data or status data (for example, whether a vehicle is broken down, whether it is loading, unloaded, waiting to load, waiting to unload, etc.). Such data may also be input by voice command through voice recognition and synthesis system
258
. Data may also be automatically generated for output by mobile unit
216
. For example, positioning system
272
, which may comprise a LORAN-C positioning system, a GPS system, or any other positioning system, may generate position location information for transmission by mobile unit
216
.
As discussed above, positioning system
272
may generate longitude and latitude information, or simply raw data, for example from a GPS system, to be transmitted from mobile unit
216
. If only raw data is generated by a positioning system
272
, then processor
246
, the platform
224
, or the central host
226
can generate the longitude and latitude information for positioning information. Likewise, automatic status generator
274
may be used to automatically generate status information, such as engine performance, trailer temperature (for example, if a refrigerated trailer tractor is associated with the remote unit), or other status information.
Processor
246
drives graphic display
268
through display driver
270
to display data received by mobile unit
216
for viewing by a user of mobile unit
216
. Such data, for example, may be messages from a central host on weather conditions, delivery or destination instructions, among other messages. Furthermore, plug-in ROM
264
provides various information, such as map information or emergency assistance information for use by a user of the remote unit
216
. This information can be displayed on graphic display
268
.
FIG. 8
illustrates a block diagram of telecommunications platform
224
constructed according to the teachings of the present invention. A processor
280
is coupled to memory
282
, look-up tables
284
, and switch
286
. Processor
280
is also coupled to fraud management system
287
, usage tracking system
288
and billing system
290
. In the distributed platform embodiment of
FIG. 6
, processor
280
may also communicate with another platform through communications link
291
. Switch
286
is coupled to telecommunications trunks
292
and
294
. Trunk
292
allows for telecommunications connections to central hosts, such as central hosts
226
and
228
of
FIG. 5
, as well as other outside land based systems. As shown in
FIG. 8
, some of the individual telecommunications lines of trunk
292
are coupled to modems, such as modems
296
and
298
, thus allowing for data communications. Likewise, trunk
294
allows for telecommunications connections with various cellular systems, such as cellular systems
214
and
230
of FIG.
5
. Some of the individual telecommunications lines are coupled through modems, such as modems
300
and
302
, so as to allow for data communications with the cellular systems. Modems
296
and
300
are illustrated as MODEM/DTMF, to indicate that DTMF data can be transmitted and received as well. Modems
296
,
298
,
300
and
302
are coupled to processor
280
and can also operate to allow both voice and data communications. Trunks
292
and
294
are separated for clarity to show one bank of telecommunications lines serving dispatchers and other outside systems while another bank serves cellular systems. However, switch
286
can contain a single trunk or several trunks to accomplish the operations of the platform.
Telecommunications platform
224
operates as a smart telecommunications switch. Calls to and from remote unit
216
are passed through switch
286
. Processor
280
monitors switch
286
and records information on each call through switch
286
. This information, such as the number and length of calls to each remote unit
216
, is recorded in usage tracking system
288
. In this manner, bills can be generated for usage of telecommunications platform
224
. Typically there will be several remote units associated with a particular nation-wide system, such as a trucking system. Thus, all calls to and from remote units owned by that trucking system will be logged for billing to that particular trucking system.
As discussed previously, a fraud management system
287
performs a handshake protocol between the telecommunications platform
224
and the remote unit
216
. This protocol ensures than only authorized calls are made to and from mobile unit
216
. If the handshake protocol is not performed correctly, then processor
280
will disconnect the call through switch
286
, thereby greatly reducing costs resulting from unauthorized usage of cellular networks. Processor
280
also links to credit card validation system
303
, to validate credit cards for allowing for personal calls, as will be discussed.
FIG. 9
is a flow diagram for transmission and reception of a “present” message according to the teachings of the present invention. Mobile unit
216
of the present invention, upon entry into a new cellular system, issues a present message which will eventually be sent to its central host. The “present” message can also be generated in response to a poll from platform
224
or MTSO
220
, periodically, upon power up of mobile unit
216
upon re-establishment of communication, through use of a feature request reserved for the “present” message, or during pre-call or post-call validation, among other events. This “present” message can also be sent automatically or manually, and provides information to the central host on the current cellular system in which the mobile unit is located. Furthermore, other information, such as status information, can be sent with this “present” message. An important technical advantage of the present invention is the fact that this “present” message may be sent automatically, and with a minimum of cellular air time, thus providing significant cost savings. The “present” message may be sent to platform
224
through clearinghouse
222
, through link
221
(for example, as part of a call), or through link
232
of FIG.
