PLANTERS

Planters

The present invention relates to planters.

The process of planting seed-pieces (i.e. tubers and seeds) for a variety of different vegetable crops is enhanced if the seed-pieces are spaced at uniform and consistent intervals, as determined by the operator of a particular planting machine. Controllable and accurate placement of a seed-piece is a factor in producing the required yield grade size and distribution. The problem is that existing planting methods dispense seed-pieces at a forward rate relative to the forward speed ofthe planter and this forward velocity ofthe seed-piece as it makes contact with the soil bed affects the precision of the placement, forward-roll being a common problem.

An object ofthe present invention is to provide a planter which will not only allow the seed-pieces to be delivered at zero or near-zero ground speed with respect to the forward direction of the planter but which will be capable of achieving this result over a variety of spacing intervals. According to the present invention, a planter comprises a number of seed-piece retention means adapted to be driven around a common horizontal rotation axis with a common rotational speed and each displaceable towards and away from said axis to provide a corresponding variation in its peripheral velocity.

Conveniently, the common rotational speed ofthe retention means is in the same sense as any ground wheels present.

Conveniently, the planter includes speed adjustment means effective to set said common rotational speed to a value at which there will be zero or near zero relative speed between the retention means and the ground at the point of seed-piece ejection from the planter (i.e. "zero ground speed"). Conveniently, the planter includes control means operative to control the distance ofthe retention means from the rotation axis in dependence on the angular position ofthe retention means about said axis.

Conveniently, the control means is operative to ensure that said distance is at a mimmum or other low value while the retention means is moving past a source ofthe seed- pieces to be planted, thereby to facilitate pick-up ofthe seed-pieces from the source by the retention means. Conveniently, the retention means are mounted on the free-ends of variable-length arms.

Conveniently, the control means comprises an arm-mounted spigot or like projection which is engaged by a cam-rail or like guide element to restrain motion ofthe projection towards or away from the rotation axis as the case may be.

Conveniently, the retention means comprise suction cups or the like.

Conveniently, pneumatic means are provided to agitate and/or partially float seed- pieces in a seed-piece container so as to facilitate their pick-up by the retention means.

Conveniently, changes in distance ofthe seed-retention means from the rotation axis are effected by pneumatically-operated actuators.

Conveniently, each arm comprises a telescopic central section mounted between internal and external bellows to define inner and outer annular bellows chambers and a central chamber, the central chamber being pneumatically isolated from the other two chambers so that the application of suction or pressure at the suction cups is independent ofthe pneumatic extension and retraction ofthe arms.

Conveniently, the planter includes switching means to activate and/or de-activate selected ones ofthe retention means.

Conveniently, there are twelve arms in the planter and the switching means is operative so that all or only a specified evenly spaced fraction of this number of retention means are activated.

Conveniently, the switching means is provided by a porting assembly comprising a stator assembly and a rotor hub assembly.

Conveniently, the stator and rotor hub assemblies comprise a circumferentially- apertured first cylindrical assembly, and a circumferentially-apertured second cylindrical assembly at least in part embracing, or embraced by, the first cylindrical assembly, whereby, in operation ofthe planter, extension or retraction ofthe arms is effected as the apertures of matching pairs of apertures of the two assemblies are brought into or out of alignment with one another variously to connect with or shut out a vacuum source and/or a pressure source from the relevant retention means.

.?. Conveniently, the porting assembly includes an apertured indexer assembly adapted to set the number of vacuum cups that will be operational in a given situation, the indexer assembly being sandwiched between the stator assembly and the rotor assembly and being movable relative to both the assemblies into a chosen one of a number of pre-determined positions thereby to block off none or some of the matching aperture pairs and prevent connection ofthe relevant retention means with the vacuum/pressure source.

Conveniently, the planter includes a variable speed drive motor and a ground speed measurement means operative automatically to reset the planter to give the desired seed- piece spacing requirement substantially independently ofthe ground speed ofthe planter. In one design of machine in accordance with the present invention. the machine consists of a delivery hopper mounted over a rotor including a series of suction cups attached to the ends of radial arms. The arms pivot around a horizontal axis, and are at constant angular displacement to each other. The total assembly in this case is of a generally star-like configuration with each arm extensible and the extension is appropriately controlled e.g. by some follower means such as an arm-mounted spigot engaging a cam rail which can move the spigot towards or away from the axis of rotation.

