专利汇可以提供System for optimizing the return of an investment portfolio, using a method of multiple share combinations专利检索,专利查询,专利分析的服务。并且A methodology including a concept, a process and a program for optimizing the return of an investment portfolio are disclosed. Pre-selected stocks are swapped in function of their inter-related price fluctuations. As soon as a stock rises more than say 15% compared to other stocks, half of it is sold to acquire the cheaper shares. By doing so systematically for all possible stock combinations, the number of shares increase gradually and eventually their values, as compared to a classic buy-and-hold strategy or a global index. The process includes a mechanism that creates and exploits multiple stock combinations, growing sharply with the number of stocks held. A spreadsheet traces actual share-price correlation and manages the portfolio, starting from a buy and hold strategy, applying a buy-low and sell-high tactic, and containing risk through build-in stops. Thereby an adapted stock screening program is provided, enabling to construct a diversified portfolio with correctly priced, good value stocks.,下面是System for optimizing the return of an investment portfolio, using a method of multiple share combinations专利的具体信息内容。
The behavior of the stock market, of a group of shares or of an individual share, has proven to be random, dependant, unpredictable, irrational and risky:
To beat the market, different categories of investors are using quite opposite strategies:
but neither theory seems to be right or wrong and, due to randomness, today's winners are tomorrow losers and vice versa.
The records of all categories of professional investors have been studied and, as indicated by Malkiel (reference § 001), no sizeable differences in performance of common stock portfolios exist, nor has their performance as a group been any better than of a broad-based market index.
Simply picking and holding stocks and investing in a broad market index is a strategy that is hard to beat. Unless the investor or the professional portfolio manager disposes of a system that consistently acts within a chosen strategy and according a chosen pattern, while neutralizing the effect of randomness, dependency, unpredictability, irrationality and riskiness.
Some strategies have tried to detect joint volatility between stocks and use such correlation to improve performance. If a few were able to generate sufficient excess return over a given period of time, like pair trading (William Goetzmann, reference § 008), all depended on finding closely negatively correlated pairs of shares. Again, as this is based on historical price evolutions, the use of it for future decision taking eventually turns out to be useless.
The present invention discloses a methodology that does not require the markets or stocks to be always logic, independent, predictable and rational. While trying to neutralize these market forces systematically, the methodology can improve over time the return of a portfolio, as compared to a pure random walk, a buy-and-hold strategy or a broad market index.
The disclosed methodology is furthermore based on a fundamentalist view for stock selection, a buy and hold strategy, a buy low and sell high tactic, a risk adverse approach with a diversified portfolio and build in limits and stops. The methodology includes a mechanism that creates a situation of multiple share combinations, traces their actual correlation, and initiates selling and buying, in order to exponentially increase the numbers of shares held and, eventually, their value. There is no such system in the market that applies this new methodology and its mechanism.
The methodology can be used by different players under different circumstances:
The system consists of tracking a selected number of publicly traded stocks, in order to sell and buy these stocks, in function of their inter-related price evolution. As soon as a given stock attains a relative price difference of a predefined level with another stock, shares of the two stocks are reversed buy selling a portion of the shares that rose to buy the shares that fell.
As stock prices can fluctuate 1-3% each day and 3-10% every week, leveraging these fluctuations as outlined may improve the return. By exchanging systematically expensive shares for cheaper shares, the number of shares will increase and also, over time the value of the portfolio, as compared to a classic buy-and-hold or stock picking approach.
In the different versions used for testing, the portfolios comprised from 4 up to 12 different stocks and half of the shares were sold against each other, each time the relative price difference attained 15%, for example. Minimum and maximum $ (or Euro) amounts were defined to be held in each stock in order to maintain a plausible risk diversification.
