Depolarizers for optical channel monitors
专利汇可以提供Depolarizers for optical channel monitors专利检索，专利查询，专利分析的服务。并且Optical channel monitor depolarizers are provided. The depolarizers may be used to reduce the effects of polarization-dependent loss on optical channel power measurements made in optical amplifiers or other optical network equipment. The channel power measurements may be used in controlling optical amplifiers and other equipment in wavelength-division-multiplexing communications links.，下面是Depolarizers for optical channel monitors专利的具体信息内容。
What is claimed is:1. An optical amplifier that amplifies optical data signals on a wavelength-division-multiplexing fiber-optic communications link having channels at different wavelengths, comprising:a gain stage that amplifies the optical data signals, wherein the optical data signals in each channel have an associated channel power;a tap for tapping the optical data signals in the optical amplifier;an optical channel monitor that measures the channel powers associated with the tapped optical data signals; anda depolarizer that receives the tapped optical data signals from the tap and that depolarizes the tapped optical data signals in each channel before the channel powers are measured by the optical channel monitor to reduce the effects of polarization-dependent loss on the channel power measurements made by the optical channel monitor, wherein the depolarizer includes birefringent fiber.2. An optical amplifier that amplifies optical data signals on a wavelength-division-multiplexing fiber-optic communications link having channels at different wavelengths, comprising:a gain stage that amplifies the optical data signals, wherein the optical data signals in each channel have an associated channel power;a tap for tapping the optical data signals in the optical amplifier;an optical channel monitor that measures the powers associated with the tapped optical data signals; anda depolarizer that receives the tapped optical data signals from the tap and that depolarizes the tapped optical data signals in each channel before the channel powers are measured by the optical channel monitor to reduce the effects of polarization-dependent loss on the channel power measurements made by the optical channel monitor, wherein the depolarizer comprises a Lyot depolarizer.3. An optical amplifier that amplifies optical data signals on a wavelength-division-multiplexing fiber-optic communications link having channels at different wavelengths, comprising:a gain stage that amplifies the optical data signals, wherein the optical data signals in each channel have an associated channel power;a tap for tapping the optical data signals in the optical amplifier;an optical channel monitor that measures the channel powers associated with the tapped optical data signals; anda depolarizer that receives the tapped optical data signals from the tap and that depolarizes the tapped optical data signals in each channel before the channel powers are measured by the optical channel monitor to reduce the effects of polarization-dependent loss on the channel power measurements made by the optical channel monitor, wherein the depolarizer comprises a Lyot depolarizer that includes birefringent fiber.4. An optical amplifier that amplifies optical data signals on a wave length-division-multiplexing fiber-optic communications link having channels at different wavelengths, comprising:a gain stage that amplifies the optical data signals, wherein the optical data signals in each channel have an associated channel power;a tap for tapping the optical data signals in the optical amplifier;an optical channel monitor that measures the channel powers associated with the tapped optical data signals; anda depolarizer that receives the tapped optical data signals from the tap and that depolarizes the tapped optical data signals in each channel before the channel powers are measured by the optical channel monitor to reduce the effects of polarization-dependent loss on the channel power measurements made by the optical channel monitor, wherein the depolarizer includes a polarization scrambler.5. An optical amplifier that amplifies optical data signals on a wavelength-division-multiplexing fiber-optic communications link having channels at different wavelengths, comprising:a gain stage that amplifies the optical data signals, wherein the optical data signals in each channel have an associated channel power;a tap for tapping the optical data signals in the optical amplifier;an optical channel monitor that measures the channel powers associated with the tapped optical data signals; anda depolarizer that receives the tapped optical data signals from the tap and that depolarizes the tapped optical data signals in each channel before the channel powers are measured by the optical channel monitor to reduce the effects of polarization-dependent loss on the channel power measurements made by the optical channel monitor, wherein the depolarizer includes two lengths of birefringent fiber that are spliced together with their principle axes at 45° with respect to each other.6. An optical amplifier that amplifies optical data signals on a wavelength-division-multiplexing fiber-optic communications link having channels at different wavelengths, comprising:a gain stage that amplifies the optical data signals, wherein the optical data signals in each channel have an associated channel power;a tap for tapping the optical data signals in the optical amplifier;an optical channel monitor that measures the channel powers associated with the tapped optical data signals; anda depolarizer that receives the tapped optical data signals from the tap and that depolarizes the tapped optical data signals in each channel before the channel powers are measured by the optical channel monitor to reduce the effects of polarization-dependent loss on the channel power measurements made by the optical channel monitor, wherein the depolarizer includes two equal lengths of birefringent fiber that are spliced together with their principle axes at 45° with respect to each other.7. An optical amplifier that amplifies optical data signals on a wavelength-division-multiplexing fiber-optic communications link having channels at different wavelengths, comprising:a gain stage that amplifies the optical data signals, wherein the optical data signals in each channel have an associated channel power;a tap for tapping the optical data signals in the optical amplifier;an optical channel monitor that measures the channel powers associated with the tapped optical data signals; anda depolarizer that receives the tapped optical data signals from the tap and that depolarizes the tapped optical data signals in each channel before the channel powers are measured by the optical channel monitor to reduce the effects of polarization-dependent loss on the channel power measurements made