MECHANIZED METHOD FOR SOWING SEEDS (VARIANTS) |
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| 申请号 | EP14787493.7 | 申请日 | 2014-04-21 | 公开(公告)号 | EP2989876B1 | 公开(公告)日 | 2018-12-05 |
| 申请人 | Brindyuk, Sergei Vladimirovich; | 发明人 | Brindyuk, Sergei Vladimirovich; | ||||
| 摘要 | The invention belongs to the agricultural production, namely to the production of agricultural (a\c) seed cultures. There are suggested versions of the way of seeding , including risk farming areas on black earth, gray, brown forest and chestnut soils, in which according to the invention of mechanized direct sowing of agricultural crops to the soil is carrying out in the period, when absolute humidity of soil is more than 2% higher than the upper limit of humidity of physical maturity of soil, by its temperatures above zero, moreover, at sowing the furrows for seeds laying are forming with the width no more than 12 cm from 0,5 to 15 cm. Besides that, at sowing the energetic device, which has the opportunity to move along the ground with absolute humidity of more than 2 percent and up to 100 percent higher than the upper limit of humidity of soil physical maturity with the velocity from 6 to 80 km/h, for example "BARS UTEV 271" or hovercraft device is using, and the direct sowing is holding immediately by the sprouted weeds, without preliminary cultivation of soil for their demolishing, and 1 - 5 days before the seeding of crops the mulching of soil is conducting by the way of chemical treatment of weeds with herbicides of continuous action, with the help of sprayer mounted on the energetic device, which has the opportunity to move along the ground with absolute humidity of more than 2 percent and up to 100 percent higher than the upper limit of humidity of soil physical maturity with the velocity from 6 to 80 km/h, for example "BARS UTES 271" or hovercraft is using, 6NSPF, 8 pictures. | ||||||
| 权利要求 | |||||||
| 说明书全文 | The invention relates to a method of mechanized sowing of seeds according to claim 1. One of the problems of obtaining a high yield of agricultural crops is the problem of their timely seeding, preservation of moisture in the soil and weed control. High yield obtaining depends on the level of moisture in the soil. For example, the probable level of summer wheat yield depends on the spring soil soaking depth (see the data of experimental Swift Current (Canada) Station in table 1): As it can be seen, a lack of moisture in the period of plant vegetation substantially lowers the yield. For taking advantage of and preserving moisture it is important to optimize the working methods, which is impossible by means of conventional technologies, because they assume reaching the physical soil maturity and, after this, the execution of the workings (soil condition in the sense of physical maturity, which demonstrates its readiness to treatment, or of biological maturity, which demonstrates its readiness to seeding and plant crop landing). The physical maturity of soil is created by optimum moistening (humidity of a "mellow" condition), so that during mechanical treatment the soil would disintegrate into clots with a size in the range of 1 to 10 mm. At a higher moisture, the soil adheres to tillage equipment and at a lower moisture it breaks apart into large chunks and clots. Soil in a mature state crumbles better, offers the least resistance during the treatment, and in the plowed soil an optimum correlation of the solid content, water, and air is achieved. The maturity of the soil is determined visually, by nature of crumbling, throwing the soil off the shovel, or hurling a lump of a handful of the soil. The biological maturity is achieved in a well-treated, optimally moistened and warmed soil (see Nowadays, existing technologies provide an estimation of the period when the soil gets into physical maturity and will thus offer the least resistance to mechanical treatment. The dependence of the resistance to soil treatment against the moisture can be tracked on a graph (see During the plowing of parched soil (segment AB) chunks with a diameter up to 0,5 m and more are formed. While plowing the water soaked soils (segment CD), strong strucking and forming of clots and outgrowths of soil in front of tillage machine takes place. This leads to the increase of soil resistivity and a bad plant residue sealing. With a further increase of the moisture (segment DE), water acts as a lubricant and "K" decreases. However, existing types of tillage and sowing machinery are not capable to function at higher moisture. For conventional types of equipment point C is considered to be the upper limit of the physical maturity of soil. Among the different types of soils this varies and remains within a range of 15 to 35% of the absolute humidity. It is well seen that the beginning of physical maturity of soil coincides with the beginning of capillary disruption (17 - 20%), which leads to the beginning of a lack of moisture for the plant. The lack of existing technologies manifests itself in the ineffective loss of time while the physical soil maturation is expected, during which a big loss of moisture takes place as a result of evaporation. At the limits of high