The methods and formulas employed by the system were developed through years of observation, investing, research, analysis and evaluation by the inventor, as a professional finance executive. Recently, testing over a number of years tend to confirm the validity of the system. The testing covers periods of 3 up to 20 years (between 1983 and part of 2003) with various trading intervals of one day, a week and a month. Portfolios were either existing or constituted with shares chosen randomly. An excess return was generated in the majority of the years (7 out of 10) and the average ranged between 5 and 25%, with exceptionally yearly extremes of −39% and +51%. Detailed results and documentation of these tests can be provided on request.
By systematically leveraging the price fluctuations, the system is able to increase the value of the assets under management. Apart from improving the return, other advantages of this approach can be identified as follows:
Like in any process, there are also weaknesses, depending on the user (private or professional investor) as highlighted hereafter:
The invention can be practiced in the following ways:
Fully automated and on-line applications of the disclosed process can be developed, once protection for the invention has been granted. These future developments are as such not taken up in the specification, but protection of the rights for further development is claimed.
If the size of the portfolio can vary and has no limits, it should start from a minimum number of shares and a minimum investment amount per stock. Taking into account diversification and transaction costs, a minimum of 4 or 6 shares and $30 000 per share would be an absolute required minimum.
(In the case of individual investors with more limited resources, a solution of portfolio sharing can be set up to overcome these limits. This kind of shared application could be used in an investment club.)
The process includes different steps of
These different phases, together with the underlying argumentation and details of the methodology, will be specified under the following headings:
The following figures are part of the detailed specification and are referred to in the related explanations:
Before explaining in detail the disclosed embodiment of the invention, it has to be stated that the invention in not limited in its application to the details of the specific enclosed descriptions, since the invention is capable of other embodiments. Also, the terminology and symbols used in the description are for the purpose of description and not of limitation.
The detailed description uses a specific embodiment of the methodology. Starting from there, due to the many variables and their possible combinations, an almost unlimited number of variants can be worked out, thus enabling to adapt the specific embodiment to each particular situation. A certain number of basic variants have been identified in this initial patent submission (see § 0077 à 0092). Other possible variants, departing from the standard concept and using the disclosed basic process, will also be claimed to fall under the protection.
The invention embodies a process for investing that operates as illustrated by the following, simplified example:
Track two good, fairly priced companies A and B. As soon as one of both stocks falls against the other, (whatever the absolute price or market evolution be), start with buying the falling stock (a little contrarian, but the focus is on stocks to last, see par 00127-00128). Assume A falls 20% against B, thus you buy A. Then the price can go either way: or A falls again 20% compared to B and you increase your holdings in A, or A bounces back 20% as compared to B and you start buying B. After that, continue the action by each time selling half of what you already own in the rising stock, to buy the cheaper one. This can happen several times in a round and you repeat the action until one of the stocks reaches a trading limit, see § 0069-0070.
As soon as you cant buy A or B anymore, start buying instead a third stock C and continue the action by combining the three stocks A, B and C. This gives you now three possible combinations (A-B, A-C, B-C) instead of just one (A-B). As you increase the number of companies, you will not only diversify the risk but you also prepare for higher return. As you own more different stocks, the number of potential transactions will increase exponentially. There is no limitation for the number of companies to be held, as long as it remains manageable. Investing in 4 different companies will offer 6 combinations, investing in 5 companies give 10 combinations, 8 companies give 28 combinations, 12 companies give 66 combinations, investing in 30 different companies will give 435 combinations, etc:
N=C(C−1)/2
The trading goes on until you reach a maximum amount that you are willing to invest in one stock, to play it safer. Put also a lower amount in order to limit transaction cost to less than a fraction of 1%. Those build in limits are also important for self-correction and avoid unreasonably heavy investing in just one or a few stocks, especially in times of high volatility.
Invested amounts and upper/lower limits should take into consideration the transaction costs. Price fluctuation % should be based on practical experience of a type of industry and stock market; the % should neither be too low (increases the number of transactions but also the costs) or too high (increases the gains per transaction but can limit the number of transactions).
The process can also be initiated for an existing portfolio of shares. You can adapt gradually the mix and number of shares you own to the prerequisites of the method. When creating a new portfolio, you can also start buying gradually those stocks that decreased relatively to the others.