by the optical channel monitor, wherein the optical channel monitor has maximum and minimum polarization-dependent loss axes, wherein the depolarizer comprises a length of birefringent fiber connected to the optical channel monitor, and wherein the birefringent fiber has principle axes that are connected to the optical channel monitor at an angle of 45° with respect to the polarization-dependent loss axes.8. An optical amplifier that amplifies optical data signals on a wavelength-division-multiplexing fiber-optic communications link having channels at different wavelengths, comprising:a gain stage that amplifies the optical data signals, wherein the optical data signals in each channel have an associated channel power;a tap for tapping the optical data signals in the optical amplifier;an optical channel monitor that measures the channel powers associated with the tapped optical data signals; anda depolarizer that receives the tapped optical data signals from the tap and that depolarizes the tapped optical data signals in each channel before the channel powers are measured by the optical channel monitor to reduce the effects of polarization-dependent loss on the channel power measurements made by the optical channel monitor, wherein the optical channel monitor has maximum and minimum polarization-dependent loss axes, wherein the depolarizer comprises a single length of birefringent fiber connected to the optical channel monitor, and wherein the birefringent fiber has principle axes that are connected to the optical channel monitor at an angle of 45° with respect to the polarization-dependent loss axes.9. An optical amplifier that amplifies optical data signals on a wavelength-division-multiplexing fiber-optic communications link having channels at different wavelengths, comprising:a gain stage that amplifies the optical data signals, wherein the optical data signals in each channel have an associated channel power;a tap for tapping the optical data signals in the optical amplifier;an optical channel monitor that measures the channel powers associated with the tapped optical data signals; anda depolarizer that receives the tapped optical data signals from the tap and that depolarizes the tapped optical data signals in each channel before the channel powers are measured by the optical channel monitor to reduce the effects of polarization-dependent loss on the channel power measurements made by the optical channel monitor, wherein the depolarizer comprises at least one dynamic polarization controller element.10. An optical amplifier that amplifies optical data signals on a wavelength-division-multiplexing fiber-optic communications link having channels at different wavelengths, comprising:a gain stage that amplifies the optical data signals, wherein the optical data signals in each channel have an associated channel power;a tap for tapping the optical data signals in the optical amplifier;an optical channel monitor that measures the channel powers associated with the tapped optical data signals; anda depolarizer that receives the tapped optical data signals from the tap and that depolarizes the tapped optical data signals in each channel before the channel powers are measured by the optical channel monitor to reduce the effects of polarization-dependent loss on the channel power measurements made by the optical channel monitor, wherein the depolarizer comprises two dynamic birefringent elements.11. An optical amplifier that amplifies optical data signals on a wavelength-division-multiplexing fiber-optic communications link having channels at different wavelengths, comprising:a gain stage that amplifies the optical data signals, wherein the optical data signals in each channel have an associated channel power;a tap for tapping the optical data signals in the optical amplifier;an optical channel monitor that measures the channel powers associated with the tapped optical data signals; anda depolarizer that receives the tapped optical data signals from the tap and that depolarizes the tapped optical data signals in each channel before the channel powers are measured by the optical channel monitor to reduce the effects of polarization-dependent loss on the channel power measurements made by the optical channel monitor, wherein the depolarizer comprises at least one dynamic birefringent element, wherein the optical amplifier further comprises a length of polarization-maintaining fiber that couples the depolarizer to the optical channel monitor, wherein the polarization-maintaining fiber has principle axes and the optical channel monitor has polarization-dependent loss axes, and wherein the principle axes and polarization-dependent loss axes are oriented at 45° to each other at the optical channel monitor.12. Apparatus for use with optical network equipment that handles optical data signals on a wavelength-division-multiplexing fiber-optic communications link having channels at different wavelengths, wherein the optical data signals in each channel have an associated channel power, wherein the optical network equipment has an associated tap for tapping the optical data signals, the apparatus comprising:an optical channel monitor that measures the channel powers associated with the tapped optical data signals; anda depolarizer that receives the tapped optical data signals from the tap and that depolarizes the tapped optical data signals in each channel before the channel powers are measured by the optical channel monitor to reduce the effects of polarization-dependent loss on the channel power measurements made by the optical channel monitor, wherein the depolarizer includes birefringent fiber.13. Apparatus for use with optical network equipment that handles optical data signals on a wavelength-division-multiplexing fiber-optic communications link having channels at different wavelengths, wherein the optical data signals in each channel have an associated channel power, wherein the optical network equipment has an associated tap for tapping the optical data signals, the apparatus comprising:an optical channel monitor that measures the channel powers associated with the tapped optical data signals; anda depolarizer that receives the tapped optical data signals from the tap and that depolarizes the tapped optical data signals in each channel before the channel powers are measured by the optical channel monitor to reduce the effects of polarization-dependent loss on the channel power measurements made by the optical channel monitor, wherein the depolarizer comprises a Lyot depolarizer.14. Apparatus for use with optical network equipment that handles optical data signals on a wavelength-division-multiplexing fiber-optic communications link having channels at different wavelengths, wherein the optical data signals in each channel have an associated channel power, wherein the optical network equipment has an associated tap