5
.
Turning to the flow diagram of
FIG. 9
, at decision block
304
, mobile unit
216
monitors the system identification number of the particular cellular system in which it is located. This system identification number, as is generally known in the art, is periodically issued by the cellular system in the overhead message stream. Once the remote unit
216
identifies a new system identification number, indicating that the mobile unit has entered a new system, it issues a “present” message at block
306
. For example, the “present” message can be initiated by transmitting a “*19” feature request. Presently, “*19” is used in mobile systems to clear the roaming status of a cellular phone. As discussed above, the “present” message can also be generated upon other events, such as power up of the mobile unit
216
.
Every cellular phone has associated with it a mobile identification number (“MIN”) and an electronic serial number (“ESN”). These numbers are transmitted by the cellular phone whenever it makes a call or issues a feature request, such as “*19.” Certain digits of the ESN are used by local cellular carriers. The unused digits may be used by mobile unit
216
to send information, such as location or status data. For example, longitude and latitude data can be embedded in the unused portion of the ESN. Likewise, certain digits of the MIN may not be necessary to identify calls to be directed to platform
224
, and thus data may be embedded in these unused digits. Thus, the “present” message may contain important data as well. At block
308
, the “present” message is received at MTSO
220
of FIG.
5
. The MTSO
220
typically appends the cellular system identification number plus a switch identification number to the MIN and ESN numbers. As discussed, the “present” message may also be sent as part of a call from the mobile unit
216
, and thus is sent to platform
224
across link
221
.
When the “*19” is received at the clearing house
222
at block
310
, it will determine whether the “present” message is to be sent to the telecommunications platform
224
at block
312
. If the “present” message is not to be sent to the platform, then no data is sent. The clearinghouse
222
determines whether the “present” message is to be sent to the platform
224
by matching the MIN/ESN of the mobile unit to numbers stored in a pre-established user data base. This data base is established by making arrangements with the clearinghouse
222
that all communications from particular cellular phones, i.e., the mobile units
216
, will be recognized by their MIN/ESN and directed to the platform
224
. This data base can also be established such that even with a mobile unit registered at some home cellular system, the “present” message will be directed to the platform
24
.
As discussed above, a direct link
232
may exist between MTSO
220
and platform
224
. This link
232
allows for direct transmission of data and feature requests, such as the “*19” feature request and “present” data message, to the platform
224
. MTSO
220
can be configured to directly send such transmissions by pre-arranging with MTSO
220
to recognize particular mobile units
216
, or by forwarding such instructions from clearinghouse
222
as part of a pre-call validation scheme.
One embodiment allows the clearinghouse
222
to identify the mobile units
216
by a specified area code and prefix of the MIN. Upon matching the registered mobile units
216
with the user data base in the clearinghouse
222
, the “present” message is sent to the platform
224
at block
314
. The platform then timestamps and stores all “present” messages received from mobile unit
216
through the local carrier. The platform stores the data under each MIN/ESN for later transmittal to the central host. For example, a single mobile unit
216
on a truck traveling across the country may send numerous “present” messages to the platform as the truck passes through different cellular systems. The platform
224
maintains a timestamped chronological list of the “present” messages, so the truck company dispatch can access the list and determine the location and status of the truck.
The platform
224
of
FIG. 8
eventually sends this information to the particular central host associated with the mobile unit
216
as shown at block
316
. This transfer of data can occur periodically, such as at a particular time interval, upon request by a central host, or whenever a call connection is made between a central host and the mobile unit
216
. It should be understood that there will typically be a plurality of mobile units associated with a particular central host. For example, the central host may be a truck company dispatch that locates and coordinates the activities of a fleet of trucks equipped with mobile units
216
. Thus, data can be down loaded from the platform
224
to the truck company dispatch anytime a call is made between the dispatch and any of the trucks. Alternatively, the truck company can periodically call the platform, preferably when call rates are low or on a dedicated or “800” number, and download a data package containing status and location information on the truck fleet. From the “present” message, the central host can determine at least which cellular system a particular mobile unit has entered. This information is available since the MTSO
220
appends information the MIN/ESN. Such information may be, for example, a mobile serving carrier I.D. (“MSCID”). Furthermore, any data, including specific location data generated by positioning system
272
, embedded in the ESN/MIN can be extracted by the central host.