If you own healthy companies which in the longer run create value for the shareholder, exploiting methodically their interrelated price fluctuations will gradually increase the number of shares owned in each company. The choice of the companies can be left to each investor's conviction or temperament, but as the system works to gradually create return over time, the portfolio should comprise a majority of correctly priced, value creating companies (see more on stock picking criteria in § 00126 à 00129). The reason for using good stocks seems evident: if a stock that you initially paid 100 is still worth 100 over time, your assets will be worth 100 plus the fruit of the system (increased number of stocks held); if over time the stock is worth 150, your assets will be in excess of 150 due to the fruit of the system; if however the stock had gone down to 50, your assets would be more than 50, but lower than the initial investment of 100, if the excess return of the method doesn't cover the gap.
The following is another simplified example and goes for an existing portfolio (as opposed to the first example, where the portfolio still had to be constituted):
When you own 100 shares of A at $1 and 100 shares of B at $1 and after a while A is still at $1 and B at £1.20, you are going to sell half of B or 50 shares to buy 60 shares of A. You haven't gained a lot yet with your action (only the market value of B increased, but wait, it will go down again). But you own anyway 210 shares in total or 5% more (160 in A and 50 in B). Then B falls back to $1 while A still didn't move, you sell half or 80 shares of A to buy 80 shares of B, at that moment you not only have 5% more shares (80 in A and 130 in B) but you also own 5% more in value, although both stocks are still at $1. You simply exploited the price differential, instead of just buying and then do nothing but wait and see the shares fluctuate. You can do this over and over again with more and more shares.
According the financial mathematical logic, your holdings increase gradually, always remembering that it cannot prevent from crashes or unexpected hectic fluctuations, which inevitably will occur (the packages of shares you accumulated become worthless if their share prices drop to zero). But remember we try to invest in “good” shares, diversify a put limits.
Now, if you restart the former example with stock B going down to $0.8333 instead of going up, then you would have sold half or 50 shares of A worth 60 shares of B. The market fell and so did you (be patient, it will go up again), but you increased the number of shares. When B bounces back to its level of $1 and you sell half of B for A, you own again 210 shares, instead of the 200 shares you started with. The finality is the same, although the intermediate circumstances are quite different. In the first example you realize a higher (reinvested) capital gain, whereas in the second example you start with a capital loss followed by a capital gain (and in fact you realize a smaller capital gain to own cheaper shares, but more on that later, see § 00120).
The method can be applied for an unlimited number of combinations:
Once you have opted for a major alternative, its better to stick with it as the benefit comes ultimately from consistency, unless market conditions require an adapted strategy (like reasons to deselect a stock, revise the limits for better workability). Each alternative can give a different return and sometimes combinations of several variants can give interesting opportunities (research and simulation can be done using an historical portfolio, randomly chosen stocks or theoretical portfolio and index).
The following part explains first the combined mathematics and financials of the system. The spreadsheet reproduced in
First some practical observations about these variables, before going to the theoretical formulas.
N=C(C−1)/2
and the frequency of occurrence (F). In the testing covering a period of 20 years, between 1 and 5 strikes a year occurred for a price differential of 15% (the model in
F*C(C−1)/2
It was also observed that the success factor could decrease with the number of stocks, which sounds logic, as the degree of complication is greater. Over a test period of 20 years, the average success factor was 0.58, 0.47 and 0.38 for respectively 4, 6 and 8 stock; but the observations are a too limited to draw conclusions on proportionality. Therefore, the financial spreadsheet of
The excess return, before transaction costs, is then the number of executed strikes multiplied by the gain per strike, calculated as follows:
P/(C*2)*S*F*N
Each of these variables and their underlying components are explained with the help of the excel spreadsheet: (
(Column A): each line indicates the number of stocks in portfolio, ranging theoretically from 2 up to 1000; for example, line 10 is for 6 stocks, which is also the line used to explain the following columns and formulas.