Clearly, the action of moving the radial arms to a different extension point will change the peripheral velocity ofthe suction cup and the seed-piece held within the cup, independently of any particular rotation speed. Therefore by moving the cup in the way described, the peripheral velocity ofthe seed-piece can be made equal to the forward speed ofthe planting machine and. with the rotor rotating in a sense such that at the ejection point from the machine the seed-piece will be moving in the opposite direction to the machine's forward direction, the seed piece will be instantaneously at zero-ground speed, the desired effect. The ability to change spacing intervals is a complementary part of this design of machine. Thus if the spacing interval is modified by changing the rotational speed ofthe rotor to give the desired spacing, the arm extension can be changed in conjunction to maintain the desired "zero ground speed" condition discussed above. As the peripheral velocity of the cups is proportional to their rotational velocity, but inversely proportional to the arm extension, it follows that for a particular proportional change in the rotational speed ofthe rotor, exactly the same proportional change will be required in the length of the radial arms to maintain the zero ground-speed condition.

An embodiment ofthe invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying, partially diagrammatic, drawings, in which:- Figure 1 is a general elevation, not to scale, of one design of potato planter according to the present invention;

Figure 2 is a longitudinal section of one ofthe radial planter arms ofthe machine; Figure 3 is an exploded view ofthe porting assembly used to activate the extension and retraction of the planter arms and the operation of the suction cups carried at their outer ends;

Figures 4(a) and 4(b), collectively referred to as Figure 4. are perspective views of the stator components used in the assembly of Figure 3;

Figure 5 is a perspective view of the rotor component used in the assembly of Figure 3; Figures 6 and 7 show sectional and perspective views of the selection mechanism used in conjunction with the assembly of Figure 3 to determine which suction cups are "on" and which "off; and

Figure 8 shows geometric developments ofthe elements ofthe selection mechanism taken at various settings ofthe mechanism. Thus referring first to Figure 1 of the drawings, a planter 10 according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises a trailed chassis 1 1 supported on ground wheels 12 and carrying a framework 13 whose attitude about a front pivotal connection 14 with the chassis is controlled by a ram 15 acting between the rear end ofthe framework 13 and the chassis 1 1. A planting rotor 16 and is centrally mounted on the framework 13 which at its rear end carries an overhanging hopper 18 for the seed-pieces to be planted, in this case potatoes.

The hopper 18 includes a support web 20 anchored at its forward edge 22 to the junction point between the main storage rear section 24 ofthe hopper and a much shallower front section 26. In operation, the tubers (28) are removed by suction cups 30 of the rotor 16 as they pass through the slotted floor of the hopper as the rotor rotates (in an anticlockwise sense as viewed in Figure 1 ).

The rear edge of the support web 20 is attached to a roller-blind type winding roller 32 biased in a clockwise direction by a torsional spring (not shown). Figure 1 shows the two extremes; the web when fully laden being depicted in full line (reference numeral 20), and the web in its fully wound position being depicted in broken line (20').

The foremost section 26 ofthe hopper is also apertured at 34 to allow a blanket of pressurised air to move upwardly from a plenum chamber 36. The air blanket serves to agitate and partially "float" the tubers so as to facilitate their pick-up by the suction cups 30.

As illustrated, the cups 30 are carried by a succession of equally spaced radial arms 38. one of which is shown in more detail in Figure 2.

As will be clear from Figure 1, in operation ofthe planter, each arm is extended by a different amount depending upon its radial positions at the time. Thus, the arms 38 at the top of their travel are deliberately withdrawn to the fullest extent possible so as to reduce their peripheral velocity and facilitate the successful pick-up of tubers from the hopper section 26, while the arms 38 at the lowest part of their travel have their extensions set to comply with the minimum ground speed requirement as already described. If a change in arm length is required to accommodate a change in tuber spacing, this can be achieved by raising or lowering the chassis 1 1 to preserve the cup-to-ground spacing ofthe lowest cup at its optimum value (typically 5 cm or so above the ground 40).