humidity, scattering seeding can be used, but this has one serious drawback for most of the agricultural crops. In the case of a lack of rain or watering, the application of broadcast seeding can lead to crop damage, because the tillering node (e.g. springs) is on the surface of the area of lack of moisture. It is thus necessary to immerse the seeds into the soil with a depth of not less than 0.5 cm. A known method of crop production includes spudding, forming of a comb-like soil profile, seeding by the way of stacking and indentation with a further mulching (cf. A known method of crop production includes the operation of autumn and spring soil loosening, seed sowing to the treated soil and seed furrow sealing (cf. " Further, from In general, the drawbacks of the known methods are low efficiency of crop farming, drastic moisture losses during spring loosening, and the difficulty to comply with optimum agricultural seed sowing conditions, because of the need to carry out the seedbed spring plowing operation which is almost impossible in the case of physically immature soils. The object of the present invention is thus increasing the efficiency of crop farm workings, namely:
The object is met by the subject-matter of the sole claim. Besides that, sowing with a driven equipment can be employed, for example a "BARS UTEV 271" or a hovercraft. In summary, the attributes show new properties, that come about through their using:
Nowadays, as the driven equipment for seeding machines functioning as tractor-ploughs are used for the biggest part. On the ground of the norm relating to the propeller influence onto the soil (cf. All-Union State Standard 26955-86) the maximum pressure of the propellers onto loamy and clayey soil and ones of normal mechanical strain in the soil must correspond to the requirements indicated in table 3. The norm data clearly indicate that under the condition of the physical soil maturity the upper pressure limit in the spring season pressure must not exceed 80 kPa, where the least field "water capacity LC" corresponds to the capillary-suspended saturation of the soil with water, when the latter is at maximum available for the plants. In the case of exceeding these limits the formation of ruts and soil puddling occurs, which substantially affects the fertility. For the movement on the soil ground with an absolute humidity of more than 2 % and up to 100 % higher than the upper humidity limit of the physical soil maturity ground vehicles are utilized which exert pressures less than 60 kPa, namely a "BARS UTEV 271" on elastic tires, vehicles on envelopes of ultra-low pressure (5 - 60 kPa) tires (cf. Nowadays sowing equipment is widely used with pneumatic seeding, that is to say, with a pneumatic transportation of seeds from the hopper to the plough iron. This means of transportation of seeds allowed to make a finer weight distribution in the system by means of a displacement of the hopper remotely from the plough irons, and also allowed to displace any additional equipment in the form of cultivators, paws, and disks, which perform auxiliary operations by soil tillage in frames of the equipment. At a pneumatic seeder the delivery of the seeds to the plough iron is performed by means of air and at the exit from the seed passage seed velocities are lower or equal to velocity of the air, which yields a further movement of the seeds in the direction of the air flow. At the exit of the air from the seed passage the air changes the vector of motion backwards to the soil. As a result, a part of the seeds is inflated from the seed furrow, which yields low-quality seeding. In the proposed method (variant 2), in which seed velocities at the exit are formed higher than the air velocity so that V1 >V2 (which is obtained with the help of the construction of the seed passage, which have different profiles along its cross-section) and the influence of the air flow to the vector of seeds motion decreases. The seeds with the vector directed to the soil reach the soil and are not blown out, which is necessary for effective seeding. (cf. An increase of the seed velocity of more than 35 m/sec is inappropriate for traditional sowing, because at an absolute humidity of less than 2% higher than the upper humidity limit of the physical soil maturity at temperatures above zero the soil has a higher hardness than at an absolute soil humidity of more than 2% higher than the upper humidity limit of the physical soil maturity at temperatures above zero, which leads to a damage of the seeds struck by the ground and in turn to a reduction of germination. At sowing into soil which has an absolute soil humidity of more than 2% higher than the upper humidity limit of physical soil maturity at temperatures above zero an increase of the seed velocities (variant 3) will allow the seeds to make a closer contact with the soil. Accelerated seeds get caught by the soil, which promotes a better germination, and in the case of the seed velocities being regulated automatically depending on the soil hardness and/or sowing conditions (variant 4) the sowing velocity increases and together with it the effectiveness of the sowing working increases. A utilization