for tapping the optical data signals, the apparatus comprising:an optical channel monitor that measures the channel powers associated with the tapped optical data signals; anda depolarizer that receives the tapped optical data signals from the tap and that depolarizes the tapped optical data signals in each channel before the channel powers are measured by the optical channel monitor to reduce the effects of polarization-dependent loss on the channel power measurements made by the optical channel monitor, wherein the depolarizer comprises a Lyot depolarizer that includes birefringent fiber.15. Apparatus for use with optical network equipment that handles optical data signals on a wavelength-division-multiplexing fiber-optic communications link having channels at different wavelengths, wherein the optical data signals in each channel have an associated channel power, wherein the optical network equipment has an associated tap for tapping the optical data signals, the apparatus comprising:an optical channel monitor that measures the channel powers associated with the tapped optical data signals; anda depolarizer that receives the tapped optical data signals from the tap and that depolarizes the tapped optical data signals in each channel before the channel powers are measured by the optical channel monitor to reduce the effects of polarization-dependent loss on the channel power measurements made by the optical channel monitor, wherein the depolarizer includes a depolarization scrambler.16. Apparatus for use with optical network equipment that handles optical data signals on a wavelength-division-multiplexing fiber-optic communications link having channels at different wavelengths, wherein the optical data signals in each channel have an associated channel power, wherein the optical network equipment has an associated tap for tapping the optical data signals, the apparatus comprising:an optical channel monitor that measures the channel powers associated with the tapped optical data signals; anda depolarizer that receives the tapped optical data signals from the tap and that depolarizes the tapped optical data signals in each channel before the channel powers are measured by the optical channel monitor to reduce the effects of polarization-dependent loss on the channel power measurements made by the optical channel monitor, wherein the depolarizer includes two lengths of birefringent fiber that are spliced together with their principle axes at 45° with respect to each other.17. Apparatus for use with optical network equipment that handles optical data signals on a wavelength-division-multiplexing fiber-optic communications link having channels at different wavelengths, wherein the optical data signals in each channel have an associated channel power, wherein the optical network equipment has an associated tap for tapping the optical data signals, the apparatus comprising:an optical channel monitor that measures the channel powers associated with the tapped optical data signals; anda depolarizer that receives the tapped optical data signals from the tap and that depolarizes the tapped optical data signals in each channel before the channel powers are measured by the optical channel monitor to reduce the effects of polarization-dependent loss on the channel power measurements made by the optical channel monitor, wherein the depolarizer includes two equal lengths of birefringent fiber that are spliced together with their principle axes at 45° with respect to each other.18. Apparatus for use with optical network equipment that handles optical data signals on a wavelength-division-multiplexing fiber-optic communications link having channels at different wavelengths, wherein the optical data signals in each channel have an associated channel power, wherein the optical network equipment has an associated tap for tapping the optical data signals, the apparatus comprising:an optical channel monitor that measures the channel powers associated with the tapped optical data signals; anda depolarizer that receives the tapped optical data signals from the tap and that depolarizes the tapped optical data signals in each channel before the channel powers are measured by the optical channel monitor to reduce the effects of polarization-dependent loss on the channel power measurements made by the optical channel monitor, wherein the optical channel monitor has maximum and minimum polarization-dependent loss axes, wherein the depolarizer comprises a length of birefringent fiber connected to the optical channel monitor, and wherein the birefringent fiber has principle axes that are connected to the optical channel monitor at an angle of 45° with respect to the polarization-dependent loss axes.19. Apparatus for use with optical network equipment that handles optical data signals on a wavelength-division-multiplexing fiber-optic communications link having channels at different wavelengths, wherein the optical data signals in each channel have an associated channel power, wherein the-optical network equipment has an associated tap for tapping the optical data signals, the apparatus comprising:an optical channel monitor that measures the channel powers associated with the tapped optical data signals; anda depolarizer that receives the tapped optical data signals from the tap and that depolarizes the tapped optical data signals in each channel before the channel powers are measured by the optical channel monitor to reduce the effects of polarization-dependent loss on the channel power measurements made by the optical channel monitor, wherein the optical channel monitor has maximum and minimum polarization-dependent loss axes, wherein the depolarizer comprises a single length of birefringent fiber connected to the optical channel monitor, and wherein the birefringent fiber has principle axes that are connected to the optical channel monitor at an angle of 45° with respect to the polarization-dependent loss axes.20. Apparatus for use with optical network equipment that handles optical data signals on a wavelength-division-multiplexing fiber-optic communications link having channels at different wavelengths, wherein the optical data signals in each channel have an associated channel power, wherein the optical network equipment has an associated tap for tapping the optical data signals, the apparatus comprising:an optical channel monitor that measures, the channel powers associated with the tapped optical data signals; anda depolarizer that receives the tapped optical data signals from the tap and that depolarizes the tapped optical data signals in each channel before the channel powers are measured by the optical channel monitor to reduce the effects of polarization-dependent loss on the channel power measurements made by the optical channel monitor, wherein the depolarizer comprises at least one dynamic polarization controller element.