Each arm ofthe star- wheel rotor 16 is as shown in more detail and to a larger scale in Figure 2 of the drawings from which it can be seen that it comprises a series of tube sleeves 42A, 42B, 42C mounted between intemal and extemal bellows 44.45 to define two annular bellows chambers 47.48 and a central chamber 49.

In the embodiment of Figures 1 and 2. arm extension and retraction is activated pneumatically by increasing or decreasing the inflation ofthe bellows 45 via an aperture 53 in the hub rotor assembly 55 on which the arms are mounted. A similar, but larger diameter, hub aperture 57 allows vacuum or pressure to be applied via chamber 49 to the suction cup 30. The two bellows chambers 47,48 are sealed at their outer ends by an end plate 51 centrally apertured to house a rubberised cup which is optimised for vacuum pick-up.

Conveniently, one or more of the tube sleeves 42 is apertured to improve the communication between chambers 47,48. The internal bellows terminates at the cup to allow air passage from the cup through the central chamber 49 ofthe arm assembly.

The arm assembly maintains its rigidity through the telescopic action ofthe tube sleeves 42. While the bellows pair 44,45 must be compliant to facilitate full extension and retraction ofthe arm assembly, their stiffness in directions peφendicular to this direction is preferably enhanced by a series of rings 59.60 fitted internally and externally ofthe two bellows as shown in Figure 2.

For the illustrated embodiment of the invention, the number of arms 38 was conveniently chosen as twelve, as this number divides to whole number fractions six and four, and with selectable switching of the arm extension and vacuum suction described below, this allows configurations of twelve, six and four suction cups to be active on the star pattern. as desired.

This feature of being able to select different active configurations increases the dynamic range ofthe mechanism. For example, the reduction from twelve active cups to six, means that for an identical set-up, a doubling ofthe seed-piece spacing can be achieved for the same forward speed ofthe machine. Similarly, a reduction to just four suction cups active will result in a tripling of the seed-piece spacing under the same operating conditions.

The dynamic range can be widened still further in modifications of the illustrated embodiment by redesigning the switching mechanism to allow for a reduction to three active suction cups. In fact, it is a general teaching of this aspect ofthe present invention that any whole number divisor of a fixed initial number of arms can be used to affect the dynamic range and it was solely as a matter of choice that in the illustrated embodiment, the three permissible settings of twelve, six and four active suction cups were considered sufficient.

The suction pick-up and hold means of the activated cups is implemented by a vacuum suction from a suitable vacuum pump (not shown) via hub aperture 57 as already described and, as has already been explained, the porting of the vacuum supply to each cup 30 is determined by the position and function ofthe cup during its period of rotation. There is also the positive pressure porting arrangement required if the extension/contraction means for the arms is to be effected by both positive and vacuum pressure. Although either a mechanical or a pneumatic means is envisaged within the teachings ofthe present invention, a pneumatically operated extension/retraction system for the planting arms is the preferred means of actuation as it allows large extension ratios to be accommodated without the friction problems inherent in the altemative cam follower mechanism where large relative movement rates have to be undergone orthogonal to the direction of rotor rotation.

The cups must be under vacuum during the pick-up phase and through the seed- piece hold phase to the drop phase, where the vacuum is closed off and re-ported to "on" at the start ofthe seed-piece pick-up operation from the hopper.

The porting arrangement for the supply of vacuum and pressure to the various parts ofthe machine as required, will now be described with reference to Figures 3 to 5.

Thus referring next to Figures 3 and 4, the porting assembly 62 comprises a stator assembly 64 and the hub rotor assembly 55.

The stator assembly comprises an outer cylindrical housing 68 provided with circumferential slots 70,71 and 73. As shown in Figure 4(a), the narrower slots 70,71 extend in the same plane as one another from location E to location A (slot 70) and from location B to location C (slot 71 ) while the broader slot 73 extends location A to location D in a different plane from slots 70,71 .