The ability to generate “present” messages provides a significant advantage of the present invention. In particular, one central location—the platform
224
—maintains these “present” messages and thus has knowledge of the location (at least the cellular system location) of various mobile units. This information allows for efficient and inexpensive call delivery. By directing calls to the mobile units through the platform
224
, roaming difficulties are eliminated, since the platform
224
maintains a record of the locations of the mobile units
216
. This call delivery advantage is useful in a wide range of applications, such as the broadcasting of messages to distributed mobile units, like those used in trucking companies, barges, traveling sales forces, rail systems, commercial and private bus lines, airplanes, and rental vehicles, among others. The architecture of the present invention also allows for efficient broadcasting of messages to non-mobile units, such as those used in a distributed advertising system. For example, billboards for lotteries can be programmed to automatically display the jackpot amount. This amount can be sent across cellular networks, with the calls being made through platform
224
.
FIG. 10
is a flow diagram of a call made to a mobile unit according to the teachings of the present invention.
FIG. 10
, along with
FIG. 11
to be discussed below, describe the operation of the fraud management system
287
and the protocol handshake mentioned above. Without a successful handshake, a call cannot be connected either to or from a remote unit.
As shown in
FIG. 10
, a call to a mobile unit is first made by placing a call to the platform at block
318
. This call is, for a example, a 1-800 call, thereby reducing costs to those calling the platform. At block
320
the platform requests a mobile unit I.D. for the mobile unit to be called. This mobile unit I.D., for example, could be a truck identification number for mobile units placed on trucks. If no mobile unit I.D. number is received or the mobile unit I.D. is not proper, then decision block
322
returns the flow to block
320
. If the mobile unit I.D. is proper, then the platform acquires authorization information at block
324
. Authorization information may be, for example, a credit card number or an authorized code. For example, personal calls made to the mobile unit would only be initiated if the caller to the platform gave a valid credit card number. Validation of the credit card number may be accomplished through credit card validation system
303
of FIG.
8
. For business calls coming from an associated central host, authorization can occur by entering an authorized code, or by calling in on a special business line, for example. This authorization occurs at block
326
.
If the call is authorized, then the platform calls a mobile unit at block
328
. Platform
224
uses look-up tables
284
of
FIG. 8
to associate the phone number of the remote unit to be called with the mobile unit I.D. Platform
224
then looks up the most recently recorded cellular system identification number and switch identification number associated with mobile unit
216
, such as that provided by the most recent “present” message issued by mobile unit
216
and stored by platform
224
. Platform
224
then calls the appropriate roamer access port, and dials the phone number. Once the call is connected and the platform and mobile unit modems establish data communication, the mobile unit
216
issues a challenge at block
330
. This challenge may be, for example, a random number. If no challenge is received, then the platform
224
disconnects the call at block
331
. If the platform receives a challenge, then at block
332
the platform returns a response based on the challenge received, a key particular to the mobile unit, and an encryption algorithm. As noted, the key used in the generation of the response is a function of the mobile unit and may be generated from a lookup table of numbers shared by both mobile unit
216
and platform
224
indexed by the MIN/ESN of mobile unit
216
. The encryption algorithm, also known by both mobile unit
216
and platform
224
can be any appropriate mathematical algorithm, and may be modified periodically, as can the lookup table, to maximize security.
At block
334
, the platform determines whether the response is correct by running the same encryption algorithm on the challenge and key. If the response is not correct, or if no response is received, then the call is disconnected at block
336
. U.S. Pat. No. 5,155,689, issued on Oct. 13, 1992, and assigned to By-Word Technologies, Inc., of Dallas, Tex., discloses a system that connects or disconnects calls based upon interrogation between two modems in a cellular system. That patent is herein incorporated by reference.
If the response is correct, the call is completed at block
338
. At block
338
, either voice or data or both may be transmitted to or from the mobile unit.
For calls from the central host
226
that include voice communications, a voice request is sent to the platform
224
from the central host
226
to communicate with a particular mobile unit
216
. Any data to be exchanged with that mobile unit is exchanged before connecting the voice communications. For example, data from the central host
226
is delivered through the platform
224
to the mobile unit
216
, and any data at mobile unit
216
is delivered at least to platform
224
. Next, the platform
224
requests that mobile unit
216
to switch to voice, and rings the user of mobile unit
216
. If no answer is received, then no voice connection is made between mobile unit
216
and central host
226
. If an answer is received, then platform
224
calls the central host
226
(or any other number provided to the platform
224
by the central host) and patches the appropriate connection.