(Column B)
applies the formula explained in § 00102 to calculate the number of possible combinations, depending on the number of stocks in portfolio, assuming one strike per combination per year (cell B2).
However, the number of fruitful combinations per year will also depend on the frequency of occurring, which can be zero, a half, one, twice etc. The outcome of the formula is therefore readjusted in column C.
(Column C)
For a number of strikes different from 1, the desired number is entered in cell C2, namely 2 in the example, and the outcome of the formula in column B is multiplied by the chosen number.
(Column D)
calculates the gross excess return, multiplying the number of combinations per year by the average return of one combination (or price differential percentage of cell D3 divided by 2, half of the shares being sold); column D supposes 1 strike per year per combination; the outcome is adjusted for a success factor (0.4 indicated in cell D4) which can theoretically be equal to one, but in practice lower than one, knowing that in practice a series of combinations will not come through, for different reasons explained in § 00103 (limit amount attained, multiple choices, distortion and timing between sell and buy orders, practical complications).
(Column E)
calculates the gross excess return as in column D, but for a different average return and for a different number of strikes.
(Column F)
calculates a conservative amount for transaction costs for the gross return of column D, applying the rates explained in § 00106
(Column G)
idem as before, applied to column E
calculates the net return by deducting transaction costs from gross return for the appropriate column.
Let's see the outcome of the former for a portfolio comprising six stocks (line 10), namely 15 combinations a year for 1 strike (column 2) and 30 combinations for 2 strikes (column 3). Applying the 0.4 success factor, assuming 1 strike and a 15% price spread, the excess return will be 7.5% (column 4) or 6.56% net (column 7). For a 10% price spread and assuming 2 strikes, with the same 0.4 success factor, the excess return will be 10% (column 5) or 8.11 net (column 7).
Now some words of caution. First, the excess return increases with the number of stocks, but from a given moment the return becomes purely theoretical, for the reasons mentioned earlier (manage-ability, digressive success factor). Second, the former theoretical reasoning assumes smooth evolution and regular correlation between shares and calculates return, all other things remaining unchanged. In reality, situations may occur where return is negatively influenced by big swings, by non-reversing trends, which inevitably will occur. For example, if only one of the shares moves several times in one direction, then to move several times in the other direction, while all the other shares remain unchanged, at the end of the road you are loosing (but of course, if also the other shares start moving in those directions, you will end up gaining again). Although fluctuations between stocks are the feeding of the system, sufficiently negative correlation over the longer range—as opposed to wild swings and positive correlation—is required to gradually construct the desired excess return.
That's why stock selecting and diversification remain crucial, as well as the build in limits to contain the impact of unavoidable, hectic situations.
The method also comprises a series of reporting functions, enabling self-learning through the in-build variance analysis of the different actions. Also, simulations and what-if scenarios can be worked out by feeding the system with estimated future share prices, based on a chosen scenario (continued moving average; reverse trend; random).
After the selection of the qualifying stocks (explained later in § 00126 à 00129), the program manages the portfolio and keeps track of the price and volume changes, including:
The first part of the spreadsheet contains the portfolio management program (
(Columns A up to D): input of the daily closing stock prices of stocks A, B, C and D.
(Column E): date.
(Columns F up to K)
calculates the relative price spread for each stock combination (six possible combinations in this example: stock A with B, A-C, A-D, B-C, B-D and C-D). The spread is calculated as compared to the spread of the previous day and accumulated until it exceeds 15% (meaning outside the range of 0.85-1.15). As soon as the 15% limit is reached, the value of the related cell needs to be reset to 1. The excel function for conditional formatting is used to highlight when the trigger limit has been reach for any combination of stocks.
The following cells (L up to O ) keep track of the number of shares in each stock. Either the number of shares is retrieved if there is no action, input manually, or the number is recalculated by swapping the sold and bought quantities. Formulas depend on chosen criteria. (sell half like in the example, sell all, or otherwise; sell but not buy all, etc.) and can be completed to limit the number of multiple transactions.