This application claims the benefit of provisional patent application No. 60/295,597, filed Jun. 5, 2001.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to fiber-optic communications network equipment, and more particularly, to depolarizers for optical channel monitors in optical network equipment such as optical amplifiers.
Fiber-optic networks are used to support-voice and data communications. In optical networks that use wavelength division multiplexing, multiple wavelengths of light are used to support multiple communications channels on a single fiber.
Optical amplifiers are used in fiber-optic networks to amplify optical signals. For example, optical amplifiers may be used to amplify optical data signals that have been subject to attenuation over fiber-optic paths. A typical amplifier may include erbium-doped fiber coils that are pumped with diode lasers. Raman amplifiers have also been investigated. Discrete Raman amplifiers may use coils of dispersion-compensating fiber to provide Raman gain. Distributed Raman amplifiers.provide gain in the transmission fiber spans that are used to carry optical data signals between network nodes.
It is an object of the present invention to provide optical network equipment such as optical amplifiers that have optical channel monitors.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide depolarizers for optical channel-monitors and other devices in optical network equipment.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
These and other objects of the invention are accomplished in accordance with the present invention by providing optical amplifiers and other optical network equipment for use in fiber-optic communications links in fiber-optic networks. The fiber-optic links may be used to carry optical data signals associated with wavelength-division-multiplexing channels.
The equipment may include an optical tap for tapping optical signals in the equipment. The equipment may also include an optical channel monitor to which the tapped optical signals are provided. The optical channel monitor may measure the channel powers of the tapped optical signals. The measured channel power information may be used in controlling the equipment. For example, the measured channel powers or spectra may be used in controlling a dynamic filter in an optical amplifier to produce a desired gain spectrum or output power spectrum.
A depolarizer may be used to depolarize the tapped optical signals before the tapped optical signals are provided to the optical channel monitor. The depolarizer may be based on one or more lengths of birefringent fiber or a dynamic depolarizer. The use of the depolarizer may reduce errors in the measured channel powers by suppressing the effects of polarization dependent loss.
Further features of the invention and its nature and various advantages will be more apparent from the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
is a schematic diagram of an illustrative fiber-optic communications link in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2
is a schematic diagram of an illustrative optical amplifier in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 3
is a schematic diagram of an illustrative depolarizer that may be used to depolarize optical signals before the optical signals are provided to an optical channel monitor or other component with polarization-dependent loss in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4
is a schematic diagram that illustrates the operation of the depolarizer of FIG.
3
.
FIG. 5
is a schematic diagram of another illustrative depolarizer that may be used to depolarize optical signals before the optical signals are provided to an optical channel monitor or other component in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 6
is a perspective view of the illustrative depolarizer of FIG.
5
.
FIG. 7
is a schematic diagram of an illustrative dynamic depolarizer arrangement that may be used to depolarize optical signals before the optical signals are provided to an optical channel monitor or other component in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 8
is a schematic diagram of another illustrative dynamic depolarizer arrangement that may be used to depolarize optical signals before the optical signals are provided to an optical channel monitor or other component in accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
An illustrative fiber-optic communications link
10
in an optical communications network in accordance with the present invention is shown in
FIG. 1. A
transmitter
12
may transmit information to a receiver
14
over a series of fiber links. Each fiber link may include a span
16
of optical transmission fiber. Fiber spans
16
may be on the order of 40-160 km in length for long-haul networks or may be any other suitable length for use in signal transmission in an optical communications network. Link
10
may be a point-to-point link, part of a fiber ring network, or part of any other suitable network or system.
The communications link of
FIG. 1
may be used to support wavelength division multiplexing arrangements in which multiple communications channels are provided using multiple wavelengths of light. For example, the link of
FIG. 1
may support a system with 40 channels, each using a different optical carrier wavelength. Optical channels may be modulated at, for example, approximately 10 Gbps (OC-192). The carrier wavelengths that are used may be in the vicinity of 1527-1605 nm. These are merely illustrative system characteristics. If desired, fewer channels may be provided (e.g., one channel), more channels may be provided (e.g., hundreds of channels), signals may be carried on multiple wavelengths, signals may be modulated at slower or faster data rates (e.g., at approximately 2.5 Gbps for OC-48 or at approximately 40 Gbps for OC-768), and different carrier wavelengths may be supported (e.g., individual wavelengths or sets of wavelengths in the range of 1240-1670 nm).
Optical amplifiers
18
may be used to amplify optical signals on link
10
. Optical amplifiers
18
may include booster amplifiers, in-line amplifiers, and preamplifiers. Optical amplifiers
18
may be rare-earth-doped fiber amplifiers such as erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, amplifiers that include discrete Raman-pumped coils, amplifiers that include pumps for optically pumping spans of transmission fiber
16
to create optical gain through stimulated Raman scattering, semiconductor optical amplifiers, or any other suitable optical amplifiers.