There will be times when calls cannot be delivered to mobile unit
216
, for example, when it is out of any cellular system, temporarily out of communication with a cellular system, or powered-down. In such cases, an alert will be set at the platform
224
, indicating that a call has not been completed. Upon receipt of a “present” message, for example, when the mobile unit
216
to which the call was intended powers up, re-establishes communication or enters a new cellular system, the platform
224
can complete the call. If only data is to be transferred, then this data can be sent from the platform
224
to the mobile unit
216
. If a voice call had not been completed, then the platform
224
calls the calling party, for example the dispatcher at a central host, and indicates that a call can be or will automatically be placed to the appropriate mobile unit
216
. Furthermore, the user of a mobile unit
216
may be provided with a pager/remote ringer, to ensure that he is aware of any voice calls to his mobile unit
216
.
FIG. 11
is a flow diagram of a call from a mobile unit
216
according to the teachings of the present invention. At block
340
, the mobile unit will initiate an outgoing call. The outgoing call can be initiated in any of several ways. The mobile unit
216
can be programmed such that only certain pre-programmed numbers can be called. These authorized phone numbers are stored in remote unit
216
and can be programmed remotely by the central host
226
or platform
224
. Thus, a user of a remote unit would only be able to call these pre-programmed numbers and no others. Alternatively, the remote unit could be configured so as to allow personal calls—if eventually authorized—as well as pre-programmed authorized calls. Regardless of what number is to be eventually called, the mobile unit
216
is pre-programmed to first call the platform at block
342
. This call, for example, could be a 1-800 number call. Alternatively, arrangements can be made with each cellular system to direct all calls from mobile units with particular MIN/ESNs to platform
224
. Each local carrier would recognize these particular MIN/ESNs and route their calls to platform
224
. Recognition can occur through use of a pre-arranged database, as discussed above. The handshake protocol between the mobile unit and the platform is similar to that described in connection with
FIG. 10
, except that the challenge and response are issued by the platform and mobile unit, respectively.
As shown in
FIG. 11
, at block
344
the platform issues a challenge after modem connection with the mobile unit and receipt of a mobile unit I.D., such as an MIN. This I.D. provides the platform
224
with knowledge of which mobile unit is calling. If no challenge is received, then the mobile unit disconnects the call at block
346
. If the challenge is received, then the mobile unit returns a response and the platform receives the response at block
348
. The response is generated by executing the encryption algorithm on the challenge and the key particular to the mobile unit. If the response generated by the mobile unit does not match the desired response generated by the platform, as determined at block
350
, then the call is disconnected by the platform at block
352
. If the response is correct, then the platform receives the ultimate number to be called at block
354
. If it is determined that this ultimate number to be called is one of the pre-programmed calls at block
356
, then the call is connected at block
358
. Typically, such a call would be to a user of the central host or a customer. In such a case, voice or data or both can be transmitted. If it is determined at block
356
that the ultimate number to be called is not a pre-programmed number, then an authorization decision is made at block
360
. For example, block
360
may compromise a credit card authorization step. If there is no authorization for the call, then the call is disconnected at block
362
. If the call is authorized at block
360
, for example by entry of a valid credit card number, then the call will be connected at block
364
. For data transmissions, the data can be stored at platform
224
and transmitted to central host
226
at various times, as discussed above in connection with “present” messages.
The system of the present invention provides for several layers of fraud prevention. For calls originating at mobile unit
216
, a first layer of protection is the ability to restrict outgoing calls to only pre-programmed calls. Thus, a user of mobile unit
216
may be restricted from calling any unauthorized numbers.
A second layer of fraud prevention is provided by the requirement that all calls to or from a mobile unit
216
pass through the platform
224
. This requirement allows for a myriad of “gatekeeping” functions to be performed at the platform
224
. For example, the platform
224
may connect only certain authorized calls from the mobile unit
216
, and require a valid credit card for all others calls. Likewise, the platform
224
can ensure that only authorized calls (such as business calls or credit card authorized calls) are directed to the mobile unit
216
.
A third layer of protection is provided by the handshake protocol of the present invention. With this handshake protocol, fraudulent procurement of the MIN/ESN of the mobile unit
216
will be to no avail without knowledge of the handshake protocol. For example, if a call were placed directly to the mobile unit
216
, through knowledge of its MIN, the call could not be completed without knowledge of the handshake protocol.