To the inner face of the housing 68 there is welded a partition member 75 shown separately in Figure 4(b), it being noted that Figures 4(a) and 4(b) view the partition member from opposite sides so that, for example, the "pit" section (77) which is on the far side of the assembly in Figure 4(a) is on the near side in Figure 4(b).

Thus referring now to Figure 4(b), it will be seen that the partition member 75 comprises what will be termed a "base plate" section 79 extending between locations A and C. a "step" section 81 extending between locations E and A. and a "pit" section

-1- (referred to above) let into the outer annular region of section 79 and extending between locations C and E.

Returning now to the exploded view of Figure 3, it will be seen that the "step- extending" end ofthe housing 68 is closed by an end plate 83 (not shown in Figure 4a) with the volume 84 between partition member 75 and end plate 83 permanently joined with a pressure supply via pipe connection 85. In addition, a second pipe connection 87 extends through an aperture (not shown in Figure 4b) in the base plate section 79 ofthe partition member to connect the volume 88 between partition member 75 and the "pit-extending" end ofthe housing 68 to a vacuum supply. Conveniently, the pipe connections 85,87 will be connected to the vacuum and discharge sides of a same vacuum pump (not shown) e.g. typically with a rating of 8 kW and 500 m^/hour, say. The positive pressure discharge side ofthe pump may also be used to supply the plenum chamber 36 mentioned earlier.

Reference numeral 89 indicates a central support rod for the stator assembly 64 and in practice, the assembly 64 will be mounted not as depicted in Figures 3 and 4 but with the support rod 89 lying horizontally along the rotation axis ofthe hub assembly and the pit section ofthe partition member lowermost.

As best seen from Figure 3, the hub assembly 55 comprises a ported wall portion 91 and an end plate 93 to which is welded the machine's drive axle 95. This latter is supported on a bearing surface provided by support rod 89 at its free end.

When the porting assembly is fully assembled, the ring of equally spaced smaller diameter ports 53 (see also Figure 3) in wall portion 91 will be at the level ofthe narrower slots 70,71 in stator assembly 64, while the ring of equally spaced larger diameter ports 57 (see also Figure 2) each opposite one of the smaller ports 53, will be at the level of the wider slot 73 in assembly 64.

It will be appreciated that as the hub rotor assembly 55 rotates about the stator 64 during use of the machine, the apertures pairs 53,57 will be variously shut off from or connected with one or other ofthe porting volumes 84 (pressure), 88 (vacuum) depending on the angular position of the aperture pairs relative to the stator 64. The operational regime is perhaps best summed up in tabular form as below. Position of Resulting Resulting

Path aperture 57 Slot supply to Position Slot supply to Section relative to Present suction of present bellows partition <^*> chamber 49 aperture 53 9 chambers member 75 47,48

A-B On volume Yes Vacuum On volume No None 88 side of supply 84 side of base plate base plate section 79 section 79

B-C On volume Yes Vacuum On volume Yes Pressure 88 side of supply 84 side of supply base plate base plate section 79 section 79

C-D Traversing Yes Pressure Traversing No None (shut - first half of supply first half of remains pit section pit section pressurised)

77 77

D-E Traversing No None (shut) Traversing No None (shut - second half second half remains of pit of pit section pressurised) section 77 77

E-A On volume No None (shut) On volume Yes Vacuum 88 side of 88 side of supply step section step section 79 79

Figure 5 expresses this same information pictorially in the part-sectioned perspective view of the hub rotor assembly 55 where the various apertures have been variously labelled "S" (shut). "V" (vacuum), or "P" (pressure) to indicate the situation existing at each of the apertures at any given moment. The letters A' to E' in Figure 5 indicate the radial planes occupied by the corresponding stator locations of Figures 4a and 4b. Thus referring still to Figure 5 but in conjunction with the general view of Figure 1 , which shows (but not necessarily to scale) the extension and function of the various arms 38, it will be seen that from the start of pick-up (A') the extension/compression chamber ofthe arms will have been ported to vacuum, thus minimising the length ofthe arms and minimising the traverse velocity of the suction cups 30 through the bulk hopper 18. Once pick-up is achieved and the cup leaves the hopper (B'), this chamber is desirably ported to positive pressure, allowing the arm to extend between constraining guides 95 which are set for the desired arm extension (reference humeral 97 indicates a guide-engaging projection from the arms).