Conditional formatting of the Excel spreadsheet can be used to build in alerts that flash as soon as the quantity of shares falls outside a predefined range (set at minimum ¼ of the initial quantity and maximum 2.5 times the initial quantity).
Columns L=+ARRONDI(+L6/2;0)
Half of the shares of stock A will be sold, as the spread of A compared to another share B exceeds 15%.
The Excel function for conditional formatting is used to highlight whether the stocks can still be traded (if the value remains within a given range of upper and lower limits, either in $ or in number of shares).
General remark on the Excel formula: the program is originally written with the French version of Microsoft Excel (ARRONDI=ROUND).
Columns M=+M6+ARRONDI(+$L6/2*$A5/B5;0)
Additional shares of stock B are bought for the amount processed through the sale of shares of stock A. In other situations, processed amounts may have to be shared to purchase more than one stock; or also processes may come from different shares; in each case the formula is different in order to always match processed sales amounts with purchased amounts.
Columns N=+N6
No action for stock C, as all the spreads remained within the 15% limit.
Columns O=+O6
No action for stock D, as all the spreads remained within the 15% limit.
(Column P)
indicates the total number of shares held, for info.
(Column Q)
calculates the market value of the actual portfolio, multiplying the quantities of shares held in each stock by its most recent market price.
(Column R)
calculates the excess return, comparing the market value of the actual portfolio with the market value of the initial portfolio (constituted with the number of shares held in each stock at the start), including the change in cash position.
(Column S)
calculates the value of the initial portfolio (not including cash position), multiplying the initial quantities held in each stock by its most recent market price.
(Column T)
calculates the percentage of the excess return, relative to the initial capital employed (shares+cash).
(Column U)
calculates the change in cash position of the day, multiplying the daily change in quantities in each stock by its recent market price. This column also controls the completeness of all the sell and buy actions (change in cash should be zero, unless a cash portion is deliberately invested or divested; the outcome can also be slightly different from zero due to rounding).
The following cells (V up to AG) analyze the different types of variances that occurred, by isolating the effects of price, mix, volume and capital gain from each other (
(Column V)
calculates the “price variance”, comparing the most recent market price of each stock with the initial price paid for the stock at the start.
(Column W)
calculates the “mix variance” by difference, comparing the calculated total variance (=total return) with the calculated variances of price, mix and volume.
(Column X)
calculates the “volume variance”, comparing the actual number of shares held in each stock with, the initial number of shares held in that stock, valorized at the initial price paid for the stock at the start.
(Column Y)
accumulates the capital gains, calculated each time a stock is sold, by multiplying the number of shares sold in each stock by its price appreciation (difference between price sold and average purchase price of a stock).
(Column Z)
calculates the “total variance”, being the total return of the portfolio, comparing the market value of the actual portfolio with the value of the initial portfolio (constituted with the number of shares held in each stock at the start), including the change in cash position.
(Column AA)
calculates the percentage of the total return, relative to the initial capital employed (stocks+cash).
(Columns AB up to AE)
recalculates the average purchase price of a stock, stock A in this example, weighting the number of shares already held and the newly bought shares at their respective purchase prices, each time that stock A is purchased.
(Column AF and AG): input of daily stock market index, Dow and NASDAQ in the example.
The following cells (AH up to AO) summarize which parts of the return are due to either chance, index evolution or generated by the “method” (
(Column AH)
specifies which part of the portfolio's YTD return is due to “chance”, after isolating excess return and market index from total return. This represents in fact the “stock picking” element, knowing that the evolution of the limited number of stocks held in portfolio will differ from the broadly gauged market index, such as S&P 500 average, NYSE or NASDAQ.
(Column AI)
specifies which part of the portfollo's YTD return is due to “Index”, calculating the evolution of the stock market. In the example, the index is weighted evenly between Dow and NASDAQ, two of the stocks held in portfolio being quoted on NYSE and two others on the NASDAQ.
(Column AJ)
specifies which part of the portfolio's YTD return is due to the “method”, in fact the excess return.