of seeds of cold-resistant plants, and steady to cold agricultural crops in the spring season during very early sowing into the soil with a high humidity (variant 5) will also raise the sowing efficiency in the case of a change in the weather toward cooler temperatures falling below zero will allow the plants not to die in this period and to create uniform seedlings. Seeding is divided into common, dense common, closed row, wide row and stripe like; square-cluster. The main task of seeding is the distribution on the field uniformly by area and by depth, which leads to a more uniform distribution of nutrients between the plants. Generally, the above discussed variants of seeding consider the increase of the furrow depth for the seeds by repeated sowing. The increase of the furrow depth for laying the seeds laying repeated sowing results in a substantial increase of the energy costs. The proposed solution (variant 6) allows to dispense the seeds on the field more evenly and optimally by means of seeding in zigzag and wave-form trajectories, because the total length of the furrow on the field rises up to 50%, without additional measures and energy costs, which in turn increases the seeding efficiency. The present method proposes a set of attributes and shows new properties consisting in the fact that it is employed a reduction of the spring moisture losses, which renders it possible to optimize the sowing terms that in all yields an increase of the seeding efficiency. Besides that also weeds which withered after chemical treatment close the soil surface and are an instrument in preserving the soil moisture. Correspondence to criterion "Industrial applicability" is proved by the example of particular application of offered invention, which is shown below.
A trial of the proposed methods for increasing the efficiency of agricultural seeding has been conducted on the example of sunflowers in the farm "YuNI Ltd." in the Olkhovatsky district (Voronezh region). With the aim of an increase of a reliable expertise a field with a total area of 123 hectares was divided into two parts. On the first part of the field cultivation of sunflower has been conducted in a conventional way, and on the second by the presently developed method. The proposed method, just as a conventional method provides autumn soil preparation, which includes the loosening and ravaging of weeds. However, in spring time and before the seeding no further soil treatment has been conducted. The seeding has then been performed to the soil, directly to the sprouted weeds, without preliminary cultivation as the soil was prepared in autumn. The seeding on the part of field, which was treated by the proposed method was made 18 days earlier than on the one treated conventionally (because the soil temperature regime by that time has become optimal for the growth of cold-resistant seeds of sunflower), and the seeding has been carried out immediately after rain with a soil humidity of 50%. Five days after seeding and with the help of general transport and technical means on ultra-low pressure tires (e.g. "BARS-271") chemical treatment with herbicides of a continuous action was performed. The wheeled propeller of the present vehicle renders a soil pressure of about 17 kPa, and, as a result, no formation of tracks has taken place, and, consequently, no sprouting seeds in the soil have been damaged in a depth of seeding of about 5 cm. Carrying out of the chemical weeding before the appearance of seed shoots permitted to remove the weeds and not to depress the culture crop growth. The high efficiency of the chemical treatment has been achieved by a low-volume sprayer with a consumption of the working liquid of 20 to 60 liters per hour. The withered weeds have created an areal "umbrella" (pos. 8 on The sunflowers planted on the second part of field have matured 10 days before as compared to the ones planted as usual. The maturation of sunflowers has happened earlier owing to the fact that the seeds have been put to the soil with optimum temperature, there was no direct contact between the cultivated plant and the herbicide, and the withered weeds have not allowed the soil to heat up strongly and correspondingly to crack, and that is why the moisture in soil has been preserved. Traditionally, the chemical treatment is carried out after the growth of young sunflowers appears, with the help of a self-propelled sprayer, and the soil is not protected from sunlight. The characteristic feature is the fact that for the whole summer time there was no rain on this field. On this part of the field the soil was covered with deep fractures ( An additional trial of the proposed method has been carried out by "Rusagro-Invest Ltd." on a field with an area of 108 h. The results of the harvest have showed that fertility of sunflowers, which were cultivated by the proposed method yield 24,1 c/ha, compared to the average fertility of sunflower in the farm of 16,2 c/ha. The difference in fertility is 7,9 c/ha (confirmed results). In this way the application of the proposed method allows for obtaining the following technical effects, , namely:
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