At the point of delivery (D'), the vacuum is ported out and the positive pressure ported in to the intemal chamber ofthe relevant arm. This encourages the seed to leave the cup, and if an in-line filter (not shown) is fitted within this chamber, then this burst of positive pressure will exhaust trapped particles or debris built up on the filter.

Immediately after delivery, the positive pressure is ported away from the relevant cup 30 and the vacuum is ported into the extension-contraction outer chamber (E'). The arm then contracts to another constraining radial guide 99 which conveniently sets the arm length to minimum and when the arm enters the hopper, the cycle as described above repeats. The detailed arrangement ofthe valve hub assembly has already been described and, as also stated, both the positive pressure and suction requirements may be obtained by one and the same vacuum pump (with the discharge side of the pump supplying the positive pressure). To reduce vacuum pressure wastage if a seed potato is not picked up by a particular cup. from the hopper 18, the vacuum porting between the valve hub and the release points ofthe arms is preferably partially closed.

The sealing arrangement between the vacuum and pressure sides of the hub rotor assembly is conveniently implemented by an 0-ring seal (not shown) in a machined guide.

The means of switching between twelve, six and four "on" cups is achieved by an indexer ring-plate 101 (Figures 6 and 7), sandwiched between the outer rotor 45 and the inner stator 64.

Indexer ring -plate 101 is fixed in a working condition with respect to the rotor assembly, and only moves relative to the rotor if another number of arms is required to be active. Any suitable arrangement to move this plate may be employed. For example, a spiral-cam mechanism (not shown) may be incoφorated which. when actuated by a fixed mechanism, pushes a thrust bearing against a collet which has a screw-type slot. This in tum will cause a rotation of an engaging spigot to effect a rotation ofthe interface plate 101 relative to the rotor. This engagement can therefore be made whilst the system is in operation.

As will be clear from Figure 7, the interface plate 101 has a series of slots (103) and holes (104) disposed about its periphery in such a manner that rotation ofthe plate 101 to one of three angular positions " 1 ","2","3", ports in the vacuum chambers ofthe appropriate number of arms at the appropriate locations.

Figure 8(a) shows a geometric development ofthe plate 101 and rotor 45 in which (for clarity) the plate 101 and rotor 45 are depicted one above the other rather than side-by- side (see Figures 8b and 8c) as they would be in practice. In the situation illustrated in Figure 8a, it will be observed that each suction aperture 57 is able to communicate with the suction volume 88 via an appropriate port in the plate 101 so that all the cups are "on": i.e. available for use as a suction cup during the appropriate part of their travel (A' to C). By contrast, however, in the situations illustrated in Figures 8b and 8c, only every other cup (Figure 8b) or every third cup (Figure 8c) will be "on" in this sense.

Conveniently, the overall control of the planting operation is maintained by a variable speed drive motor for the star-wheel rotor, combined with a variable actuator operating on the extemal constraining guide for the arms. There will be desirably a ground speed measurement means to allow the setting ofthe motor and actuator to the appropriate positions for a given operator-input spacing requirement. An example of control settings now follows for given input parameters, viz. forward speed of two metres/second and desired spacing of 40 cms. The number of seeds deposited in one second would be five. The rotational velocity required to provide these five seeds would be, for a six arm star, five sixths or 0.8333 revolutions/second. This is 5.236 radians/second. Therefore the desired arm length which gives a peripheral velocity of two metres/second at that rotational speed would be 2/5.236 or 0.382 metres and the control settings would be fifty φm for the wheel with arm length at discharge of 38.2 centimetres and only six ofthe twelve cups 'on'.

It is an advantage of at least the preferred embodiments of the invention that the pneumatic system employed provides the machine with a positive tuber capture method which to all extents and puφoses both avoids 'doubles' i.e. picking up two tubers at a cup 30 instead of one, and minimises 'misses' i.e. picking up none.