(Column AK) =+AJ5+AI5+AH5
total YTD percentage return, summing up the influences of chance, index and method.
(Column AL)
calculates the return due to “chance” realized in one trading period (a day, a week).
(Column AM)
calculates the return due to “index” realized in one the trading period.
(Column AN)
calculates the return due to “method” realized in one trading period.
(Column AO)
calculates the total return realized in one trading period.
The next series of formulas specify the variance per stock and per day (or trading period), either the total variance (total gross return) or the method variance (gross excess return). See
(Column AP up to AS)
calculates the daily variance for each stock by multiplying the change in share price by the quantities of shares held on the previous day or period.
It is in fact the effect of the price movements of each stock individually, ignoring volume changes, which will end up in the total variance, as volume changes will balance out (apart from possible cash movements).
The YTD variance for each stock is on line 4
(Column AT)
adds up all individual stock variances for each day or period.
(Column AU)
accumulates all periods to calculate YTD variance for the total portfolio.
(Column AV up to AY)
calculates the daily variance for each stock caused by the method, by multiplying the daily share price appreciation (or depreciation) by the additional (or less) number of shares held in the prior period.
The YTD variance for each stock is then calculated on line 4.
(Column AZ)
adds up all individual stock variances for each day or period.
(Column BA)
accumulates all periods to calculate YTD method variance for the total portfolio.
Finally, the following cells calculate the transaction costs (
(Columns BB up to BE)
calculates the daily transaction amounts for each stock, multiplying the difference in number of shares by the market price.
(Column BF)
sums up all proportional transaction costs of the day, then of all days, to calculate the eventual tax on stock market operations, as shown below (0.17% in this example).
(Column BG)
counts the number of buy and sales transactions in order to calculate the total fee to be paid, as shown below ($29.95 per transaction in this example).
(Cell BH8)
calculates total transaction costs by summing up all paid taxes and fees.
(Cell BI8)
calculates the average cost per transaction.
Additionally, variances for the total portfolio and per individual stock can also be traced graphically, by applying the excel graphs to the different fields mentioned above.
A word on research. The disclosed program has been applied to test different scenarios and real situations. Historical research has been done for different portfolios with 4, 6, 8 and 12 different stocks, in different combinations and with different variables, over the last 20 years. The check is certainly not foolproof, but the outcomes seem to confirm the validity of the system, as they also unveil shortcomings, like in case of exceptional situations (wide spreads, inertia, long runs, fewer shares) that can disturb the regularity, increase risk with higher or lower returns than those demonstrated in the financial reasoning.
Testing also indicated that the best results were achieved with carefully selected stocks, as explained in the following paragraphs.
Initially selecting stocks is a crucial step, as it will not only determine the total return of the portfolio, but also the excess return that can be achieved with the disclosed method. An additional program has been developed for stock feeding, as explained in the next pages. Although the disclosed portfolio management method can be applied for any kind of portfolio with any kind of assets, the inventor has given preference to publicly traded stocks that fulfill the following conditions (qualitative and quantitative):
Qualitative:
Quantitative:
Correctly priced (measured by price-to-earnings ratio P/E, or price-to-book ratio P/B, or price-to-earnings growth ratio PEG).
Each of these conditions correspond with the investment philosophy that goes best with the system (good value, low risk, long term, don't overpay). The reasons for choosing these parameters and the way of combining them are explained in the following excel program (
Each line relates to a company, while the columns contain the following data or formulas. Line 2 is reserved for a theoretical, ideal company. Values of line 2 can be adapted for specific conditions and to serve as a benchmark for the evaluation (P/E and D/E) of the real companies.
(Column A): company name
(Column B)
calculates a bird's-eye-view indicator from zero to 10000, weighting a selection of the different parameters calculated hereafter. A low range (0, 1 or 2) means that the company fulfils all or almost all of the required conditions to be selected as a feasible buy (as opposed to a high or negative range).