Link
10
may include optical network equipment such as transmitter
12
, receiver
14
, and amplifiers
18
and other optical network equipment
20
such as dispersion compensation modules, dynamic filter modules, add/drop multiplexers, optical channel monitor modules, Raman pump modules, optical switches, performance monitors, etc. For clarity, aspects of the present invention will be described primarily in the context of optical network equipment
20
having gain stages such as optical amplifiers
18
. This is, however, merely illustrative. The features of the present invention may be used with any suitable optical network equipment if desired.
Computer equipment
22
may be used to implement a network management system. Computer equipment such as computer equipment
22
may include one or more computers or controllers and may be located at network nodes and one or more network management facilities. As indicated by lines
24
, the network management system may communicate with optical amplifiers
18
, transmitter
12
, receiver
14
and other optical network equipment
20
using suitable communications paths. The communications paths may be based on any suitable optical or electrical paths. For example, communications paths
24
may include service or telemetry channel paths implemented using spans
16
, may include wired or wireless communications paths, may involve communications paths formed by slowly modulating the normal data channels on link
10
at small modulation depths, etc. Paths
24
may also be used for direct communications between amplifiers
18
and other optical network equipment.
Computer equipment
22
may be used to gather spectral information from transmitter
12
(e.g., an output power spectrum), receiver
14
(e.g., a received power spectrum), and amplifiers
18
and other equipment
20
(e.g., input and output power spectra and gain spectra).
If amplifiers
18
or other equipment in link
10
have spectral adjustment capabilities, computer equipment
22
may use the gathered spectral information to determine how the spectra of amplifiers
18
and the other equipment in link
10
are to be controlled. Computer equipment
22
may issue commands to amplifiers
18
, transmitters
12
, receivers
14
, and other equipment
20
that direct this equipment to make appropriate spectral adjustments. The spectral adjustments may be used to optimize the gain or signal spectrum flatness along link
10
, may be used to optimize the end-to-end or node-to-node signal-to-noise ratio across the signal band or spectrum, or may be used to implement any other suitable control or optimization functions for link
10
.
Spectral adjustments may be made in the output power of transmitter
12
by adjusting a dynamic filter or variable optical attenuators in transmitter
12
to control the output powers of the channels in transmitter
12
. Transmitter spectral adjustments may also be made by adjusting the strengths of the drive currents used to drive transmitter laser sources in transmitter
12
. Spectral adjustments may be made in the input power for receiver
14
by adjusting a dynamic filter or variable optical attenuators before the received signals are processed by the detectors in receiver
14
.
Spectral adjustments in equipment
20
and amplifiers
18
may be made using dynamic filter arrangements, individual variable optical attenuators, variable optical attenuator arrays, gain stage adjustments, or any other suitable spectral adjustment arrangements.
An illustrative amplifier
18
is shown in FIG.
2
. Optical signals from a span of fiber
16
may be provided to input fiber
26
. Corresponding amplified output signals may be provided at output fiber
28
. Optical gain may be provided by one or more gain stages such as gain stages
30
. Gain stages
30
may include, for example, one or more coils of optically-pumped rare-earth-doped fiber such as erbium-doped fiber. Pumps such as laser diode pumps or other suitable sources of pump light may be used to optically pump the erbium-doped fiber in stages
30
.
Tap
32
may be used to tap optical signals traveling along the main fiber path through amplifier
18
. Tap
32
may be any suitable optical tap such as a 2%/98% wavelength-insensitive tap.
Tapped light from the fiber at output
28
may be provided to depolarizer
34
. Depolarizer
34
may depolarize the tapped optical signals on each wavelength-division multiplexing channel before the signal.s are provided to optical channel monitor
36
. Optical channel monitor
36
may make optical channel power measurements on the depolarized tapped signals. In the arrangement of
FIG. 2
, optical channel monitor
36
may, be used to measure the output channel power spectrum of amplifier
18
. The gain spectrum of amplifier
18
may be measured on a channel-by-channel basis by using depolarizer
34
and optical channel monitor
36
to measure tapped input light from input
26
. The gain spectrum may be determined by dividing the measured input power spectrum into the measured output power spectrum. If desired, an optical switch may be used to allow a single optical channel monitor such as monitor
36
to measure both input and output power spectra.
Any suitable arrangement may be used for monitor
36
. For example, monitor
36
may have a dispersive element (e.g., a prism, grating, thin-film device, arrayed waveguide device, etc.) and an optical detector array (e.g., a charge-coupled device (CCD) array or a photodiode array). If desired, more than one dispersive element may be used. Fabry-Perot etalons or other optical filters having variable optical lengths may also be used to measure the optical spectrum of the tapped-light in amplifier
18
. The Fabry-Perot etalons or other filters may be based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices. These are merely illustrative examples. Any suitable optical monitoring arrangement may be used if desired.
Channel power information that is gathered by optical channel monitor
36
may be provided to control unit
38
over path
40
(e.g., using serial digital communications). Control unit
38
may be based on any suitable control electronics and may include one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, field-programmable gate-arrays or other programmable logic devices, application-specific integrated circuits, digital-to-analog converters, analog-to-digital converters, analog control circuits, memory devices, etc.