One of the most popular schemes for defrauding cellular users involves obtaining the MIN/ESN of a particular mobile unit
216
, and then cloning a phone with the same MIN/ESN. Such a cloned phone can then be used in most any cellular system, with the cellular usage charges being billed to the original mobile unit
216
as roamer charges. The present invention foils this variety of fraud by requiring that any call using the particular MIN/ESN of mobile unit
216
be directed through the platform
224
. As discussed above, this requirement can be accomplished by making arrangements with the local cellular carriers to trap calls having particular MIN/ESNs and route them to the platform
224
, or alternatively forcing all mobile units to only call the platform. The platform
224
then requires successful protocol handshaking to connect the call.
Each mobile unit
216
may be equipped with a unique handshake protocol, and the platform
224
would maintain a data base that associated each mobile unit
216
with its unique handshake protocol. Alternatively, a library of handshake protocols can be maintained, with each mobile unit
216
assigned one of the handshake protocols from that library. The platform
224
would then keep a record of which protocol of the library is assigned to a particular mobile unit
216
, and perform handshake protocols accordingly.
The handshake protocol described herein provides an excellent means of preventing cellular fraud. It should be understood, however, that mobile unit-cellular system-telecommunications platform architecture of the present invention provides technical advantages even without the fraud prevention technique. For example, the ability to gather information on the cellular system location of the mobile units
216
allows for efficient call delivery to these mobile units.
Throughout this description of the invention, the central host
226
, the platform
224
, the clearinghouse
222
, and the cellular system
212
have been discussed as separate elements. It should be understood that each of these components are logical components, and they may be combined without physical separation. For example, the functions of the platform
224
and the central host
226
may be accomplished at a single site. Likewise, the functions of the platform
224
or clearinghouse
222
may be performed at the local cellular system, for example, at the MTSO.
The present invention has been discussed in connection with cellular systems. It should be understood that it may also be used in connection with satellite telecommunications systems. For example, the transmission towers
218
and MTSO
220
of
FIG. 5
may be replaced with, or used in conjunction with, a satellite telecommunications system. Furthermore, transmissions to and from the mobile unit
216
may be across various channels, such as separate data and voice channels, for example for packet data communications.
FIG. 12
is a block diagram of the central host
226
constructed according to the teachings of the present invention. As shown in
FIG. 12
, a central host includes a processor
366
coupled to memory
368
. Data transmitted to and received from mobile units is transmitted through modem
370
to and from processor
366
. Such data may be stored in memory
368
and displayed on display
372
. Furthermore, various data, such as data to be transmitted to remote units, is input through user input/output
374
. Data which may be input through user input/output
374
, for example, may include the text data to be transmitted to a particular remote unit. Such text data could include particular messages, such as changes in delivery schedules, weather conditions, or the like. Such data is displayed on display
268
of remote unit
216
, a shown in FIG.
7
. Voice communications between a central host and remote units may be made through voice phone
376
. Throughout this description in drawings, separate communications have been shown for data and voice, with the data passing through a modem. It should be understood that a single telecommunications line may be used to provide both voice and data without departing from the intended scope of the present invention.
In operation of central host
226
of
FIG. 12
, data and messages received from remote units may be displayed on display
372
and output, for example in hard copy form, through user input/output
374
. For example, a map with location identification of each remote unit associated with the central host is displayed on display
372
. In this way, the central host
226
can keep track of the location and progress of remote units and for example, vehicles associated with the mobile units. The processor
366
runs software which allows automated sending of data to particular remote units. This data can be automatically generated by processor
366
or input through user input/output
374
. Central host can also receive raw location information, that can then be processed in processor
366
to generate latitude and longitude coordinates.
Processor
366
may also, by tracking the locations of mobile units, based on longitude and latitude and road map information, determine how many miles each mobile unit travels within a particular state. From this information, fleet mileage reports can be generated, for example for trucking companies. These fleet mileage reports can be used to determine the distance traveled and amount of fuel used in various states, which allows for accurate reporting for both fuel and road usage taxes. Furthermore, knowledge of the location of vehicles at particular times, for example from “present” messages or geographic location data, allows for calculation of estimated times of arrivals by dispatchers at central hosts. For example, knowledge that a truck is in Dallas, Tex. on Thursday night allows for an estimate of arrival time in Mobile, Alabama.
There have been described certain embodiments of the invention that are capable of data messaging in a communications network. While these embodiments have been described and disclosed, other changes, substitutions, or alterations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as described in the appended claims.
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