Selection and weighting can also be adapted for situations, and can be combined as in the example:
(Column C)
Calculates the percentage economic value added (according a main metric branded as EVA™, by the US consulting firm of Stern Stewart, reference § 006). It calculates the value created, as the difference between net operating profit (corrected for interest) and the cost of capital. For our purpose, the application has been generalized, with equity cost set at 13% and debt cost after taxes at 6% (parameters to be adapted when circumstances change).
(Column D)
Calculates P/E, price earnings ratio, dividing recent stock price by earnings per share.
(Column E)
Calculates D/E, debt to equity ratio, dividing net debt by equity.
(Column F)
Calculates price to book value, dividing total market value by stockholders' equity.
(Column G)
The premium paid today, as the percentage difference between recent price and the calculated value (Column S).
(Column H up to N): input of financial data from the most recent (annualized) income statement, respectively: net sales; operating income; other income; interest income; interest expense; exceptional (incl. non-recurrent items, income from discontinued operations, effect of change in accounting and other extraordinary items), taxes.
(Column O)
calculates net income.
(Column P): input of depreciation.
(Column Q): input of number of shares (diluted),
(Column R): input of recent share price.
(Column S)
weights the values calculated in column T and column U, by applying a {fraction (3/4)} security margin and by giving a higher weight to the more precise calculation imported in column T.
(Column T)
Calculates the value of the stock by weighting the different selection criteria.
(Column U)
input of the value in terms of future free cash flow, as calculated by the valuation disk of McKinsey (reference, § 005). If not available, this value is neutralized in the other formulas.
(Column V up to X): input of financial data from the most recent balance sheet, respectively: net assets, equity, provisions.
(Column Y)
calculates net debt, as the difference between net assets and equity+provisions.
(Column Z): input of average capital expenditures for plant, property and equipment (for example, the average of the last 3 years).
(Column AA): input of dividends paid.
(Column AB up to AE): additional company information, respectively: listing, reporting year, closing month, corporate governance indication.
(Column AF up to AJ): expresses the value of the company in its different components, compared to the share price:
(Column AF): stock-listing symbol.
(Column AG)
compares equity per share and share price.
(Column AH)
compares net assets per share and share price.
(Column AI)
compares net sales per share and share price.
(Column AJ)
compares operating result per share with share price.
(Column AK up to AP): expresses the following cash flow ratios:
(Column AK)
calculates the yearly future free cash flow and relates it to the share price,
(Column AL)
compares the future value with the actual share price.
(Column AM)
relates the future cash flow to the yearly cash flow.
(Column AN)
as a P/E expression, relates price to yearly free cash flow,
(Column AO)
expresses yearly free cash flow as percentage of net assets (in fact the profitability of the assets used, in terms of free cash flow).
(Column AP)
compares financial debt with yearly free cash flow (in fact, the number of years required to reimburse creditors).
(Column AQ up to AW): follow up the evolution of the stock price, and determine when the stock-becomes a buy opportunity:
(Column AQ): input of the share price at the beginning of the observation period.
(Column AR): retrieves the actual share price.
(Column AS): calculates the percentage price change since the beginning of the observation period.
(Column AT and AU): input of the two years highest and lowest prices.
(Column AS)
calculates a strike price, taking the average between lowest price, half of the highest price and target price. It applies a pragmatic approach, trying to buy at the lowest or at target, and not paying more than 50% of the highest.
(Column AS):
calculates the percentage over or under-evaluation of today's share price.
Let's now take the outcomes on line 3 for the company Johnson & Johnson (JNJ).
The result for JNJ can be summarized by looking mainly at columns B and AS: a very good rating of 1, as the result of high profitability, no debt and reasonable valuation; but the share price is rather expensive and 28% from strike price.
The results of company Centex (CTX) on line 4: very good rating of 0, with high profitability, low debt and good value; it was a buy before the share price doubled since the beginning of observation period.
With this additional program, the analysis of a 10-Q or 10-K report can be limited to about 15 minutes data input work and the selected companies can be followed up by checking the stock price from time to time. A reserve of stocks can be constituted and the market prices followed up, to prepare for future investing.
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