Control unit
38
may be coupled to dynamic filter
42
using path
44
. This allows control unit
38
to control the operation of dynamic filter
42
to adjust the spectrum of amplifier
18
. Dynamic filter
42
may be formed using any suitable filter arrangement capable of producing a desired controllable loss (or gain) spectrum. Suitable filters may be based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices, may be based on fiber-based devices (e.g., fiber Bragg grating devices), may be based on acoustooptic devices (e.g., acoustooptic fiber devices), may be based on thermo-optic arrayed waveguide devices, may be based on liquid crystals, may use electrooptic devices, may be based on semiconductor devices, or may be based on any other suitable dynamic filter arrangement.
Filter
42
may operate in transmission, as shown in
FIG. 2
, or may operate in reflection (e.g., using a circulator). A transmissive filter
42
may be based on a reflective filter element and a circulator that is used to couple light into and out of filter
42
. If desired, filter
42
may use coupling arrangements such as arrangements based on lenses to couple light between the main fiber path in amplifier
18
and filter
42
. Dynamic filter
42
may be controlled by control unit
38
over path
44
(e.g., a serial digital path). Pumps such as laser diode pumps or other components in gain stages
30
may be controlled by control unit
38
using paths
46
.
If desired, additional components may be provided in amplifier
18
, such as additional taps for optical monitoring, filters, wavelength-division-multiplexing couplers, circulators, isolators, attenuators (e.g., variable optical attenuators), active or passive dispersion-compensating elements, optical switches, gain elements, or any other suitable components. These components may be located at any suitable location in the fiber path between input
26
and output
28
.
Dynamic filter
42
may also be located in any suitable portion of amplifier
18
. For example, filter
42
may be located at output
28
, between gain stages
30
as shown in
FIG. 2
, at input
26
, or at any other suitable location within amplifier
18
. An advantage of locating dynamic spectral filter
42
between stages
30
as shown in
FIG. 2
, is that this may minimize noise.
Depolarizer
34
may help to increase the accuracy of optical channel monitor
36
by suppressing errors due to polarization-dependent loss in optical channel monitor
36
. The input of optical channel monitor
36
may have a fiber pigtail, a fiber connector, or other suitable input port. In general, optical channel monitor may be characterized by two perpendicular axes—a maximum loss axis and a minimum loss axis—that radiate outward from the longitudinal axis of the optical channel monitor. These axes are sometimes referred to herein as the “polarization dependent loss axes” of the optical channel monitor. The polarization dependent loss characteristics of optical channel monitor
36
may arise from the use of polarization-dependent elements in the optical channel monitor between the input port of the optical channel monitor and the optical detectors in the optical channel monitor that measure the optical signals. As an example, polarization dependent loss in optical channel monitor
36
may arise from the use of dispersive elements such as gratings and prisms, and other polarization-dependent components.
Linearly polarized light that is polarized along the minimum loss axis experiences a minimum attenuation level in optical channel monitor
26
, whereas linearly polarized light that is polarized along the maximum loss axis experiences a maximum attenuation level in optical channel monitor
26
. As a result, the spectral measurements made by optical channel monitor
36
are influenced by the state of polarization of the light provided to the optical channel monitor input. The difference between the minimum and maximum loss at the input of monitor
36
may be significant. This may result in significant uncertainty in the measured spectrum, which in turn reduces the accuracy of any spectral adjustments that are made to the gain or output power of amplifier
18
.
Depolarizer
34
reduces the degree of polarization of the tapped light in each channel from tap
32
before that light is provided to the input of optical channel monitor
36
. Because the light for each channel at the input of optical channel monitor
36
is unpolarized, the effects of polarization dependent loss are suppressed and the accuracy of the channel power measurements made using optical channel monitor
36
may be increased.
Depolarizer
34
may be based on any suitable depolarizer configuration. Depolarizer
34
may or may not be wavelength insensitive and may be passive or active (dynamic). Depolarizer
34
may be based on free-space optics (e.g., free-space optics with fiber pigtails) or may be based on fiber devices. If desired, depolarizer
34
may be based on a polarization-scrambler such as a wedge depolarizer. This type of approach may exhibit low wavelength-sensitivity, so that the amount of depolarization that is produced is relatively insensitive to the spectral width of the light being depolarized. A possible disadvantage of this approach is relatively high insertion loss. If desired, the spectral width of the transmitter laser may be broadened by dithering the laser during data transmission. Depolarizer
34
may also be based on a Lyot depolarizer. A fiber-based depolarizer such as a fiber-based Lyot depolarizer or other suitable depolarizer based on birefringent fiber may be used. Depolarizer
34
may be based on birefringent waveguide devices, birefringent crystals, or any other suitable birefringent elements. These are merely illustrative examples. Depolarizer
34
may be based on any suitable depolarizer arrangement. Moreover, some or all of the components of depolarizer
34
may be incorporated into optical channel monitor
36
. For clarity, the present invention is described primarily in the context of depolarizers
34
that are separate from optical channel monitor
36
. This is, however, merely illustrative.
An illustrative fiber-based depolarizer
34
that is based on a Lyot depolarizer arrangement is shown in FIG.
3
. Input light from tap
32
may be provided at single mode fiber input
48
. The input light in each channel is typically linearly or elliptically polarized. Corresponding output light that has been depolarized by depolarizer
34
may be provided at single mode fiber output
50
.
Polarization-maintaining fiber or other suitable birefringent fiber may be connected between input
48
and output
50
. The connections indicated by crosses
52
in
FIG. 3
may be, for example, fusion splices.
Because single mode fibers
48
and
50
are rotationally symmetric, the rotational or angular orientation of fibers
48
and
50
with respect to the polarization-maintaining fiber is not critical. However, polarization-maintaining fiber lengths
54
and
56
are preferably spliced together such that their principle axes (e.g., their slow and fast axes) are at angles with respect to each other at central splice
52
′.
In the example of
FIG. 3
, depolarizer
34
is based on two lengths of polarization-maintaining fiber of equal lengths L. Other arrangements may also be used if desired. For example, more than two lengths of polarization-maintaining fiber may be used and unequal fiber lengths may be used. In some situations, a single length of polarization-maintaining fiber may be used.
Various data modulation schemes may be used for the channels in wavelength-division-multiplexing link
10
. In non-return-to-zero (NRZ) schemes, optical data signals for a given channel may have a spectral width of about 15 GHz when the carrier light for that channel is modulated at data rates of 10 Gbps. In return-to-zero (RTZ) schemes, the optical data signals on each channel may have a spectral width of about 20 GHz when the carrier light is modulated at data rates of 10 Gbps. Light that is modulated at higher data rates will be spectrally broader. In return-to-zero schemes, relatively less power resides in the carrier than with non-return-to-zero schemes.
The polarization-maintaining fibers
54
and
56
may be spliced together so that their principle axes are aligned at 45° angles with respect to each other. The polarization state of the light on the given wavelength-division-multiplexing channel is typically unknown. If the light is linearly polarized with an axis of polarization of that is aligned with one of the principle axes of fiber
54
, the light will pass through fiber
54
unaffected. However, fiber
56
will then act as a depolarizer. When the polarization state of the incoming light is not aligned with a principle axis of fiber
54
, fiber
54
and fiber
56
will both act to depolarize the light.
As an example, suppose that the principle axes of fiber
54
are oriented so that they correspond to the 0, −1, 0 and 0, 1, 0 axes on the Poincarë sphere of FIG.
4
and the principle axes of fiber
56
are oriented so that they correspond to the 1, 0, 0 and −1, 0, 0 axes on the Poincarë sphere of FIG.
4
. The lengths L of fibers
54
and
56
may be selected to satisfy equation 1.
L>c/[&Dgr;v
(
n
s
−n
f
)] (1)
In equation 1, c is the speed of light, &Dgr;&ngr; is the spectral width of the given data channel being depolarized (e.g., 15-20 GHz), and n
s
and n
f
are the respective indices of refraction of the slow and fast axes in the polarization-maintaining fiber. For typical polarization-maintaining fibers, L may be on the order of approximately 20 meters in length.
In the Poincarë sphere representation of
FIG. 4
, light with a given polarization will precess about the principle axes of the polarization-maintaining fiber as the light travels though the polarization-maintaining fiber. Different wavelengths of light will precess at different rates. If the frequencies of two monochromatic signals differ by &Dgr;&ngr;, these signals will have rotated by angles that differ by 360° on the Poincarë sphere after a length L in the fiber.
If the input polarization of the optical data signal light on the given channel is A as shown in
FIG. 4
, the polarization of the light will smear out on circle
1
as the light passes through fiber
54
. In fiber
56
, the polarization of the light will smear out in the band bounded by circles
2
and
3
, thereby depolarizing the light on the given channel that is provided at output fiber
50
.
When depolarizer
34
is used in an amplifier configuration of the type shown in
FIG. 2
, depolarizer
34
tends to make the combined channel power measurement characteristics of depolarizer
34
and optical channel monitor
36
independent of any polarization-dependent loss in optical channel monitor
36
. This will increase the accuracy with which amplifier
18
may measure channel powers. If the measured channel powers are used to control the gain or output spectra of amplifier
18
, increasing the accuracy of the measurements made with optical channel monitor
36
will increase the accuracy with which amplifier
18
can produce a given gain or output power spectrum.
With some optical channel monitor configurations, the axes along which minimum and maximum polarization-dependent loss are experienced (the polarization-dependent loss axes) are known. Accordingly, birefringent fiber may be attached at the input of the optical channel monitor such that the principle axes of the fiber are oriented at 45° to the polarization-dependent loss axes.
A depolarizer
34
based on this arrangement is shown in FIG.
5
. Input signal light from tap
32
that is to be depolarized may be provided to single mode fiber input
48
. Polarization-maintaining fiber
54
may be connected to optical channel monitor
36
at connection point
58
. The length of fiber
54
of
FIG. 5
may be selected to satisfy equation 1. The connection of fiber
54
to optical channel monitor
36
may be made so that the principle axes of fiber
54
(the n
s
and n
f
axes) are aligned at a 45° angle to the polarization-dependent loss axes (PDL MAX and PDL MIN) of optical channel monitor
36
, as shown in FIG.
6
.
If the light in a given channel at input
48
of
FIG. 5
is aligned with one of the principle axes of fiber
54
, the light will pass through fiber
54
unaffected. However, that light will be equally divided in power between the maximum and minimum loss axes at connection point
58
. As a result, light that is aligned with one of the principle axes of fiber
54
will experience an average amount of polarization-dependent loss in optical channel monitor
36
.
If the light in the given channel at input
48
of
FIG. 6
is aligned at a non-zero angle with respect to the principle axes of fiber
54
, the polarization states of the light will be smeared out along a circle on the Poincarë sphere as the light travels along fiber
54
due to the spectral width of the optical data signals on the given channel. At the end of fiber
54
, the polarization states will be uniformly distributed between the polarization-dependent loss axes of optical channel monitor
36
, so that the light will again experience an average amount of polarization-dependent loss in optical channel monitor
36
and spectral measurement inaccuracies due to polarization-dependent loss will be suppressed.
An illustrative depolarizer arrangement that is based on a dynamic depolarizer
34
is shown in FIG.
7
. Tapped light from tap
32
may be provided to fiber input
48
, which may be a single mode fiber input. Dynamic depolarizer
34
may have a number of dynamically controllable polarization controller elements
60
. Elements
60
may, for example, be based on components with controllable birefringence. The magnitude of the birefringence should generally be more than is required to induce about &pgr; phase shift (a half wavelength) in the phase of the tapped light signals, although additional birefringence will generally improve the performance of the depolarizer.
Suitable elements
60
include elements based on mechanically squeezed fiber such as fiber squeezed by piezoelectric actuators. Elements
60
may also be based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices, may be based on acoustooptic devices (e.g., acoustooptic fiber devices), may be based on thermo-optic arrayed waveguide devices, may be based on liquid crystals, may use electrooptic devices, may be based on semiconductor devices, or may be based on any other suitable dynamic polarization controller arrangement. If desired, additional static or dynamic birefringent elements may be used in depolarizer
34
to assist in depolarizing light from input
48
.
When depolarizer
34
is based on dynamic depolarizer elements, the depolarizer acts to vary the polarization state of the tapped light as a function of time. The depolarizer
34
may, for example, vary the polarization state of the tapped light over the same space on the Poincarë sphere of
FIG. 4
over which the passive depolarizer
34
spreads the polarization state of the tapped light. In a passive depolarizer
34
, the state of polarization of the tapped light is spread out over the Poincarë sphere due to the spectral width of the tapped light. When an active depolarizer
34
of the type shown in
FIG. 7
is used, the state of polarization of the tapped light is varied over the Poincarë sphere on a time-varying basis.
Because of the polarization-dependant loss of optical channel monitor
34
, the instantaneous measured optical power will vary as a function of time as the depolarizer varies the polarization state of the tapped light over the Poincarë sphere. The optical channel monitor
36
and depolarizer
34
may be configured so that this time-dependence is integrated out of the channel power measurements made by optical channel monitor
36
. This will generally occur whenever the single-channel integration time of monitor
36
is longer than the time over which the polarization state is varied sufficiently to have an average state that is depolarized.
As shown by path
62
, depolarizer
34
may be driven by signals from drivers in control unit
38
or other suitable drive electronics. Depolarizer
34
may operate with or without direct control from control unit
38
. If depolarizer
34
is controlled by control unit
38
, it may or may not be desired to actively depolarize the tapped signal with depolarizer
34
on a continuous basis.
Another suitable dynamic depolarizer arrangement is shown in FIG.
8
. In the arrangement of
FIG. 8
, a single polarization controlling element
60
is used in dynamic depolarizer
34
. Depolarizer
34
may be coupled to optical channel monitor using polarization-maintaining fiber
64
. Fiber
64
may be coupled to depolarizer
34
so that the principal axes of element
60
and the principal axes of fiber
64
are aligned. The connection of fiber
64
to optical channel monitor
36
at connection point
58
may be made so that the principle axes of fiber
64
are aligned at a 45° angle to the polarization-dependent loss axes (PDL MAX and PDL MIN) of optical channel monitor
36
. With this approach, depolarizer
34
depolarizes the tapped light by varying the polarization state of the tapped light on a time-dependent basis so that on average the polarization of the tapped light is aligned towards the PDL MAX axis of monitor
36
the same amount: that the polarization state of the tapped light is aligned towards the PDL MIN axis of monitor
36
. This suppresses channel power measurement inaccuracies due to the polarization-dependent loss of optical channel monitor
36
.
An advantage of using dynamic depolarizer schemes is that they suppress the effects of polarization-dependent loss without relying on the spectral width of the tapped light that is being measured. Another possible advantage is that some dynamic depolarizers may occupy less real estate in amplifier
18
than fiber-based solutions. If desired, active and passive depolarizer arrangements may be used in the same depolarizer
34
.
Although some of the features of the present invention have been described in the context of optical amplifiers
18
, this is merely illustrative. The features of the present invention may be used in any suitable optical network equipment
20
if desired.
It will be understood that the foregoing is merely illustrative of the principles of this invention, and that various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
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